1. LETTER OF THE RECTOR MAJOR

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“COME OVER TO MACEDONIA AND HELP US” (Acts 16,9)

Presentation of the Northern European Region

1. “Come over to Macedonia and help us” (Acts 16,9) – 2. Beginnings of Salesian work in the Northern European Region. 2.1 Great Britain, Ireland-Malta, Holland and Northern Belgium. 2.2 Austria and Germany. 2.3 Poland. 2.4 Lithuania and countries of the former Soviet Union. 2.5 Hungary, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, Slovenia and Croatia. 2.6 Two factors contributing to the first development. 2.6.1 The “Salesian Bulletin”. 2.6.2 The Salesian Cooperators. – 3. The present context of our mission. 3.1 The new Europe. 3.2 The youth situation. 3.3 The present Salesian situation of the Region. 3.4 The situation in the different areas. 3.5 Interprovincial collaboration. – 4. Sectors of Salesian life and mission. 4.1 Initial formation. 4.2 Salesian formation of lay people. 4.3 Youth ministry. 4.4 Vocational pastoral work. 4.5 Social communication. 4.6 The Missions. 4.7 The Salesian Family. – 5. Future prospects. 5.1 For all the Provinces of the Region. 5.2 For the different parts of the Region. – Conclusion.

My dear confreres,

As I write to you I am already looking forward to Easter that we shall soon be celebrating, and so I want to send you my best wishes for a joyful and fruitful celebration of the mysteries of our salvation in the death and resurrection of the Lord Jesus. If we want to be Christians the first truth we must believe is precisely the confession of faith: “The Lord is truly risen and has appeared to Simon” (Lk 24, 34). And the final truth to which we must hold on if we want to continue to be Christians, is exactly the same: “if you confess with your lips that Jesus is Lord and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved” (Rom 10, 9). To believe in the Lord’s death and resurrection and live as though already risen again is the foundation of the Christian life. “For Christ, our paschal lamb, has been sacrificed! Let us therefore celebrate the festival, not with the old leaven, the leaven of malice and evil, but with the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth” (1 Cor 5,7b-8). Against this background of Easter, I take the opportunity to express my thanks for all the expressions of sympathy, condolence and prayers on the death of my father, who is now living with the Risen Lord.

Before taking up the topic I want to deal with in this letter I would like to pass on to you, albeit briefly, two items of family news that are of interest. In the first place on 24 April will take place the beatification of Fr Bronislaw Markiewicz, founder of the Congregation of St Michael the Archangel (better known as “Michaelites”), who have been part of the Salesian Family since the year 2000. While we rejoice with the Superior General and all the members of the Congregation at this recognition by the Church of the holiness of their founder, we see in it a further confirmation of the validity of the charism of Don Bosco and of the Salesian Family as a way that leads to holiness.

The other item is of direct concern to our own Congregation. We have reached a point halfway through the six years following the last General Chapter, and have begun the Team Visits, a form of presence of the General Council in the different parts of the Congregation, which has become obligatory on the part of religious institutes in the present context of unity in decentralization and vice versa. These Visits enable the Regions to gain a more universal view of the Congregation, and they also make it possible for the Rector Major with his Council to keep a finger on the pulse of Salesian life and work in the various Regions. This time we have decided to give particular attention to two themes: the communication, assimilation and putting into practice of the GC25, and the more important activities, dramatic challenges, available resources and future prospects of each Region and of the individual Provinces concerned. At the time I write this letter, we have already carried out two such Visits, to the Regions of Southern Asia and of East Asia and Oceania. It is not difficult to see that when the Visits have been completed to all the Regions, we shall be in a position to define the objectives of the next General Chapter and set in motion its preparation.

The study of the Regions takes place of course in another forum as well, that of the General Council, which continues with its programme of studying them one by one. And I am pressing on with my intention of presenting them to you in my letters. This time it is the turn of the Region of Northern Europe, which will conclude my presentation of Salesian Europe.

1.“Come over to Macedonia and help us” (Acts 16,9)

As the title of the letter, I have used this phrase from the well known and important dream of St Paul at Troas, during his second great missionary journey (Acts 15,41– 18,22). After a brief reference to the apostolic activity of strengthening the communities, normally through evangelization, baptism, the Eucharist and ministry (cf. Acts 15,41; 16,5), the author of the Acts points to the true protagonist of the Church: the Holy Spirit. He it is who guides us in choosing what steps to take, what new frontiers to open up, what doors to fling wide. Twice the text recalls how the Holy Spirit intervened by preventing Paul and his companions from going ahead with their own missionary project and directing them instead towards Greece and Europe: “A vision appeared to Paul in the night; a man of Macedonia was standing beseeching him and saying: “Come over to Macedonia and help us” (Acts 16,9)

This is a text that tells us a great deal, in the first place it shows us – as I have said already – that it is the Holy Spirit who guides the Church and opens the world to the Gospel; but it also shows us the opening of Europe to Jesus and his Church, which has had a very great influence on the cultural configuration of Europe of the present day after two thousand years of Christianity; we may note that this man of Macedonia, who is a kind of symbol of Europeans, asks for help, which is a request for evangelization. In the following verse, in fact, we read: “And when he had seen the vision, immediately we sought to go on into Macedonia, concluding that God had called us to preach the gospel to them” (Acts 16,10).

This text, memorable and prophetic at the same time as it is, recalls the past and outlines the future. The past and future of Europe is the Gospel. With more than a hundred years of history behind us, we Salesians will have a future in this Europe if we are able to dream by daylight, as did Don Bosco, contemplating the situation of the poverty, abandonment and bewilderment of young people; if we listen to their cry for help: “Come over to Macedonia and help us”, and if in reply to that call we discover (as Paul did) the need they have of Christ and his Gospel to fulfil their deepest desires, while we try in the meantime to form in them through education in each of our works, the man, the citizen, the professional.

The Northern Region is remarkable for its extraordinary historical, cultural, religious, economic and linguistic diversity, which represents to some extent the richness and complexity of the new Europe. Let us try, within the limitations of this letter, to pick out some significant features of the beginnings of our foundations and activities in the different areas of the Region.

2.1Great Britain, Ireland-Malta, Holland and Northern Belgium.

In 1887 the Salesians came to Great Britain, a country with a Protestant culture, proud of its supremacy as the first industrial power, and with a small Catholic minority, made up mainly of immigrants from agricultural Ireland. When the Salesians reached Ireland in 1919, that country had just gained independence with an agonizing civil war and was in economic difficulties because of the loss of its traditional customers in England. Far different was the situation in Belgium, where the Salesians began work in 1890. There they found a recently industrialized country with great social imbalance and with a broadly liberal (and sometimes anticlerical) ruling class, but with the Flemish region strongly rooted in Catholic culture. The arrival in Holland was in 1928, when the largely Protestant country had been converted into a highly developed commercial centre with an overseas empire and vast agricultural enterprises, where Catholics were an isolated minority, socially and politically marginalized.

In such varied contexts it is not surprising that the beginnings of Salesian work developed in different ways with different results in the various places it took root.

2.1.1Great Britain

Many may be unaware that it was Dominic Savio, with his serious words in 1855, who ratified England’s entry into Salesian history: “How many souls are awaiting help in England; if I had enough strength I would go at once and bring the people to God”. Through the influence of Archbishop Tobias Kirby, students of the Irish College used to frequent the Oratory near their hostel, and it was from these that Don Bosco was able to find the first group of young Irishmen who would all become pioneers of Salesian work not only in London but also in the Falkland Islands, Malta, Ireland itself and even as far as San Francisco.

Another Roman acquaintance, Countess Georgiana Stacpoole, offered to the Salesians the Mission and elementary school at Battersea is London, founded in 1874, where in 1887 Fr McKiernan and his first companions arrived, emerging from the fog.

The Salesian work developed strongly, including houses in England, Cape Town (1897) and Malta (1903), to such an extent that in 1902 the English Province was formally erected.

Immediately after the war of 1914-1918, Fr Francis Scaloni saw the need to give new life to the Province and in 1920 he opened the new novitiate and studentate at Cowley, Oxford.

From the outset a characteristic element of Salesian wok in England has been direct involvement in parishes in very poor areas on the one hand, and on the other the development of primary and secondary schools strongly aimed at the finding of priestly vocations.

2. Ireland

In the same period the Salesians became established in Ireland (1919), at the inspiration of Fr Aloysius Sutherland and thanks to the invitation of Bishop Thomas Hallinan of Limerick, who had already been involved in Don Bosco’s first project of 1874. They took over an abandoned property at Pallaskenry and transformed it into an aspirantate and agricultural school. Years later (1922) at Warrenstown in County Meath, another extensive property was left to the Salesians by legacy and in due course became a flourishing college of agriculture and horticulture. The pressure of the second world war led to the opening of a separate Irish novitiate and later an aspirantate at Ballinakill in 1941.

After Vatican II, with the decisions to erect a separate Ireland/South Africa Province in 1968 and to open the national seminary of Maynooth also to religious and so to University studies, new horizons were opened for Salesian Ireland.

2.1.3Holland

Until 1928, if young Dutchmen wanted to become Salesians they had to go to Belgium, Germany or Italy. It was Mgr Poels, chaplain of the miners, who was responsible for Belgian Salesians going to Holland to begin a parish and oratory in the southern city of Lauradorp. In 1937, a house for aspirants was opened by the German Province at Leusden, near Amersfoort.

As soon as the war was over Holland became a separate Province, with Fr Hannibal Bortoluzzi chosen as its first Provincial. For sixteen years this jovial Salesian guided the growth of the Province. Boarding and day schools were opened and other youth works set up at Lauradorp; the Salesians committed themselves to various parishes and a considerable number left for the Missions in various parts of the Congregation.

2.1.4Northern Belgium

The erection of the North Belgian Province dates only from 1959, but Mgr. Doutreloux, the famous social reformer, had already invited the Salesians of Liège (1890) in French-speaking southern Belgium to explore the rich vocational possibilities in the Flemish area of northern Belgium. And so a novitiate was established at Hechtel in Flanders, followed by the opening at Groot Bijgaarden in 1904 of one of the first centres of theological studies outside Italy, in what had become in 1902 the first Belgian Province with Fr Francis Scaloni as its inspiration and guide. In addition to their specific task of providing secondary and technical training for working-class youngsters in Belgium itself, the Flemish confreres offered themselves as pioneers for the inauguration of a Salesian mission in Central Africa, then known as the Belgian Congo (Congo, Burundi and Rwanda of the present day). This province too was very generous in sending out missionaries: the fact that there are still some 75 Belgian confreres scattered around the world speaks for itself.

After the subdivision of the Belgian Province in 1959 the Flemish Province, despite the falling off in vocations, expanded its own works for youngsters in difficulty, using rented accommodation and providing professional help for young ex-drug addicts.

2.2 Austria and Germany

The German-speaking part of the Region, comprising the countries of Austria and Germany, has a significant Salesian history.

2.2.1. Austria

In August of 1886 a group of Austrian citizens headed by a journalist, Joseph M. Schmidinger, had a meeting with Don Bosco at San Benigno Canavese, to ask for the foundation on Austrian soil of a Salesian work for the benefit of young people. Don Bosco did not say no, though he pointed out an obstacle in the lack of prepared German-speaking personnel, but he gave an assurance that sooner or later such a project would be realized.

Even though the Salesians had been in the then Hapsburg Austrian empire since 1887 (at Trento), they did not enter ethnic Austrian territory until 1903 by decision of Don Rua, who had a great desire to enter the capital of the Danubian empire. Fr Luigi Terrone (1875-1968), of Italian origin was sent as organizer and religious superior. The house of Vienna, dedicated to Mary Help of Christians, which came into being as the result of an agreement between the Salesians and the “Kinderschutzstationen Charitativer Verein für arme Kinder” Association did not last very long; at the root of the conflict was the strong Salesian conviction that they could not renounce their own preventive system, the sure guarantee of success in education.¹ The Salesians undertook the foundation of an autonomous work at Erdberg, one of the most densely populated but neglected districts of the Austrian capital, inhabited to a large extent by a working-class population already steeped in Marxist ideas. In the summer of 1909 a new Rector was appointed for the new Vienna foundation in the person of Fr August Hlond, who already had a good knowledge of the German language and culture. A year later the state’s permission was given for the opening. With the first section of the oratory, the “Knabenheim – Salesianum”, inaugurated in October 1910, the Salesian Society met an emergency deeply felt by the people of the area and, in general, of the whole capital: the provision of a sound educational project for the greater part of the children, who were deprived of any suitable means of recreation after school hours.

Even though it lasted only from 1916 to 1918, another work must be recalled. It was for the benefit of young students who were “refugees” from various countries: Italians, Poles, Slovenes, Croats, Jews and Romanians.² These youngsters were brought to the capital by the civil authorities and lodged in a house fitted out as a hostel, where they were entrusted to the Salesians. At the start there were 171 youngsters, who attended public schools in the city.

2.2.2 Germany

The Salesians tried several times to enter Germany before the Great War, but permission was denied for political reasons and because no need was felt at the time for such an educational institute.

On 29 November 1916, three Salesians led by Fr F. Niedermayer arrived in Würzburg to begin the first Salesian house in Germany, a fact that attracted the attention of the local press. Initially they took charge of about 75 apprentices and 10 middle school pupils. Later the numbers grew to about 160 apprentices, organised in groups. Because of the social and political circumstances, work of this kind was given priority. The first superior wrote to the Rector Major, Fr Paul Albera: “It is a truly Salesian work, very reminiscent of the early days of Don Bosco. Because of the present conditions in Bavaria and in the whole of Germany this work for youngsters of the working classes is the most necessary and it is what the Bishops expect from us. The festive oratories too will form a very important sector of our field of work. On the other hand it will be very difficult, if not indeed impossible, to open institutes with elementary or middle schools properly so-called, because the new laws prohibit private persons from opening such schools and those already existing are destined to disappear. In general the Salesians and the work of Don Bosco are highly esteemed in Bavaria and they are expected to play a large part in the salvation of working-class youngsters”.³

Among the new Salesian foundations of this period should be mentioned the house of Benediktbeuern: it was formerly a Benedictine monastery, some 60 km. from the Bavarian capital, and was acquired in 1930. The work became important in the history of the Salesians of Germany because it developed into an important centre of formation for the personnel of Austria and Germany. Today it is an institution open also to the needs of the local Church and provides, in addition to courses in philosophy and theology, facilities for the study of pedagogical and social sciences; it is also a centre for the diffusion of Salesian spirituality, a successful youth centre, and finally an ecological and cultural centre, with a parish and youth hostel.

In 1935 the Salesian Society had 17 foundations in Germany, not counting the one at Stockholm in Sweden, founded in 1930: a progress that had taken less than 20 years! In view of the circumstances, in 1935 the Salesian superiors erected the German Province of St Boniface, with headquarters at Munich.⁴

With the outbreak of the second world war some of the houses were closed or impounded by the military. But the greater blow was the calling up of many young Salesians, of whom some 140 lost their lives on various warfronts. Some were also put in concentration camps like Theodor Hartz (1887‑1942) who died at Dachau, and Karl Schmidt (1904‑1968).⁵

In the seventies the need was felt for new forms of Salesian apostolate, and centres of spiritual formation for young people were opened at Benediktbeuern, Ensdorf, Jünkerath and Calhorn (Oldenburg). Mention must also be made of a work of extraordinary value, the Missionary Office of Bonn. It is through this Office that very many projects both in Europe and in the Salesian missions were and still are being financed.

In October 1990 came the reunification of East and West Germany, which was a challenge also for the Salesians. Despite the reduced numbers of German Salesian personnel, in 1992 it was decided to make new foundations in the former German Democratic Republic, and specifically at Heiligenstadt (Turingia) with a daily oratory (Offene Tür), a pastoral and social welfare centre, with another for marginalized youngsters with a youth centre, and at Chemnitz in Saxony with an oratory and youth and guidance centre: this latter work was carried out with the Cooperators playing a notable part. Nor can be omitted mention of another initiative launched in the same year (1992) when the Province of Cologne accepted responsibility for a mission in Ghana, within the context of Project Africa.

Today, at the request of the German Provinces, their reunification is being planned with a view to a more significant apostolate.

2.3Poland

It seems that already about 1889 the study had begun of a project to send a first Salesian expedition into Poland. The Rector Major Don Rua had thought of choosing August Czartoryski as its leader, accompanied by Fr Bronisław Markiewicz and other Polish and Italian confreres, but Czartoryski’s poor health ruled out such a project at the time. Meanwhile at the end of March 1892 the Superiors sent Fr Markiewicz to Galizia in Poland to take pastoral care of a small parish at a place called Miejsce, not far from the episcopal city of Przemyśl. Fr Markiewicz opened a house for the education of poor youngsters which he called “Don Bosco House”, and in this way the first Salesian work on Polish soil began.

In 1897 Fr Markiewicz decided to separate himself from the Salesians of Turin, while the Polish Salesians who remained in the Congregation immediately accepted a proposal of the prince Bishop of Kracow, Cardinal Jan Puzyna, to found an institute in the little town of Oświęcim, a religious centre which in the opinion of the Bishop was capable of withstanding the spread of devastating socialist ideas among the young people of the working classes. In August 1898 Don Rua sent there the newly ordained Fr Franciszek Trawiński, and in the following autumn two clerics to help him.

In December 1899 the Superiors decided to send Fr Emanuele Manassero there as Rector. He was the true pioneer and organizer of the Salesian house of Oświęcim, which subsequently became known as the “Mother House” of the Polish Salesians. He soon won back and consolidated the wavering confidence of the people in the Salesian Society.

1904 saw the foundation of the second Salesian work in southern Poland in the small town of Daszawa, in the Stryj district of the province of Lviv, which now forms part of the territory of Ukraine. This house was opened to meet the ever more pressing need for a house of formation. As its Rector and Master of novices was assigned Fr Peter Tirone, the future Catechist General of the Congregation.

At the beginning of the 20^th century, the social question became ever more strongly felt, and some of the Bishops tried to provide a remedy through the setting up of educational institutions. One of these was the Latin rite Bishop of Przemyśl, Mgr Josef Sebastian Pelzer, canonised 18 May 2003. He wanted to have the Salesians in a densely populated area of his episcopal city, and there in fact they began their apostolate in 1907. As Rector Fr August Hlond, the future Cardinal Primate of Poland was chosen. The Polish Bishops were very keen on having a music school, and since no suitable building was available for the purpose, the Salesians offered their own institute for the purpose. The special higher institute for the formation of organists, founded 1 November 1916 under the direction of the young composer Fr Antoni Hlond, is something quite unique in the history of the Salesian Society. During his 47 years of activity he trained 570 qualified organists – a contribution and particular service by the Salesians to the Church in Poland as well as to civil society.

The period between the two wars witnessed a further flourishing of Salesian work. In 1933 32 houses were already in operation and the number of confreres had grown to more than 500. In consequence the Rector Major, Fr Peter Ricaldone, decided to take half the houses from the Province of St Stanislaus Kostka and set them up as the new Province of St Hyacinth with headquarters at Kracow.

The outbreak of the second world war was a sad blow for the Salesians in Poland. All the schools were closed, as well as nearly all the houses. The struggle for survival and the precarious nature of the lives of the confreres, linked with their subsequent wanderings and emigration during the years that immediately followed, left deep traces.

In the concentration camps 67 Salesians were killed by the Nazis, among them Fr Józef Kowalski, beatified on 13 June 1999, together with the five young martyrs of the Poznan Oratory. By the end of 1945 the Salesians had succeeded in reactivating all their centres of education and training. As a consequence, in 1948 8 professional schools and 4 technical institutions were in operation, together with 6 High Schools and 4 minor seminaries.

In the scholastic year 1947-48 the Communist government changed its attitude to non-state schools. With inflexible severity it began the gradual closure of all schools run by religious. After 1963 the professional school at Oświęcim was the only Salesian private school recognized by the State and the only Salesian professional school in the whole of Soviet dominated territory!

The passage to pastoral work in parishes had become inevitable, and this had a considerable influence on the change in the nature of the Salesian apostolate. Nevertheless the Polish Salesians strove to preserve their own characteristics by finding space and outlets for their specific mission.

The progress of the Salesians in Poland is eloquently confirmed by the fact that in 1979, notwithstanding the Communist regime, two new Provinces were erected: the Province of St Adalbert of Pila, made up of houses taken from the north-western part of the Province of St Stanislaus Kostka of Warsaw, and the Province of St John Bosco of Wroclaw comprising the houses detached from the Province of St Hyacinth in the south-west.

2.4 Lithuania and the countries of the former Soviet Union

In what is now called the Special Circumscription of the East were included various countries that belonged to the former Soviet Union, including Lithuania, but the latter merits a section to itself. It will be useful for us to be aware of the story of these Salesian foundations.

2.4.1 The countries of the former Soviet Union

The situation was unique, because in reality no activity of any religious Congregation could exist officially during the Communist regime. After 1940, despite everything, some Salesians decided to remain in the territories belonging to the Soviet Union so as to provide priestly ministry for the benefit of the Catholics who had to stay there.

It is our duty in particular to recall the courage of various Polish Salesians who remained in those territories at the risk of their lives. At least eleven of them, in fact, were slaughtered in the various republics of the Union. The few who survived the cruel persecution returned to Poland, but the others stayed at their posts, carrying out their priestly functions in very delicate circumstances until their death. An emblematic figure among them is the Polish Salesian Tadeusz Hoppe (1913-2003), who managed to carry out pastoral activity in various parts of Soviet territory, especially at Odessa in the Ukraine, from 1943 until his death in 2003.

Before the definitive falling apart of the USSR the Salesians were able to enter the former Soviet republics, take up again their former work in Ukraine and in Belarus and, indeed, start up activities in countries in which they had not yet been present: Russia, Georgia, and the Yakutia Republic. This enabled the Rector Major, Fr Egidio Viganò, in 1993 to erect the special Circumscription “Immaculate Heart of Mary” in Eastern Europe, with headquarters at Moscow and including the Salesian work scattered over the various states of the former Soviet Union. Most of the foundations are in Ukraine, Belarus and in Russia itself.

The Ukraine is deserving of special mention. There Salesian work within the present national boundaries goes back to 1904 (at Daszawa), but at that time it was a Polish Salesian work. Polish too were the foundations made between the two wars in the western part of what is now Ukraine, but was then an integral part of Poland. All this activity was cut short by the changes in national boundaries that began in 1944 and came to an end finally in 1945: the eastern territory of Poland became part of the Ukraine, which in 1944 became annexed in turn to the USSR as a Soviet republic.

For the story of Salesian work in Ukraine it must be recalled that in 1930 the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs had written a letter to the Rector Major Fr Philip Rinaldi, inviting him, in the name of the Holy Father, to undertake a work of promoting schools and institutes of arts and trades for the purpose of fostering Catholic instruction and education among the poorer classes, of seeking out some young people called to the religious state and training them in Italy with the preservation of their Greek-Catholic rite, and so prepare for the erection of a religious province of oriental rite. The proposal was repeated in 1932 to Fr Ricaldone.

That same year a first group of young Ukrainians were sent to Italy for their formation, with others joining them in the years that followed. In 1951 the Apostolic Visitor for the Ukrainians in Western Europe entrusted to Ukrainian Salesians the minor seminary for Ukrainian boys from all over the world.

In 1991 the proclamation of independence and religious freedom in the Ukraine allowed the Salesians of that country to return to their homeland after many years of waiting in hope. They began work with a parish and oratory at Lviv (Leopoli); in 1994 the house for the aspirantate and prenovitiate was opened at Obroshyno and in 2001 at Lviv the first Ecumenical Salesian Youth Centre. In the following year a Professional School was inaugurated, recognized by the State.

This development has now led the Rector Major with his Council to erect the first Delegation of the Ukrainian Byzantine Rite so as to foster a fruitful implanting of Don Bosco’s charism in that country. Alongside the Salesians of the Byzantine rite there are others too of the Latin rite, who carry out an apostolate among the Catholics (mainly of Polish extraction) who belong to that rite.