magnacartafinal :: Don Bosco

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magnacartafinal

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magnacartafinal

1 Pages 1-10

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1.1 Page 1

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❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ◆✳ ✶✽

❚❤❡

▼❆●◆❆ ❈❆❘❚❆

♦❢ t❤❡

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙②st❡♠

❱♦❧✉♠❡ ✶

❘✐❦ ❇✐❡s♠❛♥s✱ ❙❉❇

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✏Pr♦ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t♦✑ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ Pr♦✈✐♥❝✐❛❧❛❛t

❋r✳ ●❛②str❛❛t ✶✷✾

❇✲ ✶✶✺✵ ❙✐♥t✲P✐❡t❡rs✲❲♦❧✉✇❡

✷✾ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✶✵

✷

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❈♦♥t❡♥ts

✶ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✱ ✶✽✽✵✲✶✽✽✹✿ ♦✉t❧✐♥❡

✶✷

✶✳✶ ▼❡❡t✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r

✶✽✼✾✲✶✽✽✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸

✶✳✷ ❚❤❡ ✜rst✱ ❧♦♥❣ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧

❈❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r✲❖❝t♦❜❡r ✶✽✽✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻

✶✳✸ ❚r❛❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡

❝❤❛♣t❡r ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ♦❢ ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❢r♦♠ ✶✽✽✵ t✐❧❧ t❤❡

✜rst ✇❡❡❦s ♦❢ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾

✶✳✹ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✸ ❛♥❞

❢♦❧❧♦✇✲✉♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ♦❢ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✷ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥

✹✻

✸ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ❧❛r❣❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❉ ❬✸✲✷✺❪

✺✶

✸✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ✏t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣✑ ♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✭♠s✳ ❉ ✮❬✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶

✸✳✶✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss✿ ✏▼② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s ✭♦r s♦♥s✮ ✐♥ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✑ ❬✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶

✸✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❧❛st✐♥❣

❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❬✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹

✸✳✶✳✸ ❊①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♥♦t ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❡❛r❧✐❡r ❬✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

✸✳✶✳✹ ❙❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ♠♦t✐✈❡s ♣✉s❤✐♥❣ ❤✐♠ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ ②❡t ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❞❡♣❛rt✉r❡ ❢r♦♠

❘♦♠❡ ❬✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

✸✳✶✳✺ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✐♠♣✉❧s❡s✿ ❝❛❧❧ ❢♦r ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐s✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛s

t♦ s❛② ❬✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷

✸✳✷ ❋✐rst ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞

❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❬✸✲✷✺❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸

✸✳✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❝♦♥tr❛st✐♥❣ s❝❡♥❡s ✐♥ t❤❡

♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸

✸✳✷✳✶✳✶ ❘❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ t❤❛t ❤❡ ✐s ✏❛❧✇❛②s✑ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡♠

❬✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸

✸✳✷✳✶✳✷ ❍✐s ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡r✿ ✏❚❤❡ ♣r❛②❡rs ♠② ❣♦♦❞ ♠♦t❤❡r t❛✉❣❤t

♠❡✑ ❬✸✲✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹

✸✳✷✳✶✳✸ ❙❧❡❡♣✐♥❡ss ♦r ❛❜s❡♥t✲♠✐♥❞❡❞♥❡ss ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡rs ❬✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺

✸✳✷✳✶✳✹ ❚❤❡ ✏s✐❣❤t✑ t❤❛t ❞✐str❛❝t❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❬✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻

✸✳✷✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵ ❬✹✲✻❪ ✳ ✳ ✻✾

✸✳✷✳✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❱❛❧❢rè ❬✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾

✸

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✸✳✷✳✷✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ✈✐❜r❛♥t r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡

♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵ ❬✺✲✻❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵

✸✳✷✳✷✳✸ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛❞❡ ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❬✻❪ ✳ ✳ ✼✸

✸✳✷✳✷✳✹ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥✿ ✏❈❧♦s❡♥❡ss ❬❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②❪ ❧❡❛❞s

t♦ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜r✐♥❣s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❬✻❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹

✸✳✸ ❚❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ✶✽✽✹ ✉♥❞❡r ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❬✻✲✷✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾

✸✳✸✳✶ ▼❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❝q✉❛✐♥t❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❬✻✲✼❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾

✸✳✸✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐st❧❡ss r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r

❬✼✲✾❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵

✸✳✸✳✷✳✶ ❆ ❢❡✇ ❜♦②s ♣❧❛②❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❝❛r❡❢r❡❡ ✇❛② ❬✏✐♥ ❧✐❣❤t✲❤❡❛rt❡❞ ❥♦②✑ ❪

❬✽❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷

✸✳✸✳✷✳✷ ✏◗✉✐t❡ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♦t❤❡rs✑ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t t❛❦❡ ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡✲

❛t✐♦♥ ❬✽✲✾❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷

✸✳✸✳✷✳✸ ❙♦♠❡ ❜♦②s t❛❦❡ ♣❛rt ✐♥ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❧✐st❧❡ss ✇❛② ❬✾❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

✸✳✸✳✸ ❆❢t❡rt❤♦✉❣❤ts ✐♥ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

✸✳✸✳✸✳✶ ❙♦♠❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ❧✐st❧❡ss♥❡ss ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❬✶✵✲✶✶❪ ✽✺

✸✳✸✳✸✳✷ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t❛r② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣s ❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r

t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❇✉t ❤♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❜r✐♥❣ ♠② ❞❡❛r

❜♦②s t♦ ❧✐❢❡ ❛❣❛✐♥❄✑ ❬✶✶❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽

✸✳✹ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❝❡♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞✱ ♥♦✇ ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹

✸✳✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✿ ✉r❣❡♥t r❡q✉❡st ✏t♦ ❧♦♦❦ ❛t t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ r❡❝r❡✲

❛t✐♦♥✑ ❬✶✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹

✸✳✹✳✷ ❙❤♦rt❝♦♠✐♥❣s ♦❢ ♣r✐❡sts ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ❛t t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡

❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❬✶✹✲✶✺❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺

✸✳✹✳✸ ❑❡② ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✿ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ❜② ✏❛♠♦r❡✑

❬❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡ ❧♦✈❡❪ ❬✶✺✲✶✼❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼

✸✳✹✳✹ ■♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣t✐♥❣ t❤❡ tr❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ❬✶✼✲✶✽❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼

✸✳✹✳✺ ■♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ❣♦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥✱

t❤❡ ❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑✱ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❦❡②✇♦r❞✱ ✐s ✇♦r❦❡❞ ♦✉t ❬✶✽❪ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺

✸✳✹✳✻ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ✐t ❛❣❛✐♥ ❬✷✶✲✷✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✼

✸✳✹✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❦❡②✇♦r❞ ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✲

✐t②✑ ❛♥❞ ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✺

✸✳✺ ❈❧♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏❧♦♥❣✑ ♦r ✉♥✐t❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s

♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ❬✷✹✲✷✺❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✹

✹ ❊ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞

✶✻✾

✹✳✶ ❈♦♥✜r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ q✉✐♥t❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✏s②st❡♠✑ ♦r

♠❡t❤♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✵

✹✳✶✳✶ ❚❤❡ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣❡❞ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✵

✹✳✶✳✷ ❈❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss✱ ✈✐✈❛❝✐t②✱ ❥♦② ❛r❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐✈❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥✲

t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✶

✹✳✶✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ ❝♦✲♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛

❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ s✐♥❡ q✉❛ ♥♦♥ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✷

✹

1.5 Page 5

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✹✳✶✳✹ ■♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t❡❛❝❤❡r✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥t ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦r

✹✳✶✳✺

s❤♦✉❧❞ tr② t♦ ❜❡ ✏❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r✑ ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ✶✼✷

❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❬❝❛r✐tà ❪✱ t❤❡ ✉♥s❡❧✜s❤ ❛♥❞ ❛r❞❡♥t ❝♦♠♠✐t♠❡♥t ❢♦r

t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♠❡❛♥s

t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ ❧♦✈❡❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✸

✹✳✶✳✻ ❚❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❤❛✈❡ t♦ st❛② ❧♦②❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ✭✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✮

♦❢ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✸

✹✳✶✳✼ ▼♦r❛❧ ✐♥t❡❣r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✹

✹✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦❢ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ ❧❡ss ♣r❡s❡♥t

✐♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ❛❜s❡♥t ✉♣ t♦ ✶✽✽✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✹

✹✳✷✳✶ ❚r✉st✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✐s ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥s❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✹

✹✳✷✳✷ ❋❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✻

✹✳✷✳✸ ❆✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✼

✹✳✷✳✹ ❘❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✶

✹✳✷✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✹

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❆❇❇❘❊❱■❆❚■❖◆❙

❆❙❈ ❆r❝❤✐✈✐♦ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧❡

❊ ❊♣✐st♦❧❛r✐♦ ❞✐ s❛♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❛ ❝✉r❛ ❞✐ ❊✉❣❡♥✐♦ ❈❡r✐❛✱ ■✲■❱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s✱ ❚♦r✐♥♦✱

❙❊■ ✶✾✺✺✱ ✶✾✺✻✱ ✶✾✺✽✱ ✶✾✺✾✳

❊ ✭♠✮ ●✳ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❊♣✐st♦❧❛r✐♦✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉③✐♦♥❡✱ t❡st✐ ❝r✐t✐❝✐ ❡ ♥♦t❡✱ ❛ ❝✉r❛ ❞✐ ❋r❛♥❝❡s❝♦

▼♦tt♦✱ ✺ ✈♦❧✳ ✭✶✽✸✺✲✶✽✼✼✮✱ ❘♦♠❛✱ ▲❆❙ ✶✾✾✶✱ ✶✾✾✻✱ ✶✾✾✾✱ ✷✵✵✸✱ ✷✵✶✸✳

❋❞❇ ❆❙❈✱ ❋♦♥❞♦ ❞♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ▼✐❝r♦s❝❤❡❞❛t✉r❛ ❡ ❞❡s❝r✐③✐♦♥❡✱ ❘♦♠❛ ✶✾✽✵✳

▼❇ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❇✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ ❞✐ ❉♦♥ ✭❞❡❧ ❜❡❛t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ❞✐ ❙❛♥✮ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❳■❳ ✈♦❧✳✱

✭■✲■❳✿ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡❀ ❳✱ ❆✳ ❆♠❛❞❡✐❀ ❳■✲❳■❳✿ ❊✳ ❈❡r✐❛✮ ✰ ✶ ✈♦❧✳ ■♥❞✐❝❡ ❆♥❛❧✐t✐❝♦ ✭❊✳

❋♦❣❧✐♦✮✱ ❚♦r✐♥♦✱ ❙❊■ ✶✾✾✽✲✶✾✸✾ ✭■♥❞✐❝❡✱ ✶✾✹✾✮✳

❊▼❇ ❚❤❡ ❇✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ▼❡♠♦✐rs ♦❢ ❙❛✐♥t ❏♦❤♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❳■❳ ✈♦❧✳✱ ◆❡✇ ❘♦❝❤❡❧❧❡✱ ◆❡✇

❨♦r❦✱ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥❛ P✉❜❧✐s❤❡rs✱ ■♥❝✳ ✶✾✻✺✲✷✵✵✸✳

♠s ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❖❊ ●✳ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❖♣❡r❡ ❡❞✐t❡✱ ♣r✐♠❛ s❡r✐❡✿ ▲✐❜r✐ ❡ ♦♣✉s❝♦❧✐ ✭r✐st❛♠♣❛ ❛♥❛st❛t✐❝❛✮✱ ❳❳❳❱■■

✈♦❧✳❀ s❡❝♦♥❞❛ s❡r✐❡✿ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐ s✉ ❣✐♦r♥❛❧✐ ❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝✐✱ ■ ✈♦❧✳✱ ❘♦♠❛✱ ▲❆❙ ✶✾✽✷ ❡ s❡qq✳

❘❙❙ ❘✐❝❡r❝❤❡ st♦r✐❝❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥❡✳ ❘❡✈✐st❛ s❡♠❡str❛❧❡ ❞✐ st♦r✐❛ r❡❧✐❣✐♦s❛ ❡ ❝✐✈✐❧❡✱ ❘♦♠❛✱

▲❆❙ ✶✾✽✷✲✷✵✶✷

❬ ❪ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡rs ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡s❡ ❜r❛❝❦❡ts r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ ♣❛❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ❙✉ss✐❞✐♦ ♦r

❆✉①✐❧✐❛r② ❇♦♦❦❧❡t

✻

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Pr❡❢❛❝❡

✏❉♦ ②♦✉ ❦♥♦✇ ✇❤❛t t❤✐s ♣♦♦r ♦❧❞

♠❛♥✳✳✳ ✇❛♥ts ❢r♦♠ ②♦✉❄ ◆♦t❤✐♥❣

❡❧s❡ t❤❛♥✱ ❞✉❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❛♥❝❡s ❜❡✐♥❣

♠❛❞❡✱ ✇❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❣♦ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡

❤❛♣♣② ❞❛②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ♦❢

♦❧❞✑ ✯

❚❤❡ t❡①t ♥♦✇ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦✛❡rs t❤❡ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❉✉t❝❤

st✉❞② ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❣ ♦❢ t✇♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s✳ ■t ✐s ❡♥t✐t❧❡❞✿ ❚❤❡ ▼❛❣♥❛ ❈❛rt❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❊❞✉✲

❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙②st❡♠ ✳

❚❤✐s ✜rst ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ✹ ❝❤❛♣t❡rs✿

✶✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✭✶✮ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❝q✉❛✐♥t r❡❛❞❡rs ✇✐t❤ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡

❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐❢❛❝❡t❡❞ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ✶✽✽✵✲

✶✽✽✹✳

✷✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✭✷✮ ♦✛❡rs ❛♥ ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ ❤♦✇ t❤❡ ✜rst s❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ♦r

✬❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✬ ✭♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❉ ✮ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

❧❛r❣❡r ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ ❛ s♦rt ♦❢ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❧❡tt❡r✱ ✇❛s ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✯✯

✸✳ ❚❤❡ ❧♦♥❣❡r t❤✐r❞ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✭✸✮ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏❝✐r❝✉❧❛r

❧❡tt❡r✑ ✭♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❈ ❛♥❞ ❉ ✮✳

✹✳ ❚❤❡ s❤♦rt ❢♦✉rt❤ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✭✹✮ ❞r❛✇s ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧

❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✳

❚❤❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡ t❤❛t

❋r ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❉ ❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t st❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ✐t

❛❧s♦ r❡✈❡❛❧s ❛ q✉✐t❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s✳

■♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ■ s❤❛❧❧ ❞✐s❝✉ss t❤❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❤✐s

❛✉t❤♦rs❤✐♣ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❝❧❡❛r❧②✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤② ■ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐t q✉✐t❡ ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❡❛❝❤

t✐♠❡ t♦ s❤♦✇ ❤♦✇ ❝❧♦s❡❧② ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❧✐♥❦s ✉♣ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛r❧✐❡r st❛t❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❤❛s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞

❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥s✱ ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✳✯✯✯ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ■

❤❛✈❡ tr✐❡❞ t♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❤♦✇ t❤❡② ❛❧s♦ ❧✐♥❦ ✉♣ ✇✐t❤ st❛t❡♠❡♥ts t❛❦❡♥ ❢r♦♠ ❆✳▼✳ ❚❡♣♣❛ ❛♥❞

❋✳ ❆♣♦rt✐✳

❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ■ ❤❛✈❡ s❤♦✇♥ t❤❛t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞

✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛s ❝♦♣✐❡❞ ♣❛rts ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❧❡tt❡r t❤❛t ✇❛s s❡♥t t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♦♥ ✶✵

▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s✱ ❛♠♦♥❣st ♦t❤❡rs✱ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛rt ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥

❉✉t❝❤ ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✏❚✉ss❡♥st✉❦✑ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ ✏■♥s❡rt✐♦♥✑✳

✼

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❆s ❢❛r ❛s t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐ts❡❧❢ ✐s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✱ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ♦❢t❡♥ r❡❢❡r t♦ ❚❤❡ ❇✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧

▼❡♠♦✐rs ♦❢ ❙❛✐♥t ❏♦❤♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ t❤❡ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡✳

❋♦r ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ r❡❛s♦♥s t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t♦r ❤❛s ♥♦t ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡❡♥ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♣② t❤❡ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥

tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤② ♦♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t♦r✬s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥

♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❡ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✳

■ r❡❛❧✐③❡ t❤❛t ❛♥ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉✉t❝❤ s②♥♦♣t✐❝ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡✲♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞

♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ✇♦✉❧❞ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡ t❤❡ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s ✈♦❧✉♠❡✳ ■t ❤❛s

♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❜❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❛s ②❡t✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ ❛♥

■t❛❧✐❛♥ s②♥♦♣t✐❝ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❞r❛✇♥ ✉♣ ❜② ❏♦s ❇✐❡s♠❛♥s✱ ❙✳❉✳❇✳✱ t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥t❛♦r②

✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❛t ✐s ✐♥ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤✳

❋♦r t❤❡ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ ✇❤♦❧❡ ■ ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ ❏❡❛♥✲▼❛r✐❡

❙❝❤❡♣❡♥s✱ ♣❛st t❡❛❝❤❡r ❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ✐♥ ❩✇✐❥♥❛❛r❞❡ ✭●❤❡♥t✱ ❇❡❧❣✐✉♠✮✳ ❍❡ ✇♦r❦❡❞

♦♥ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ✉♥✢❛❣❣✐♥❣ ❡♥t❤✉s✐❛s♠ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡❢❛t✐❣❛❜❧❡ ❡✛♦rt✳ ▼② s✐♥❝❡r❡ t❤❛♥❦s

✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ●❛st♦♥ ❉❡ ◆❡✈❡✱ ❙✳❉✳❇✳ ❛♥❞ ❏✉❧✐❛♥ ❋♦① ❙✳❉✳❇✱

✇❤♦ r❡✈✐s❡❞ t❤❡ t❡①t ❛♥❞ ♣r❡♣❛r❡❞ ✐t ❢♦r ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳

❘✐❦ ❇✐❡s♠❛♥s

❖✉❞✲❍❡✈❡r❧❡❡✱

❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✷

❇❡❧❣✐✉♠

✯ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ ✶✾✾✼✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✸✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡

✏❢❛tt❡ ❧❡ ❞❡❜✐t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r③✐♦♥✐✑ ❤❛s ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✾✸✳

✯✯ ❆s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥❛♠❡s ✏❧♦♥❣✴❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✑ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❆✱❇✱❈✱❉✱ ❑ s❡❡ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ▲❛

❧❡tt❡r❛ ❞✐ ❞♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞❛ ❘♦♠❛ ❞❡❧ ✶✵ ▼❛❣❣✐♦ ✶✽✽✹ ✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ ▲❆❙✱ ✶✾✽✹✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✹✲✷✼✳

✯✯✯ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧s♦ tr✐❡❞ t♦ ❞♦ t❤✐s ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉✉t❝❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢

t❤❡ t❡①t ✏❉❡✐ ❝❛st✐❣❤✐ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✐❣❣❡rs✐ ♥❡❧❧❡ ❈❛s❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥❡✑ ✭✏❚❤❡ ❯s❡ ♦❢ P✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❍♦✉s❡s✑

✐♥ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✻✽✲✸✼✻✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✇❛s ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ✏❖✈❡r ❞❡ ❣r❡♥s ✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✈♦r♠✐♥❣s❝❡♥tr✉♠✱

❖✉❞✲❍❡✈❡r❧❡❡✱ ✷✵✵✺✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✸✲✽✻✳ ❆❧s♦ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❛s❡ t❤❡ t❡①t ✇❛s ♥♦t ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❜✉t ❜② ❋r

●✳❇✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛✳ ❙❡❡ P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ✏❉❡✐ ❝❛st✐❣❤✐✑ ✭✶✽✽✸✮✿ ♣✉♥t✉❛❧✐③③❛③✐♦♥✐ s✉❧❧✬❛✉t♦r❡ ❡ s✉❧❧❡ ❢♦♥t✐

r❡❞❛③✐♦♥❛❧✐ ❞❡❧❧♦ s❝r✐tt♦✱ ❘❙❙✱ ◆✳ ✷ ✭✺✷✮✱ ✷✵✵✽✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✽✼✲✸✵✼✳

✽

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■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❚❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ▼❛② ✶✵ ✶✽✽✹ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t❡❞

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ♦♥ ✐♥ ♥♦✳ ✶✻ ♦❢ t❤❡

✱ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ✉♣ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛❧❧② ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❧❡tt❡rs t♦

❜❡ r❡❛❞ ♦✉t t♦ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐①t✐❡s ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥t✐❡s

♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✾t❤ ❝❡♥t✉r②✳ ❍❡ ❞✐s♣❛t❝❤❡❞ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❧❡tt❡rs t♦ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✱ ▼✐r❛❜❡❧❧♦✱ ▲❛♥③♦✱ ❇♦r❣♦

❙❛♥ ▼❛rt✐♥♦✱ ❱❛❧s❛❧✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ t♦ ❙❛♥ ◆✐❝♦❧❛s ❛♥❞ ❱✐❧❧❛ ❈♦❧ó♥✱ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡s ✐♥ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛✱

❛❢t❡r ♠✐ss✐♦♥❛r✐❡s ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ s❡♥t t♦ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✺✳ ❆ s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ t✐♠❡ t♦ r❡❛❞ ♦✉t

s✉❝❤ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ✇❛s ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡r ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

❤❛❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥ ❜② t❤❡♥✳ ❚❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛❧s♦ t♦♦❦ ♣❛rt ✐♥

t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡r✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ✇❤② ❛❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❛r❡ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡

❛❞❞r❡ss✳✶ ❙♦ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡rs t✉r♥❡❞ ♦✉t t♦ ❜❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t♦ ❛❧❧ t❤♦s❡ ✐♥ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝❡✳

❆❢t❡r ❘♦♠❡ ❤❛❞ ❛♣♣r♦✈❡❞ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦♥ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✱ ✶✽✻✾✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢✉❧❧②

r❡❛❧✐s❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❝✐♣✐❡♥t ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆t t❤❡

s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❤❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❤❛❞ ❛♥ ✐❞❡❛ ❤♦✇ t❤✐s ♥❡❡❞ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❢♦r✳ ❚❤✐s ❛♣♣❡❛rs ✐♥

❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✶✺ ❆✉❣✉st ✶✽✻✾✱ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠♦♥t❤s ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ♠❡♠♦r❛❜❧❡ ❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧✿

✏▼✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ ♠✉st ❜❡ s❛✐❞ ♦♥ t❤❡s❡ ♣♦✐♥ts✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✐s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♦t❤❡r ❝✐r❝✉❧❛rs

❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢♦rt❤❝♦♠✐♥❣ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ r❡tr❡❛t ❛t ❚r♦❢❛r❡❧❧♦✳✑ ✷

❍❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡ t❤✐s r❡tr❡❛t s♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛ ♣✉r♣♦s❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♥♦t❡s ♦❢ t❤❛t

r❡tr❡❛t ❝❧❡❛r❧② s❤♦✇ ❤♦✇ ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ❤✐s ❧❡✈❡❧ ❜❡st t❤❡r❡✳✸ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡rs✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡

❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛rs✱ ✇❡r❡ ❧♦♥❣ ✐♥ ❝♦♠✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ✜✈❡ ♦r ♣❡r❤❛♣s s✐① ❛rr✐✈❡❞ ♦♥❧② ❛❢t❡r ❧♦♥❣

✐♥t❡r✈❛❧s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✼✸ ❛♥❞ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✼✹✳ ▲❡tt❡rs ✇❡r❡ ❡✈❡♥ ❧❡ss ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡

❧♦♥❣❡r ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✼✺ ❛♥❞ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✵✳ ❋♦r ❜♦t❤ ♣❡r✐♦❞s t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡rs

✇❡r❡ s❤♦rt✱ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t ❛♥❞ q✉✐t❡ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡✱ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❜② ❛ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ♠✐♥❞✳

❍❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ❤✐s ❧❡tt❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❛s❦❡❞ t♦ r❡❛❞ t❤❡♠

♦✉t ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✳✹

❚❤❡s❡ ❧❡tt❡rs ✜♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♦r✐❣✐♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧✲

♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❝♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥✳ ■t ❡①♣❧❛✐♥s ✇❤② t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝ts ❤❡ ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ ❛r❡ ♦❢ ❛

r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ♥❛t✉r❡✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❣❛✈❡ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✶✽✼✸ ❛♥❞ ✶✽✼✹

❝✐r❝✉❧❛rs ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ ❢r✉❣❛❧✐t②✱ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡✱ ❛❜✐❞✐♥❣ str✐❝t❧② ❜② t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱

✶❊✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✹✿ ✏❈❛r♦ ♠✐♦ ❉✳ ❘✉❛ ❡ ❝❛r✐ t✉tt✐ ✈♦✐ ❝❤❡ ❛❜✐t❛t❡ ♥❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦ ❞✐ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✑

✭✏❉❡❛r ❋r ❘✉❛ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ ②♦✉ ✇❤♦ ❧✐✈❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ♦❢ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✑✮❀ ❊ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✿ ✏▼✐❡✐ ❝❛r✐ ❛♠✐❝✐

❉✐r❡tt♦r❡✱ ▼❛❡str✐✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r✐✱ ❆❧❧✐❡✈✐✑ ✭✏▼② ❞❡❛r ❢r✐❡♥❞s ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✱ ♠❛st❡rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ♣✉♣✐❧s✑✮✳

❚❤❡s❡ ❧❡tt❡rs ✇❡r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s ✈❛♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦

✭✶✵ ♠❡✐ ✶✽✽✹✮✱ ❙✐♥t✲P✐❡t❡rs✲❲♦❧✉✇❡✱ ✷✵✵✼✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✼✲✸✻✳

✷❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ t❡r③♦✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✻✳ ▼❇ ■❳✱ ✻✽✾❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ✸✷✺✳

✸▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✾✽✺✲✾✾✾✳ ❚❤✐s ❛♣♣❡♥❞✐① ✇❛s ♥♦t tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤✳

✹❚❤❛t ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ q✉✐t❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ✐♥ ▲❛t✐♥ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳✭❊ ■■■✱

♣♣✳ ✻✶✼✲✻✶✽✮

✾

1.10 Page 10

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t❤❡ ✈♦✇ ♦❢ ❝❤❛st✐t②✱ ♣r❛②✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡ ❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱ t❤❡

♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s✳✺ ■♥ ❛ ❧❛t❡r ❧❡tt❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛s❦❡❞ ❤✐s r❡❛❞❡rs t♦ ❝✐r✲

❝✉❧❛t❡ ❛♥ ♦✉t❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐❢❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❞❡❝❡❛s❡❞ ♠❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r❛② ❢♦r t❤❡

❝♦♥❢r❡r❡ ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ♣❛ss❡❞ ❛✇❛②✳ ❆❢t❡r ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ ❋✐rst ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡rs

✭✶✽✼✼ ❛♥❞ ✶✽✽✵✮ ❤❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✐t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ s✉❜❥❡❝ts ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ✐♥

▲❛t✐♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥t❡❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡rs✬ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s✳ ❙♦ ❛❧❧ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞

❝♦✉❧❞ st❛rt ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝ts r✐❣❤t ❛✇❛②✳

P❡r❤❛♣s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡❛❧✐s❡❞ ❛t t✐♠❡s t❤❛t ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ✉s❡ ♦r ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ❢✉❧❧

♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❛t ❡①❝❡❧❧❡♥t ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢

❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✹ ❤❡ ✇❛s t❤❛♥❦❢✉❧ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❛ ❧♦❛❞ ♦❢ ◆❡✇ ❨❡❛r✬s ❣r❡❡t✐♥❣s✱ ❤❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞

t♦ s❤♦✇ ❤✐s ❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡ ❜② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❧❡tt❡r✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ✐t ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ ❛ t❤✐♥❧②

✈❡✐❧❡❞ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❤❡ ♣r♦♠✐s❡❞✿ ✏■ t❤✐♥❦ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ②❡t ❛♥♦t❤❡r t❤✐♥❣ ■

s❤♦✉❧❞ s❛②✳ ❖✉r ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✇r✐t❡ t♦ ♠❡ ❢r♦♠ ❡✈❡r②✇❤❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞❡❧✐❣❤t❡❞ t♦ ❣✐✈❡

❡❛❝❤ ❛♥ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❛♥s✇❡r✳ ❇✉t s✐♥❝❡ t❤❛t ✐s ♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✱ ■ s❤❛❧❧ tr② t♦ s❡♥❞ ♦✉t t❤❡s❡

❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❧❡tt❡rs ♠♦r❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ ❢♦r ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡② ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ♠❡ t♦ ❜r✐♥❣ ♠② ❤❡❛rt t♦ ②♦✉ ❛❧❧✱

t❤❡② ❛❧s♦ s❡r✈❡ ❛s ❛ ❣✉✐❞❡ t♦ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦✱ ❢♦r ❣♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❤♦❧② r❡❛s♦♥s✱ ❧✐✈❡ ❛✇❛② ❢r♦♠ ✉s

❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ✉♥❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❧✐st❡♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ ✈♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ✇❤♦ ❧♦✈❡s t❤❡♠ s♦ ❞❡❛r❧② ✐♥

❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✳✑ ✻

■♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ✐ts❡❧❢✱ ♣❡rs❡✈❡r❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢❛✐t❤❢✉❧♥❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s

❛r❡ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ t❤❡♠❡s✳ ❍✐s ❣♦♦❞ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♥❡✈❡r ❧❡❞ t♦ ❛♥② r❡s✉❧t ❢♦r s❡✈❡r❛❧ r❡❛s♦♥s✱

♠❛✐♥❧② ♣❡r❤❛♣s ❛s ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s st❡❛❞✐❧② ❞❡t❡r✐♦r❛t✐♥❣ ❤❡❛❧t❤✳

■t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♠❡❛♥ t❤❛t ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❝♦✉♥s❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇❡r❡ ♥❡❣❧❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉✲

❧❛rs✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ♦♥ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ✭✶✺ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✼✸✮ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜r✐❡✢② ❞❡✜♥❡❞ t❤❡ t❛s❦s

♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r✱ ♣r❡❢❡❝t✱ ❝❛t❡❝❤✐st✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❢❛❝t ✏❛❧❧ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞✑✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣

t♦ ❤✐s ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s t❤❡ ❝❛t❡❝❤✐st s❤♦✉❧❞ ✏♣r❡♣❛r❡ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ✐♥ ❜r✐❡❢ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ t❛❧❦s t♦

❝❡❧❡❜r❛t❡ t❤❛t ❢❡❛st ✇✐t❤ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❝❡r❡♠♦♥② ❛♥❞ ❞✐❣♥✐t②✳✑ ❚❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ✏s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧♦✈❡ ❛❧❧

♣✉♣✐❧s ❡q✉❛❧❧②✱ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣ ❛❧❧✱ ❞❡s♣✐s✐♥❣ ♥♦♥❡✳ ▲❡t t❤❡♠ ❢❡❡❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧❡ss ❣✐❢t❡❞✱ t❛❦❡

s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♣❛✐♥s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✱ ❞r✐❧❧ t❤❡♠ ♦❢t❡♥✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ✏✐♥s✐st✱ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✱

❛♥❞ s♣❛r❡ ♥♦ ❡✛♦rts t♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t ❢♦✉❧ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✿ ✏❆❧❧ ❛r❡ ✇❛r♠❧② ✉r❣❡❞

t♦ ❦❡❡♣ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❡❞ ♦❢ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ♠❛② ❤❡❧♣ t♦ ♣r♦♠♦t❡ ❣♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡✈❡♥t

s✐♥✳✑ ❪✼

■t ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ r❛t❤❡r s❡❧❞♦♠✱ ❜✉t ✐t ✐s ✇♦rt❤ ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ ✐t ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ♦r ❡①❛♠✐♥✐♥❣

✐t ❢✉rt❤❡r✳

❆❢t❡r t❤❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤✐s ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ❧❡tt❡rs ✐t str✐❦❡s ✉s ❛s q✉✐t❡ s✉r✲

♣r✐s✐♥❣ t♦ ❧❡❛r♥ ❤♦✇ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ✐♥ ✶✽✽✸ ❛♥❞ ✶✽✽✹ t✇♦ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ t❡①ts ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ✇✐t❤

♣✉r❡❧② ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳✽ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡ ✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❝✐r✲

✺❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✶✸✲✶✶✺❀ ✶✼✽✲✶✽✵❀ ✷✶✺✲✷✶✼❀ ✷✺✺✲✷✺✻❀ ✸✺✽✲✸✺✾✳ ▼❇ ❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✾✾✲✶✶✶✵❀ ❊▼❇

❳✱ ♣✳ ✹✾✵✳ ❍❡ ✇❛♥ts t♦ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ♦♥❧② r❡q✉❡st✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ♣r❛②❡r ❢♦r t❤❡

❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❡ r❡❛❞ ✐♥ ❛ ◆❇✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❤♦✉s❡ ✇✐❧❧ r❡❛❞ ♦✉t ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥

t❤✐s ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✳ ❍❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡ t❤✐s t♦ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ✐♥ ✇❛②s ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❞s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡

♠♦st ✜tt✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤✐s ✭❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✻✳ ▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳✶✶✵✽✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ✇❛s

♦♠✐tt❡❞ ✐♥ ❊▼❇ ❳✮✳

✻❊ ■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✹✽✲✷✺✵✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳✸✳

✼❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✼✽✲✶✽✵✳ ▼❇ ❳✱ ♣♣✳✶✶✵✷✲✶✶✵✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✾✸✲✹✾✹✳

✽■♥ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✹ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✽✽✺ t✇♦ ❧❡ss ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛rs ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝s ♦❢ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞

✶✵

2 Pages 11-20

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2.1 Page 11

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❝✉❧❛r✱ ❚❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✱ ❈♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ P✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts t♦ ❇❡ ■♥✢✐❝t❡❞ ✐♥ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥

❍♦✉s❡s✳ ■t ✐s ❞❛t❡❞ ✷✾ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✸✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ ✐s t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✏❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡ ♦❢ ✶✵ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❝✐r❝❧❡s ✐s st✐❧❧ t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ❧❡tt❡r

r❡❛❧❧② ❦♥♦✇♥ ❜② t❤❛t ♥❛♠❡ ❛s s❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡✳

■t ✐s r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧❡ t❤❛t ♥❡✐t❤❡r t❡①t ✇❛s ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ♥♦r ❤❛❞ t❤❡②

❜❡❡♥ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❝✐r❝✉❧❛t❡❞✱ ❧❡t ❛❧♦♥❡ ♣r✐♥t❡❞✳✾ ◆♦t ✉♥t✐❧ ❛❢t❡r ❲♦r❧❞ ❲❛r ■ ✇❡r❡ ❜♦t❤

s❤♦✇♥ ❛t ❧❛r❣❡✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡ ✐♥ ✶✾✷✵ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞

❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ✶✾✸✺✳ ❈♦♥tr❛r② t♦ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛rs✱ ✐t ✐s ❛

❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❛♥❞ str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡ t♦ ✈❡r②

❝❧❡❛r ♠❛♥♥❡r✳ ❚❤❡② s❤❛r❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ✐♥ t❤❛t t❤❡② ♦r✐❣✐♥❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡

✜♥❛❧ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❧✐❢❡t✐♠❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✳

●✉✐❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r st❛t❡♠❡♥t ■ s❤❛❧❧ tr② t♦ ♦✉t❧✐♥❡ t❤❛t ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r

♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳ ■ s❤❛❧❧ ❞❡✈♦t❡ t✇♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❝❤❛♣t❡rs✱ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❛♥❞ ✜❢t❤✱ t♦ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢

t❤❡ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤❡♠❡s ♦r ♠♦t✐✈❡s ❛♣♣❡❛r✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s ✏t❤❡ ▲❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✶✵ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✑✳ ❇♦t❤ ❛r❡ ❧❡♥❣t❤② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ✐s

✇♦r❦❡❞ ♦✉t ❛s ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❣ ♦❢ t✇♦ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✉♥✐ts✳ ❖♥❡ ✉♥✐t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ❛ ♠❡ss❛❣❡

♠❡❛♥t ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❚❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ✉♥✐t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ❛♥ ❛tt❛❝❤♠❡♥t

♦❢ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❜❡❡♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡ t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs

✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳

■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt t❤❡s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s✱ ■ ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ s❦❡❧❡t♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ t❤❡ ✏❧♦♥❣✑ ♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ ❛s ❛ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② t♦ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞

❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞②✳ ❆❢t❡r ❡❛❝❤ ❧❛r❣❡ s❡❝t✐♦♥ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ s✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ r❡s✉❧ts

♦❢ t❤❛t ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡② ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ t❤❡ ❢♦✉rt❤ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✐①t❤ ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ■♥ ❛ s❡✈❡♥t❤

❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡

❤✐t t❤❡✐r t❛r❣❡t ❛♥❞ ❛rr✐✈❡ ❛t ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ✐ss✉❡s✳ ■♥ ❛♥ ❡✐❣❤t❤ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ■ tr② t♦ ❞r❛✇ ❛ ♠♦r❡

❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥ts t❤❛t t♦♦❦ ♣❧❛❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜rst ♠♦♥t❤s ❛❢t❡r

t❤❡ r❡t✉r♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✶✵ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ■ tr② t♦ ♣❡♥❡tr❛t❡ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r✐❛❧

❤✐st♦r② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛rt ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳

■♥ t❤❡ ♥✐♥t❤ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛❧ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ■ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ r❡tr♦s♣❡❝t✐♦♥✳

❋♦r t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ r❡❛s♦♥s t❤❡ st✉❞② ✐s ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ t✇♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s

t❤❡ ✜rst ❢♦✉r ❝❤❛♣t❡rs✱ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ✜✈❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ ❣✉✐❞✐♥❣ ❜♦♦❦❧❡t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

■t❛❧✐❛♥ t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛tt❛❝❤❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✜rst ✈♦❧✉♠❡ t♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡

t❤❡ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t tr❡❛t♠❡♥t✳ ❊❛❝❤ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥❞❡① ♦❢

❦❡②✇♦r❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ❛♣♣❡❛rs ♦♥❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✳

❜♦♦❦s ❢♦r t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✭▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✾✼✲✷✵✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✼✸✲✶✼✼✮ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ✏t❤❡

s♣r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❣♦♦❞ ❜♦♦❦s✑ ✭❊ ■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✶✽✲✸✷✶✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛rs ✇❡r❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❜② ❏✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳

❈❢✳ ❛ ❝♦♥❝✐s❡ ♥♦t❡ ♦♥ t❤✐s ✐♥✿ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣r❡t❡ ❞❡✐ ❣✐♦✈❛♥✐ ♥❡❧ s❡❝♦❧♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❧✐❜❡rtà ■■✱

❘♦♠❡✱ ▲❆❙✱ ✷✵✵✸✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✻✸✲✺✻✹✳

✾❚❤❡ ✐ss✉❡ ✇❛s ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ ✏❖✈❡r ❞❡ ❣r❡♥s✳ ●❡③❛❣ ❡♥ str✉❝t✉✉r❡✑ ✱ ❖✉❞✲❍❡✈❡r❧❡❡✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✈♦r♠✐♥❣s✲

❝❡♥tr✉♠✱ ✷✵✵✺✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✼✲✷✶✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ❛❛♥ ❞❡❥♦♥❣❡♥s ✈❛♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ✭✶✵ ♠❡✐

✶✽✽✹✮✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ♥r✳ ✶✻✱ ❙✐♥t✲P✐❡t❡rs✲❲♦❧✉✇❡✱ ✷✵✵✼✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✽✲✶✾ ❡♥ ♣✳ ✷✻✳

✶✵✏▼♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡✑ ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣❛❣❡s ✻✽✲✼✽ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ st✉❞② ✏❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✑

✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡✳

✶✶

2.2 Page 12

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✶ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✱

✶✽✽✵✲✶✽✽✹✿ ♦✉t❧✐♥❡

❚❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ t♦ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs

❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦

✶✷

2.3 Page 13

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■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✱ ■ ♠❛✐♥❧② ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✿

✶✳ ❘❡♣♦rts ♦❢ ✏♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡rs✑ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ ✏♠♦♥t❤❧② ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s✑

▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ t❤❡r❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✶✽✼✾✲✶✽✽✵✳ ❉❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡

❇✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❡❞✳

✷✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❛❞❞r❡ss ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥ ✶✽✽✵✳

✸✳ ❘❡♣♦rts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❛❢t❡r t❤❛t ●❡♥❡r❛❧

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✭✶✽✽✵✲✶✽✽✸✮✳ ❆❣❛✐♥ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❇✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❤❡ ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ♦✇♥ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❡❞✳

✹✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✭❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✸✮ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❢♦❧❧♦✇✲✉♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✶✽✽✸✲✶✽✽✹✳

✺✳ ✏❚❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✶✵ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹ t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✑ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥

♥✉♠❜❡r ✶✻ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡r✐❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✳

✶✳✶ ▼❡❡t✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s

❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✶✽✼✾✲✶✽✽✵

❚♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ✶✽✼✼ t❤❡ ✏❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡

❙❛❧❡s✑ ✇❡r❡ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞✳✶ ■t ✐s ❝❧❡❛r t❤❛t t❤✐s ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ♥♦t ❧♦♥❣ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❋✐rst ●❡♥❡r❛❧

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ t♦♦❦ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ✺ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✉♥t✐❧ ✺ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✶✽✼✼ ❛♥❞ ❜r♦✉❣❤t ❝❡rt❛✐♥

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡

s ✉♣ t♦ ❞❛t❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡❞ t❤r❡❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣❛rts✿

✶✳ ❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥

♦❢ ❨♦✉♥❣ P❡♦♣❧❡✳

✷✳ ❚❡♥ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆rt✐❝❧❡s

✸✳ ❚❤❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ✏P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡

❍♦✉s❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ✇❛s ♠❡❛♥t t♦ ❜❡ ❛ r✉❧❡ ♦❢ ❧✐❢❡

❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳

❚❤❡ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐❣♥♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱

t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♦❦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣♦rt❡r✳ ❆❧s♦ t❤❡ t❛s❦s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛❧❡ ♥✉rs❡

❛♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥ ✐♥ ❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡❛tr❡ ✇❡r❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s

❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡❞ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ✐♥ t❤❡

❝❤❛♣❡❧✱ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ssr♦♦♠s✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ st✉❞② r♦♦♠✱ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣s ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦r t❤❡ t✐♠❡

s♣❡♥t ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❚❤❡

❛s ❛ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ t❤❡ ✐❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❛❦❡ ♦❢ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ❜②

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❜② ❤✐s ❝❧♦s❡st ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡s ♦r ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ❡ss❛② ♦♥

❛♥❞ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ ✶❘❡❣♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡r

✷✷✼✳

P❧❡✳✱

✭❛ ❝✉r❛ ❞✐✮✱ ❝❛s❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❙♦❝✐❡tà

❉♦♥

❞✐ ❙✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s❝♦

❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡

✱ ❞✐ ❙❛❧❡s

s❝r✐tt✐ ❡

❚✉r✐♥✱ ✶✽✼✼✳ ❆❧s♦ ❖❊

✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ t❡st✐♠♦♥✐❛♥③❡

❳▲❳❆■❙❳✱

✶❬✾✾✼✾✲✷✶✱✾♣✻❪✳

✷❚♦ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r t❤✐s ✐t s✉✣❝❡s t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✶✽✻✻✲

✶✽✼✻ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐ts❡❧❢✳ ❆s ❢❛r ❛s t❤❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞

s❡❡ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✏❖♣ ✇❡❣ ♥❛❛r ❞❡ ❜r✐❡✈❡♥✬ ✈❛♥ ✶✵ ♠❡✐ ✶✽✽✹✱ ✶✽✻✻✲✶✽✼✻ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❡tr♦✉✇❜❛r❡

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ♥r✳ ✽✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ✇❡❣✇✐❥③❡r ❡♥ ♠✐♥③❛♠❡✱ ♠❛❛r ✈❛st❜❡r❛❞❡♥ ❣✐❞s✱

✶✸

2.4 Page 14

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t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡s❡ ❜❛s✐❝ r✉❧❡s ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ✈✐s✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ♥✉ts❤❡❧❧✳ ❚♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❛s❦ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥

❛♥❞ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ r❡s✉❧t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❡♥ t❡st❡❞ ❜② ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡

❡ss❛② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ r✉❧❡s ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ t❤❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛ s♠♦♦t❤ ❛♥❞ ❢r✉✐t❢✉❧ ❝♦✲♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥

❛♥❞ ❣♦♦❞ r❡s✉❧ts✳

✬❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥✬ ✐s ❛s ❣♦♦❞ ❛s ✐t ❣❡ts✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ r❛t❤❡r ♥❛ï✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♦✈❡r✲♦♣t✐♠✐st✐❝

t♦ ❡①♣❡❝t ✐t t♦ ❜❡ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t ❢♦r ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ✇♦r❦ ❛♥❞ ❧✐✈❡ ♣❡❛❝❡❢✉❧❧② ✇✐t❤ ✐t ❡✈❡r②

s✐♥❣❧❡ ❞❛②✳ ■t ✇♦✉❧❞ ♠❡❛♥ ❞✐sr❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ ♦r ✐❣♥♦r✐♥❣ ❤✉♠❛♥ ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss ❛♥❞ s❤♦rt❝♦♠✐♥❣s✳

✬❚✇✐①t t❤❡ ❝✉♣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧✐♣✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♠❛♥② ❛ s❧✐♣✱ ❛s t❤❡ s❛②✐♥❣ ❣♦❡s✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧

s❧✐♣s t❤❡r❡ ✇❡r❡✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ s❝❤♦♦❧s ✇❡r❡

❧♦❝❛t❡❞ t❤❡r❡✿ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ✭❣r❛♠♠❛r✮ s❝❤♦♦❧✱ ❛ ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ s❝❤♦♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢❡st✐✈❡

✭✇❡❡❦❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❤♦❧✐❞❛②s✮ ❛♥❞ ❞❛✐❧② ❖r❛t♦r②✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❈❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡✇❧②

❢♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ t❤❡r❡✳ ■t ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❛❞❞ t♦ ❝❧❛r✐t② t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✇❛s ♥♦ ❝❧❡❛r

♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♦r ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥✳ ◆❡✐t❤❡r ✇❛s t❤❡r❡ ❛♥② ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥

②♦✉t❤ ✇❡❧❢❛r❡ ✇♦r❦✱ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ ❛♥❞ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳ ❙♦ ✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛ ♠✐r❛❝❧❡

✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡♠❛r❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐s♣✉t❡s ♦✈❡r ✇❤♦ ✇❛s ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥t t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤

✇❤❛t✳

■♥ ❛ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s st✉❞② ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❧❡ss ❛❣r❡❡❛❜❧❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✉♥♣❧❡❛s❛♥t ❢r✐❝t✐♦♥s✳✸

❲✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❝♦♥t❡①t ✐t s❡❡♠s ❥✉st✐✜❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♠❡ t♦ r❡❝❛❧❧ ❛ ♥♦t❡ ❜② ❋r ●✳ ▲❛③③❡r♦

❢r♦♠ ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❞✐❛r② ❞❛t❡❞ ✶✻ ▼❛② ✶✽✼✾✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❤❛❞ ❛ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣✳ ■t

✇❛s ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ t♦ r❡❢✉s❡ t❤❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❛♥② r✐❣❤t ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳ ■t

♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❧✐❦❡ ❛♥② ♦t❤❡r ❤♦✉s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥✳

■t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ r❡❝t♦r ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❛❧♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❧❡❛❞❡rs❤✐♣ ♠✉❝❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡

✇❛② ❛s t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡❝t ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡①♣❡♥s❡s✳ ■t ✇❛s ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ t♦ ❜r✐♥❣

t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✭❙✉♣❡r✐♦r✮ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✬s ❞❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✐♥t♦ ♦♥❡ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝❧❡❛r❧② s❡♣❛r❛t❡❞

❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❞❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ✢♦♦r ❛❜♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❞❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡

✇❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ✹

❚❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ t❤❛t ♥♦t❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❝❧❡❛r❡r ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈✐❝✐ss✐t✉❞❡s

❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❛rr✐✈❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✶✵ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ ✐♥ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r

✇❛s ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❇✉t ❞❡s♣✐t❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥s ❜❡✐♥❣ t❛❦❡♥✱

t❤❡ ❝♦r❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ✉♥t♦✉❝❤❡❞✳

■t ❛❧❧ ❝❛♠❡ ♦♥ t♦♣ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♠♦♥t❤s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ♦❢ ✶✽✼✾✲

✶✽✽✵✳ ❖♥ ✶✹ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✵ ❤❡ ❧❡❢t ❢♦r ❋r❛♥❝❡✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ st❛② ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣

♦❢ ▼❛r❝❤✳ ❋r♦♠ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❤❡❛❞ ❢♦r ❘♦♠❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❞❡❧❛②✳ ❍❡ st❛②❡❞ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ❢♦r

s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✇❡❡❦s✳ ❖♥ ✷✾ ▼❛r❝❤ ❤❡ tr❛✈❡❧❧❡❞ ♦♥ t♦ ◆❛♣❧❡s✳ ❖♥ ❤✐s ✇❛② ❜❛❝❦ t♦ ❚✉r✐♥ ❤❡

t♦♦❦ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ t♦ ♣❛② ❛ ✈✐s✐t t♦ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❤♦✉s❡s ❢r♦♠ ✷✵ ❆♣r✐❧ ✉♥t✐❧ ❡❛r❧② ▼❛②✿ ▼❛❣❧✐❛♥♦✱

▲✉❝❛✱ ▲❛ ❙♣❡③✐❛ ❛♥❞ ❙❛♠♣✐❡r❞❛r❡♥❛✳ ❍❡ ♦♥❧② ❣♦t ❜❛❝❦ ❤♦♠❡ t♦ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ♦♥ ✼ ▼❛②✳

❈♦♥tr❛r② t♦ t❤❡ ②❡❛r ❜❡❢♦r❡✱ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ t❤✐s ❧♦♥❣ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❤✐s ✏❞✐❛r②✑✳

❇❡❢♦r❡✱ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥✿ ✏❍❡ ❬❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦❪ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜s❡♥t ❢♦r ❢♦✉r ❛♥❞ ❛ ❤❛❧❢ ♠♦♥t❤s✳✑ ✺

✸❘✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ✏✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✽✹ ❉♦❡❧st❡❧❧✐♥❣❡♥ ✈❛♥ ♦♣✈♦❡❞✐♥❣ ❡♥ ♦♣❧❡✐❞✐♥❣ ❣❡✈❛t ✐♥ ❡❡♥ ❦❡r♥❛❝❤t✐❣ ♠♦tt♦✑ ✱

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ♥r✳ ✶✶✱ ✶✾✾✽✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✻✲✷✶✳ ❈❢✳ P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ♥❡❧❧✬♦tt♦❝❡♥t♦ tr❛ r❡❛❧❡

❡ ✐❞❡❛❧❡✳ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t✐ ❡ t❡st✐♠♦♥✐❛♥③❡✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ ▲❆❙✱ ✶✾✾✷✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✻✲✷✾ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✼✽✳

✹❘✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ✏✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✽✹ ❉♦❡❧st❡❧❧✐♥❣❡♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ✱ ✶✾✲✷✵✳ ✏❖r❛t♦r②✑ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛❧❧ ②♦✉t❤ ✇♦r❦ ♦♥ t❤❡ s♣♦t✳

✺P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ♥❡❧❧✬♦tt♦❝❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✻✺✴✻✺✽✳

✶✹

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❋r♦♠ t❤✐s ❡♥tr② ✇❡ ♠❛② ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♠✐ss❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❞❡❛r❧②✳ ❙✉r❡❧② t❤❡ ♠♦♥t❤s

♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✵ ✇❡r❡ ♥♦ ❧❡ss ❤❡❛✈② ♦♥ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ s♦ ❣✐✈❡♥

t❤❛t ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤♦s❡ ♠♦♥t❤s ❛ ✜❡r❝❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ❜❛tt❧❡ ✇❛s ❜❡✐♥❣ ✇❛❣❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦✈✐♥❝✐❛❧

s❝❤♦♦❧ ❝♦✉♥❝✐❧ ♦❢ ❚✉r✐♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❛♥❞

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❖r❛t♦r② ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r✳ ❚❤❛t str✉❣❣❧❡ ❤❛❞ st❛rt❡❞ ❜❛❝❦ ✐♥ ▼❛② ✶✽✼✾ ✇✐t❤ ❛

❞❡❝r❡❡ t♦ ❝❧♦s❡ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛♠♠❛r s❝❤♦♦❧ ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ■t ❣♦❡s ✇✐t❤♦✉t s❛②✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤✐s

♣❡rs✐st❡♥t ❝♦♥tr♦✈❡rs② ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❧❡❢t ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ✐♥s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡✱ ❛s ❤❡ ✇❛s t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r✳✻

❉❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ tr♦✉❜❧❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦rr②✐♥❣ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s t❤r❡❛t ❢r♦♠

♦✉ts✐❞❡✱ t❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❡♥❥♦②❡❞ ❛ ✜♥❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡✈❡♥ts ❛♥❞ s❛t✐s❢②✐♥❣ ♦❝✲

❝✉rr❡♥❝❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ✶✽✼✽✲✼✾ ❛♥❞ ✶✽✼✾✲✽✵✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❤❛❞

■❧ ❇❛r❡tt✐ q✉✐t❡ s♦♠❡ s❡❝r❡t ❛♠✉s❡♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❛❞❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛❧

✇❡r❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ s♦♠❡

✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ❢❛❝ts s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❛t✱ ♦❢ s♦♠❡ t❤✐rt②✲t✇♦ ❖r❛t♦r② ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ t❛❦❡♥ t❤❡ st❛t❡

❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ❛t t❤❡ ▼♦♥✈✐s♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧✱ t✇❡♥t②✲t✇♦ ❤❛❞ ♣❛ss❡❞✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♦♥❧②

s❡✈❡♥ ♦✉t ♦❢ s✐①t❡❡♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼♦♥✈✐s♦ s❝❤♦♦❧✬s ♦✇♥ st✉❞❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦♠♦t❡❞✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡

t✇❡♥t②✲t✇♦ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✐❧❧❡❣❛❧ s❝❤♦♦❧ ❤❛❞ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ t♦♣ s❝♦r❡s✳ ❖♥❡

♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❤❛❞ ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡❛t❡♥ t❤❡ ✈❡r② ❜❡st ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❡✐❣❤t②✲t✇♦ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ❜② ❛t ❧❡❛st t❡♥ ♣♦✐♥ts✱

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥✐♥❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ♠❛❞❡ t❤❡ ❣r❛❞❡ ✐♥ ✈❛r✐♦✉s s✉❜❥❡❝ts ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡❛s✐❧② ♣❛ss t❤❡

❖❝t♦❜❡r r❡♠❡❞✐❛❧ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t❡❞✿ ✏❚❤✐s s✉❝❝❡ss ❝❛♠❡ ✐♥ s♣✐t❡ ♦❢

t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧✬s ✉♥r❡st ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛r❜✐tr❛r② s❤✉t❞♦✇♥ ♦r❞❡r✳✑ ✼ ❚❤✐s s✉❜t❧❡ r❡♠❛r❦ ✐s q✉✐t❡

t❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❣✐✈❡s ✉s t❤❡ r✐❣❤t t♦ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ t❤❛t ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s♣✐r✐t ✇❡r❡ ❡①❝❡❧❧❡♥t ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳

❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r s✐❣♥s ❛♥❞ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✐♥ ▲❛③③❡r♦✬s ✏❞✐❛r②✑ ❡✈❡r② t✐♠❡ ❤❡ ❧♦♦❦❡❞

❜❛❝❦ ❛t ❛ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❚❤❡ t❤❡❛tr✐❝❛❧

♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✽✽✵ ✇❡r❡ s♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r t❤❛t t❤❡② ❤❛❞ t♦ r❡❢✉s❡ ❡♥tr② t♦ ✶✺✵

s♣❡❝t❛t♦rs ❛s t❤❡r❡ ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ❡♥♦✉❣❤ s❡❛ts ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ■♥ ▼❛② ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ t❤❛t ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r

♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ t✉r♥❡❞ ✉♣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❋❡❛st ♦❢ ▼❛r②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❛♥ ✈❡r② s♠♦♦t❤❧② ❛♥❞ ❜❡❛✉t✐❢✉❧❧②✳✽ ■t

♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❜❡ r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❣❛✐♥ t❤❛t ❋r ▲❛③❡rr♦ ✇❛s ❛ ❦❡❡♥ ❢❛♥ ♦❢ s✐♥❣✐♥❣✱ ✈❡r❜❛❧

❛rt✱ t❤❡❛tr❡ ❛♥❞ ❧✐t✉r❣✐❝❛❧ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ s✐①t❤ s❡♥s❡ ❢♦r t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❤❡

✇♦✉❧❞ ♥❡✈❡r ♦♠✐t ♣✉tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡✳✾

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❧♦✈❡❞ t♦ ❥♦✐♥ ✐♥ ❛♥❞ tr✐❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛t ❤♦♠❡ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡

❢❡st✐✈❡ ❞❛②s✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ❤❡ ✇❛s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❛❜s❡♥t✱ ♦❢t❡♥ ❢♦r ❛ ❧♦♥❣❡r ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ t✐♠❡✱ t❤❡

❜♦②s ❧✐❦❡❞ ❤✐♠ ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❏✉♥❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♦✣❝✐❛❧ ♥❛♠❡ ❞❛② ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥

t❤❡② ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♥❣r❛t✉❧❛t❡ ❤✐♠ ✐♥ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ✶✵ ❊❛❝❤ ❝♦♥❣r❛t✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✶✽✽✵ ✐s ❛♥ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢

♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝♦♥t❛❝t✳ ❚❤❡② s❤♦✇ ❛ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ s♦❧✐❞❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡✳

❆s t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❤❛♣♣② ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡✱ t❤❡② ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧②

r❡s♣♦♥❞❡❞ r❡❛❞✐❧② t♦ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s✱ ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❛r♥✐♥❣s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡✐r t❡❛❝❤❡rs✳✶✶

✻▼♦r❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❛t str✉❣❣❧❡ ✐♥ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣r❡t❡ ❞❡✐ ❣✐♦✈❛♥✐✳ ✳ ✳ ■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✾✷✲✹✵✽✳

❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✹✾✲✷✶✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✽✲✶✺✺✳

✼▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✾✸✲✶✾✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✸✽✲✶✸✾✳ ❆❧s♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧❧② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❤✐s s❛t✐s❢❛❝t✐♦♥

✐♥ ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡✳ ❊ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✼✽❀ ▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✹✼✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✻✻✲✸✻✼✳

✽P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✵✴✶✵✼✺✲✶✵✼✾❀ ✶✵✽✺✲✶✵✽✾✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✺✵✹✴✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱

♣♣✳ ✸✾✹✲✸✾✺✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❡♥t❤✉s✐❛st✐❝ ♠♦♦❞ ♦❢ ●✳ ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ♠♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞❛❜❧❡

t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛♥ ❛❞❞❡❞ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❛ r❡♣♦rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ❯♥✐tà ✳ ❈❛tt♦❧✐❝❛

✾❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✽✹ ✱ ❉♦❡❧st❡❧❧✐♥❣❡♥✳ ✳ ✳ ♣♣✳ ✷✻✲✷✽❀ ✸✹❀ ✸✻✲✺✹✳

✶✵❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✽✵✳ ❊①❝❡r♣ts ✐♥ ▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✵✽✲✺✶✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✾✽✲✹✵✵✳

✶✶■ ✇❛s ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ t♦ ❣✐✈❡ t❤✐s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❜② t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✹t❤

✶✺

2.6 Page 16

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✶✳✷ ❚❤❡ ✜rst✱ ❧♦♥❣ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡

❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r✲❖❝t♦❜❡r ✶✽✽✵

❚❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s ❤✐❞ s♦♠❡ ❧❡ss ♣❧❡❛s❛♥t ❢❛❝ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱

s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❧♦♥❣ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❛t t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧

❈❤❛♣t❡r r❡✈❡❛❧s t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❤❛❞ ❡②❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❤❡❛❞ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✈✐s✐t✐♥❣

t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡s✱ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ r❡t✉r♥✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❤✐s st❛② ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙♣r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✶✽✽✵✳

❚❤❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤✐s ♦♣❡♥s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✿ ✏❆♥♦t❤❡r t❤✐♥❣

✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ tr② t♦ ♣r♦♠♦t❡ t♦❣❡t❤❡r✱ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ ✉s✱ ✐s t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞

❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ❬❢r✐❡♥❞❧✐♥❡ss✱ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❛♠✐❛❜✐❧✐t②❪ ♦❢ ❙❛✐♥t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ♦❢ ❙❛❧❡s✳ ❚❤✐s s♣✐r✐t ✐s

❞❡❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❛♠♦♥❣ ✉s ❛♥❞ ❛s ❢❛r ❛s ■ ❤❛✈❡ ✇✐t♥❡ss❡❞ ♠②s❡❧❢ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❤♦✉s❡s✱ ✐t ✐s ❞✇✐♥❞❧✐♥❣

♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧s ❬✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s❪✳✑ ❍❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ t❤✐s ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ ♦r r❛t❤❡r t❤✐s

❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✱ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❚❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❞♦ ♥♦t ❧✐❦❡ s♦♠❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ❞♦ ♥♦t tr❡❛t t❤❡♠ ✇❡❧❧✳

❖t❤❡r ❜♦②s ❛r❡ ❧❡❢t t♦ ❢❡♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳ ❚❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❞♦ ♥♦t t❛❦❡ ❝❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞

❧❡❛✈❡ t❤❡♠ ❛❧♦♥❡✱ ❜② ♥♦t t❡st✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ❢♦r ❛ ❧♦♥❣❡r ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ t✐♠❡ ♦r ♥♦t ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r

❤♦♠❡✇♦r❦✳ ❚❤❡② s❡♥❞ ❜♦②s ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ssr♦♦♠s ❛♥❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs s❡♥❞ t❤❡♠

❜❛❝❦ t♦ ❝❧❛ss✱ t❤❡② r❡❧✉❝t❛♥t❧② ❛❞♠✐t t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❣r✐♣❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡

❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❜❛❝❦ t❤❡♠ ✉♣✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❛ r♦✇ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r ❛♥❞ ♣❛✐♥❢✉❧ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥s

❛❣❛✐♥st ❤✐♠ ❧❛t❡r✱ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✐s s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ❢♦r❝❡❞ t♦ ❡①♣❡❧ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❛♥❞ t❛❦❡ ✉♥❢r✐❡♥❞❧②

♠❡❛s✉r❡s ❛❣❛✐♥st s♦♠❡♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ♠✐❣❤t ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛ttr❛❝t❡❞ t♦ r❡❧✐❣✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ●♦❞ ✐❢ ❤❡ ❤❛❞

❜❡❡♥ tr❡❛t❡❞ ❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥t❧②✳ ■ ❜❡❣ ②♦✉ t♦ ♣r❛❝t✐s❡ t❤✐s r❡❛❧ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ❛♥❞

❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❞♦ ②♦✉r ✉t♠♦st t♦ s♣r❡❛❞ ✐t ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥

✐♥ ♦✉r ❤♦✉s❡s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✳ ❊♥❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ ❝❤❛r✐t② ❛♥❞

❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ✭❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✮ ✇✐❧❧ ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡ ❛ ♣✐❧❧❛r ♦❢ ♦✉r ❤♦✉s❡s✳ ✶✷

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❧❡❝t✉r❡ t❤❡♠ ♦♥ t❤✐s ♠❛tt❡r ❜② r❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ t♦ ❚❤❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛✲

t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s✳ ❨❡t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❞❡❧✐❝❛t❡ ❛❧❧✉s✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❤✐s ✇♦r❞✐♥❣✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s r❡❧❛t❡

str♦♥❣❧② t♦ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❧❡❛st ❝❧❡✈❡r ❜♦②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡

♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♦❜❥❡❝ts ♦❢ ❝❛r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡ ❜✉t ♥❡✈❡r t♦ ❤✉♠✐❧✐❛t❡

t❤❡♠✑ ❛♥❞✿ ✏❚❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t❡❧② ❤❡❛r t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ s❤♦✇ ❣r❡❛t

r❡s♣❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❝❛r❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡✐r ♣✉♣✐❧s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② t❤❡ s❧♦✇✲✇✐tt❡❞ ♦♥❡s✳ ❚❤❡② ♠✉st ♥♦t

❛❞♦♣t t❤❡ ♣❡r♥✐❝✐♦✉s ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ✇❤♦ ❧❡❛✈❡ ❝❛r❡❧❡ss ♦r s❧♦✇ ♣✉♣✐❧s t♦ ❢❡♥❞

❢♦r t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳✑ ✶✸

❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏♣❡r♥✐❝✐♦✉s ❛tt✐t✉❞❡✑ ♦❢ ❛ ❢❡✇ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s ❛❞❞r❡ss ❝♦✉❧❞ ♣❡r❤❛♣s st✐❧❧

❜❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ❛t ✜rst ❤❡❛r✐♥❣ ❛s ❛♥ ❛❧❧✉s✐♦♥ t♦ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s❝❤♦♦❧s✳ ❚❤❡

t❡❛❝❤❡rs t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❤❛❞ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ♣✉t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❛s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥

❛♥❞ ✺t❤ ❝❧❛ss ✐♥ ❇♦r❣♦ ❙✳ ▼❛rt✐♥♦ ♦♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✼ ✶✽✼✾✿ ✏❋✐rst ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ r❡♣❧② t♦ ❛ ❢❡✇ s❤♦rt ❧❡tt❡rs

✇❤✐❝❤ ②♦✉r ❣♦♦❞ t❡❛❝❤❡r ❛♥❞ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❜♦②s ✇r♦t❡ t♦ ♠❡✳ ❆s ■ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❞♦ s♦ ❢♦r ❡✈❡r② s✐♥❣❧❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢

②♦✉✱ ■ s❤❛❧❧ ✇r✐t❡ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ ②♦✉ ❛♥❞ ■ ✐♥t❡♥❞ t♦ s♣❡❛❦ t♦ ②♦✉ ✐♥ ♣r✐✈❛t❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦♥❝♦♠✐♥❣

❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙t ❆❧♦②s✐✉s✳✑ ✭❊ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✼✻✮

✶✷■ ✈❡r❜❛❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❈● ✷✳ ❈♦♣✐❛ ♣✉❧✐t❛ ❞✐ ❉♦♥ ❇❛r❜❡r✐s✱ ❋❞❇ ✶✽✺✼ ❈ ✾✲✶✵✳ ❆❧s♦ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡

❆♠♦r❡ ✈♦❧❡③③❛ ✭✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✽✹✮✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ♥r✳ ✶✺✱ ♣♣✳✶✵✵✲✶✵✶❀ ✶✼✵❀ ✷✷✻✲✷✷✼✳

✶✸❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✷✾✲✶✸✵❪✳ ❈❢✳ ✏ ❉❡❧✐❜❡r❛③✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧ ❈❛♣✐t♦❧♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧❡ ✑ ✭✶✽✼✼✮ ✐♥✿ ❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✸✾✷❪ ❡♥ ✏ ❉❡❧✐❜✲

❡r❛t✐♦♥✐ ❞❡❧ s❡❝♦♥❞♦ ❈❛♣✐t♦❧♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣✐❛ s♦❝✐❡tà ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥❛✑ ✭✶✽✽✵✮ ✐♥ ❖❊ ❳❳❳■■■ ❬✼✾✲✽✵❪✳ ■♥

❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❤❛r❞❧② ❛ ②❡❛r ❛❢t❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣❛ss✐♥❣ ❛✇❛② ▼✳ ❘✉❛ ✇✐❧❧ ✐♥s✐st ♦♥ ✐t ✐♥ t✉r♥✳ ✭▲❡tt❡r❡

❝✐r❝♦❧❛r✐ ❉♦♥✳▼✐❝❤❡❧❡ ❘✉❛ ❛✐ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥✐✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱✶✾✶✵✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✶✲✹✷✳✮

✶✻

2.7 Page 17

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s♦❝✐❡t②✿ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ ✏❡✈❡r② ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡

t♦✇❛r❞s ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ✐♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r t♦ ♣♦♦r ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳✑ ✶✹ ❆♥❞ ♣♦✈❡rt② ❤❛s ❣♦t ♠❛♥②

❢❛❝❡s✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥t❡❧❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ♣♦✈❡rt② ♦r ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✳ ❙t✐❧❧ t❤❡r❡

✇✐❧❧ ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✇❤♦ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❝♦♣❡ ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢

t❛❧❡♥ts ✐♥ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳✶✺ ❈❡rt❛✐♥ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ✇♦✉❧❞ s✉r❡❧② ❤❛✈❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜❡st ♦❢ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥s✱

t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ t❤❛t ✏✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ tr✐❡❞ t♦ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ t❤❡

✇❤❡❛t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝❤❛✛✳✑ ❆❜♦✈❡ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ t❤❡r❡ ✇❛s s♦♠❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♥❡❡❞

t♦ s❤♦✇ ❡①❝❡❧❧❡♥t st✉❞② r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❚✉r✐♥ s❝❤♦♦❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t✳✶✻ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱

✐♥s✐st❡❞ ♦♥ ❤❛♠♠❡r✐♥❣ ❤♦♠❡ ❤✐s ♣♦✐♥s ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✳ ❍❡ ✇❛s ♥♦ ❛❞✈♦❝❛t❡ ♦❢ ❡❧✐t❡ s❝❤♦♦❧s✱ ❜✉t

♣r♦♠♦t❡❞ ✐♥st✐t✉t❡s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❤❡❛rt ❢♦r ♦r❞✐♥❛r② ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❍✐s r✉❧❡s ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❛✐♠❡❞ ❛t

❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❛♣♣② s♣✐r✐t ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ♣r❡s❡♥t✳ ■❢ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❣❡t

t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♥❡❣❧❡❝t❡❞✱ ♥♦t t❛❦❡♥ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ♦r tr❡❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ✇r♦♥❣ ♦r ❡✈❡♥

✉♥❢❛✐r ✇❛②✱ t❤❡♥ ❝r✐t✐❝✐s♠✱ ❞✐s❝♦♥t❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♠❛❧❛✐s❡ ❛r❡ ♥❡✈❡r ❢❛r ❛✇❛②✳ ❚❤❡

s✉♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❛♣♣② ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ♠❛② s♦♦♥ ❜❡ ❤❡❛✈✐❧② ❝❧♦✉❞❡❞ ♦✈❡r ❛♥❞ ✏t❤❡ r❡❛❧ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢

❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✑ ❛s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❛❞❞r❡ss ❛t t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✇♦✉❧❞

❞✇✐♥❞❧❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❧♦♥❣✳ ■t ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❤❛❞ ❞✐s❛str♦✉s ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s✳ ❆s ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❤❡ ✇❛s

❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞ ✐t ✇❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛❝❡ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢

r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ✏❊✈❡r② ❞❛② ■ ♥♦t✐❝❡ ♦✉r s❝❤♦♦❧s ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧❧② s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ ♦t❤❡r

s❝❤♦♦❧s✳ ❖♥❡ ❤❛r❞❧② ✜♥❞s t❤❛t ❢♦r♠❡r ❢❡r✈♦✉r ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ■ ♠❡❛♥ t❤❡ ❢❡r✈♦✉r ❢♦r

❣♦♦❞ t❤✐♥❣s✱ r❡❧✐❣✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ♣❡rs♦♥s✳✑ ❬❚❤❛t ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❡r② r❛❞✐❝❛❧

❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐❝ ❜❛rr❡♥ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② tr♦✉❜❧❡✲❢r❡❡ ❛♥❞

❢r✉✐t❢✉❧ ♣❛st✳❪ ❍❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤✐s✿ ✏❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❧✐✈❡ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤

❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✳✑✳✳✳ ❋♦r ✏t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤✐s ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞

❛♠✐❛❜❧❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ❜❡ ❛ttr❛❝t❡❞ t♦ ♦✉r ✇❛②

♦❢ ❧✐❢❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ❆♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r✿ ✏■❢ t❤❡♥ t❤❛t ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss ✭❛♠✐❛❜✐❧✐t②✮ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ✐ts❡❧❢ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡

❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✢♦✇s t♦ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ❜② ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝ ❛♥❞

✐♥s♣✐r✐♥❣ ✇❛✈❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✉♥❞♦✉❜t❡❞❧② ❜❡ ✇✐♥♥✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐♥❣

t❤❡✐r ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ✶✼

■t ✐s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❧❛♠❡❞ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❢♦r t❤✐s ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧

❛r❡❛s✳ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ q✉✐t❡ ❞❛♥❣❡r♦✉s✳ ❍❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❤❛st❡♥❡❞ t♦ ♣✉t t❤✐♥❣s ✐♥t♦

♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ✕ ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❜♦②s ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✕ ❛♥❞

♠❛❞❡ ✐t ❝❧❡❛r t❤❛t ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t ♦♥❧② ❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❛t ✏♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡♠

❡①❝❡❧❧❡❞ ✐♥ ✈✐rt✉❡✳✑ ❍❡ ✐♥s✐♥✉❛t❡❞ t❤✐s ❜② t❡❧❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ st♦r② ♦❢ ❛ ❜♦② ✇❛♥t✐♥❣ t♦ ❧❡❛✈❡ t❤❡

❖r❛t♦r② ❛♥❞ r❡♠❛r❦✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✏t❤♦s❡ ❢❡✇✑ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✏❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ t❤❡

s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ✶✽ ❇✉t ✐t ✇❛s ♥♦ ✉s❡ ❝r②✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r s♣✐❧t ♠✐❧❦✳ ■t ❧♦♦❦❡❞ ❛s ✐❢

✶✹❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✷✺✶❪✳

✶✺❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ❛s ♠❛♥② ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ tr✐❡❞ t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❡ ✐t ❜② ❝❧❡✈❡r ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s

❛❜♦✉t t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t t✉r♥ ♦✉t t♦ ❜❡ s♦ ❡❛s②✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱

✶✽✻✻✲✶✽✼✻ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❡tr♦✉✇❜❛r❡ ✇❡❣✇✐❥③❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✹✹ ❛♥❞ ▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✶✼✲✷✶✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✵✳

✶✻❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✼ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ▼♦r❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✜❣✉r❡s ♦♥ t❤✐s ❢♦r t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✼ ✐♥ ▼❇

❳■✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✶✾✲✷✷✶❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✵✶✲✷✵✷✳

✶✼■ ✈❡r❜❛❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❈● ✷✳✳✳✱ ❋❞❇ ✶✽✺✼ ❈ ✶✵✲✶✶✳

✶✽ ■❜✐❞✳✱ ✶✽✺✼ ❈ ✶✶✲✶✷✳ ❈♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❢❡✇✑ ❝❢✳

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡

❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✷❀ ✻✼✳ ❈❢✳ t♦♦ ▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✽✳ ■t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② t❤❛t

✶✼

2.8 Page 18

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②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❡❛s✐❧② ♣❛ss ❥✉❞❣❡♠❡♥ts ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳

❍✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞❧② ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞

●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ♦♥ ✹ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✵✱ ✇❡r❡ ❞r❛✇♥ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡✲

t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡s✳ ❲❤✐❝❤ ✐♥t♦♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈♦✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜♦❞② ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡

❤❡ ✉s❡❞✱ ✇❡ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❦♥♦✇✳ ❲❡ ♠❛② ❛ss✉♠❡ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r t❤❛t t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ✇❡r❡

✐♠♣r❡ss❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❝❤❛r❣❡✱ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ✇❡r❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ ♠❛♥② ✐❞❡❛s ❛♥❞ ♣♦✐♥ts

♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❛❞❞r❡ss✳✶✾ P❡♥❡tr❛t✐♥❣❧② t❤♦✉❣❤ ❤❡ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ s♣♦❦❡♥✱ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ❤✐s ✇♦r❞s r❡♠❛✐♥s✳ ■t ✐s ♥♦t ✉♥❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❢♦r r❡♣♦rts ♦❢ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s

❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s t♦ ✈❛♥✐s❤ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈❡s ❛❢t❡r ❛ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❛♥❞ r❡♠❛✐♥ t❤❡r❡ ✐♥

❧♦♥❣ ❧❛st✐♥❣ ✐❢ ♥♦t ❡t❡r♥❛❧ ♣❡❛❝❡✳ ❉✐❞ ❤✐s s♣❡❝t❛t♦rs ✕ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡♠ r❡❝t♦rs ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥②

♦❢ t❤❡♠ st❛②✐♥❣ ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ✕ ♣❛ss ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ ♦♥ ❛rr✐✈✐♥❣ ❤♦♠❡❄ ❲✐t❤ t❤❡ s❛♠❡

❛❝❝❡♥t❄ ■♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣❄ ❉✐❞ t❤❡② ❢r❡s❤❡♥ ✉♣ t❤❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥

t❤✐s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥❄

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ♣✉t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s

✇❤❡♥ ♣❛②✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ❛ ✈✐s✐t✳ ▼❡❛♥✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✽✽✵ ●❡♥❡r❛❧

❈❤❛♣t❡r ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❡✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❛ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤② ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢

◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✵ ❤❡ s❡♥t ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ✐♥ ▲❛t✐♥ t♦ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs ♦❢ ❤♦✉s❡s r❡♠✐♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ♦❢

t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ s✉❜❥❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❚❤❡ s❡✈❡♥t❤ ♣♦✐♥t ✇❡♥t ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❖✉r ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡✱

♦✉r ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❣❤t ✉♣ ✐♥ ✇♦r❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❡❞ ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② t❤❛t

❈❤r✐st✬s ✇♦r❞s ❱♦s ❡st✐s s❛❧ t❡rr❛❡✱ ✈♦s ❡st✐s ❧✉① ♠✉♥❞✐ ❬②♦✉ ❛r❡ t❤❡ s❛❧t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❛rt❤✱ ②♦✉

❛r❡ t❤❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞❪ ❛r❡ ❡✛❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥ ✉s✳✑ ✷✵ ■t ❤❛❞ t✉r♥❡❞ ♦✉t t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❧✐❢❡❧❡ss✱ ✇♦r♥

♦✉t ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ❡✈❡♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ s✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ❤✐s ❣❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❡❧❧✲❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❡❞ ❛❞❞r❡ss✳

❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ❛s ❧❛t❡ ❛s ✶✽✽✷✱ ❞♦❡s ♠♦r❡ ❥✉st✐❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s st②❧❡

♦❢ s♣❡❡❝❤ ✐♥ t❤❛t ❧♦♥❣ ❛❞❞r❡ss✿ ✏❚❤❡ ♣✐♦✉s✱ ♣✉♥❝t✉❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❧✐❢❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱

t❤❡✐r ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡✱ t❤❡✐r ✇❡❧❧✲♠❛♥♥❡r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥t❧❡✲❥♦✈✐❛❧ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

♣✉♣✐❧s ❛r❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ♠❡❛♥s t♦ ♣r♦♠♦t❡ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❵✇♦r❞s ❛r♦✉s❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s

❞r❛✇✬✳✑ ✷✶ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ❝❛r✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐s ❝♦♥s♣✐❝✉♦✉s ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ✏ ❝❛r✐tà✑

❛♥❞ ✏ ❞♦❧❝❡③③❛✑ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❣❡tt✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ✐s ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡❞✳

❚❤❛t ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② r❡♠❛✐♥s ❛ s✉❝❝✐♥❝t r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② s❡❡♠ ❛ s❧♦❣❛♥ ♦r

❝❧✐❝❤é ❢♦r❡✈❡r ✐♥ ♥❡❡❞ ♦❢ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s✳ ■t s❡❡♠s t♦

♠❡ ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥t ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ t♦ tr② ❛♥❞ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t ✐❢ ❛♥② tr❛❝❡s ♦❢ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥

❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞✳ ❖♥❡ tr❛❝❦ t♦ ❜❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦✬s ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❞✐❛r② ❡♥tr✐❡s ✇✐t❤

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇r♦t❡ ♦r s❛✐❞ ❵❢❡✇✬ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ❝❛s❡✱ ❜✉t ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ♠❡❛♥t ✏q✉✐t❡ s♦♠❡✱ s❡✈❡r❛❧✑✱ ❡✈❡♥

✏♠❛♥②✑✳

✶✾❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✸✲✸✻✳ ❈❢✳ t♦♦ ▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✶✼✲✷✶✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✵✵ ❛♥❞

❤❡r❡ ❡❛r❧✐❡r✱ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✷✳

✷✵❊ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✸✽✳ ▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✷✵ ❡♥ ✼✾✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✽✲✹✵✾✳ ❉✐s❝✉ss✐♥❣ t❤❛t ♣♦✐♥t ✐♥ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱

❘✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✻✲✶✵✼❀ ✷✷✾✲✷✸✶✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✏ ♠❛♥s✉❡t✉❞❡ ✑ ✭♠❡❡❦♥❡ss✱ ♠✐❧❞♥❡ss✮

✇❛s ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ▲❛t✐♥ ✇♦r❞ ✏ ♠❛♥s✉❡t✉❞♦✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲❛t✐♥ ❧❡tt❡r❀ t❤❡ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥ ✏❦✐♥❞✑ ♦r ✏❧♦✈✐♥❣

❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✱ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱✑ ❜② t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦r tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭✏ ❞♦❧❝❡③③❛ ✑✮ ❢r♦♠ ❊✳ ❈❡r✐❛ ✐♥

▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✺✷✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✾✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❊✳ ❈❡r✐❛ ❧✐♥❦s ✉♣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❤✐s

❛❞❞r❡ss ❛t t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❖♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❛♣♣❡❛r t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡❛❜❧❡✳ ❈❢✳ t♦♦

❈❊❘■❆✱ ❊✳✱ ❆♥♥❛❧✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❙♦❝✐❡tà ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥❛ ■✱ ❚✉r✐❥♥✱ ❙❊■✱ ✶✾✹✶✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✻✻✲✹✻✼✳

✷✶❖❊ ❳❳❳■■■ ❬✻✺❪✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✶✲✶✵✸✳

✶✽

2.9 Page 19

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❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧

♠❡❡t✐♥❣s t❤❡r❡✳

✶✳✸ ❚r❛❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡

r❡♣♦rts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ♦❢

♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❢r♦♠ ✶✽✽✵ t✐❧❧ t❤❡ ✜rst ✇❡❡❦s ♦❢

❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✹

■t ♠❛② s❡❡♠ r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧❡ t❤❛t ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ✇r✐t❡ ❞♦✇♥ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ♥♦r ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✱ ♥♦t

❡✈❡♥ ❛♥ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐ts ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❝♦✉rs❡✳ P❡r❤❛♣s ❤❡ ❧❛❝❦❡❞ t❤❡ ♣❡❛❝❡ ♦❢ ♠✐♥❞ t♦ ❧♦♦❦

❜❛❝❦ ♦♥ ✐t ❛♥❞ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ t❤✐♥❣s ❞♦✇♥ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✶✽✽✵ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ❛❧❧ ❤✐s

❡♥❡r❣② ❛♥❞ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥✳

❼ ❊✛♦rts ❜② ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ t♦ r❡♠❛✐♥ ❢❛✐t❤❢✉❧ t♦ t❤❡ ✏♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ✑

❚♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ❤❡ r❡s✉♠❡❞ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❛❣❛✐♥✳ ❍❡ ❧❛✐❞ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r

❤❛❞ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ ✏t♦ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ t❤❡ t❤❡❛tr❡ ❣✐❣s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ♦r st✉❞❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ t❤♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

❛rt✐s❛♥s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ st✉❞② r♦♦♠ t♦ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s✳✑ ■t

✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ ✏t♦ ♦❢t❡♥ ✇r✐t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣❛r❡♥ts ♦r ❜❡♥❡❢❛❝t♦rs ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ✇❤♦s❡ s❝❤♦♦❧

♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡s ✇❡r❡ ❣♦✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥ ♦✛❡r✐♥❣ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❤♦♣❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡❡❞✐♥❣✳ ❙❡✈❡♥ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ✇♦✉❧❞

❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ s❡♥t ❛✇❛②✳✑ ✷✷ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❡♥t✐r❡❧② ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ❛s ✐t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞

♦r❞❡r✱ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ■♥ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ♦✉t t❤❡ ❞❛♥❣❡rs ♦❢ t♦♦

❜✐❣ ❛ ❝r♦✇❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t♦♦ ❧✐tt❧❡ s♣❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥s✉✣❝✐❡♥t ❧♦❛❞✲❜❡❛r✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t②✳✷✸

❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♣❡r❤❛♣s ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♠❛t❝❤ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ❛t ❛❧❧ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡

♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❞✐❞❛❝t✐❝ ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ssr♦♦♠✳ ■t ✇❛s ❛ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢

✈✐❡✇ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❛r❞❡♥t❧② ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ♣✉t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳

❆♥②✇❛②✱ t❤❡ ❡①♣✉❧s✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ t❛❧❡♥t ♦r st✉❞②

③❡❛❧ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛❣r❡❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s✳✷✹ ❚❤❡s❡ st✐♣✉❧❛t❡❞ ♦♥❧② ✏❝✉rs✐♥❣✱

✐♥❞❡❝❡♥❝②✱ t❤❡❢t✑✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ P✐❡tr♦ ❇r❛✐❞♦✱ ✏❢♦r♠❛❧ ❛♥❞ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ ❞✐s♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞

✐♥s✉❜♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥✑ ✇❡r❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳ ■t ✐s ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡r✐✈❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❝♦✉♥❝✐❧ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✶✽✽✵ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ♦r ❧❡ss ❜❛❞❧②

♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❛❧s♦ ❧❛❝❦❡❞ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ s♦ ✇❡r❡ ❞❡❣r❛❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❣♦♦❞ s♣✐r✐t ✐♥

t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡✳ P✉tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ❡①♣✉❧s✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞

t♦ t❤❡♠ ❛s ❇r❛✐❞♦ s✉❣❣❡sts ✇❤❡♥ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❡①♣✉❧s✐♦♥s ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❖♥❡

❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ♣✉t t❤✐s ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♠✐♥❞s❡t✱ t✐♠❡s ❛♥❞

s♣✐r✐t✳✷✺

✷✷P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✺✴✸✹✷✲✸✹✾✳

✷✸P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✽✵✴✶✵✽✵✲✶✵✽✶✳

✷✹❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✽✺❪✳

✷✺❋♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ❝❢✳ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡ ♥♦♥ r❡♣r✐♠❡r❡✳ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦ ❞✐ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ ▲❆❙✱ ✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✽ ❛♥❞ ♣♣✳ ✸✹✼✲✸✹✽✳ P ❇r❛✐❞♦ ♣✉ts t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ❡①♣✉❧s✐♦♥s

❢♦r t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❜♦✐❧s ❞♦✇♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t t❤❡s❡ ❜♦②s

✏❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❣♦ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ ❛ s✐t❡ ♦❢ ❞❡str✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ❡❧s❡ ❜✉t ❣♦ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❢❛♠✐❧② ❛♥❞

✶✾

2.10 Page 20

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❋r♦♠ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✽✽✶ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✇❡ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r ♠♦r❡ tr❛❝❡s ♣♦✐♥t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡

❞❡s✐r❡ t♦ t❛❦❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✇♦r❞s ❛t t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✭✶✽✽✵✮ ♠♦r❡ s❡r✐♦✉s❧② ❛♥❞ t♦

r❡❛❧❧② ❢♦❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♥❣✳ ❖♥ ✽ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② t❤❡r❡ ✇❛s ❛

♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏❛❧❧ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r ❛♥❞ ♠✐♥♦r s✉❜❥❡❝ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✳

❚✇♦ ❘✉❧❡s ✇❡r❡ r❡❛❞ ♦✉t✱ ♦♥❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✳ ❆t t❤❡

❡♥❞ t❤❡ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ✇❛s ❛❞❞❡❞✳ ❖♥❧② ❛ ❢❡✇ r❡♠❛r❦s ✇❡r❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❛s

❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ t♦ s♣❡❛❦ ❢♦r ✐ts❡❧❢✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❛❞❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ r❡♠❛r❦s✿ ♦♥❡

♥❡✈❡r ♦✉❣❤t s❛② ✏■✬❧❧ ❣✐✈❡ ②♦✉ ❛ ✼ ♦r ❛♥ ✽ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦♥t❤✳ ◆❡✈❡r ❧❛② ❞♦✇♥ ❛

♠❛r❦✱ ❜✉t s✐♠♣❧② s❛② ✏■ ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❝r❡❞✐t ②♦✉ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❧♦✇❡r ♠❛r❦✱ ❛ ❜❛❞ ♠❛r❦ ❡t❝✳✑ ✷✻

❚❤❡r❡ ✇❡r❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❧② ♥♦t t✇♦ ✏❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✑✱ ❜✉t t❤❡r❡ ✇❡r❡ t✇♦ ❝❤❛♣t❡rs ❬❱■ ✕ ✇✐t❤

♣♦ss✐❜❧② ❱■■ ✕ ❛♥❞ ❱■■■ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt❪ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r

t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡ s✳✷✼ ■t ✐s ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ t♦ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ ❛❧s♦ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❡ss❛② ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡

s②st❡♠✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❚❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣ ✇❛s r❡❛❞ ♦✉t✳ ■t ✇❛s

♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ❤✐♠❀ ✐t ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧❧② ♥♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❝❧❛r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❞❞❡❞

♥♦t❡ ♦♥ ✏♠❛r❦s✑ ❢♦r ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ③❡❛❧ ✇❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ t❤r❡❛t ❛♥❞

♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛s s✉❝❤ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝♦♠♣❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✏s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧②

❛♠✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✳✑ ❆❢t❡r ❛❧❧✱ t❤❛t ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛❞❞r❡ss

❛t t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳

❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡❞ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✇✐s❤❡s ❜② t❤✐s ✇❛② ♦❢ ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ t❤✐♥❣s ❛t

♠❡❡t✐♥❣s✳ ❚❤✐s ❞❡s✐r❡ ✇❛s ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦ ❋r ❘♦♥❝❤❛✐❧ ✐♥ ◆✐❝❡ ❛

❢❡✇ ✇❡❡❦s ❧❛t❡r ✷✾ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✽✽✶✿ ✏ ❊♥❞❡❛✈♦✉r t♦ s✉♠♠♦♥ ②♦✉r ❤♦✉s❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢t❡♥✱ ❛♥❞

✐♥s✐st t❤❛t ♥♦ ♦♥❡ ✐s t♦ str✐❦❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❛t ❡❛❝❤ ♦♥❡ ✐s t♦ r❡❛❞ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♣♣❧②

t♦ ❤✐♠✳✑ ✷✽

❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✇♦r❦s ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❡r❡ ♦✉tst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✐♥

❝❧❛r✐t②✱ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ✐t r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t t♦ r❡♣❡❛t t❤❡♠ ❢r♦♠ t✐♠❡ t♦ t✐♠❡✳

◆♦t ❧♦♥❣ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✶✽✽✶✲✶✽✽✷ ❤❡ ❜r♦✉❣❤t t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♦❢

t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛♥❞ ❞♦r♠✐t♦r✐❡s t♦❣❡t❤❡r t♦ r❡❛❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳ ✏❆ ❢❡✇ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ♥♦r♠s ✇❡r❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s❡❞✳ ■t ✇❛s ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ t❤❛t ❡❛❝❤ ❛ss✐st❛♥t

♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦r♠✐t♦r✐❡s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ r✉❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛t ❤✐s ❞✐s♣♦s❛❧ ♥❡①t t♦

t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞♦r♠✐t♦r✐❡s ✏ ❚❤❡ ✜rst r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦r t❤❡ ❢r❡s❤❡♥✐♥❣ ✉♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡

❛rt✐❝❧❡s ✇❛s ✐♥ ♥♦ ✇❛② ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♦❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥♦t❡ ✇❡♥t ♦♥✿ ✏❚❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❧❛st❡❞ ❢♦r

❛❜♦✉t t✇♦ ❤♦✉rs✳✑ ✷✾

❆❜♦✉t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ✏t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ♦r r❛t❤❡r t❤❡ t❛s❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛t❡❝❤✐st ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ✇❛s

❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❞♦✇♥ t♦ t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧❡st ❞❡t❛✐❧✳✑ ✸✵

■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ♠❛❞❡ ❛ ❣r❡❛t ❡✛♦rt t♦ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡ ❛♥❞ str❡♥❣t❤❡♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢

t❤❡ ✏♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✑ ❛♥❞ r❡♠❛✐♥ ❧♦②❛❧ t♦ ✏t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✑ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡✲

q✉❡♥t❧② ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❚❤✉s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✐❞❡❛s ❛♥❞ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞✳

r❡❧❛t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ t❛❦❡ ✉♣ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❵t❤❡ ❜✉r❞❡♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜✉r♥✐♥❣ ❤❡❛t✬ ✭▼t✳ ✷✵✱✶✷✮✱ ❢r♦♠ ✇❤✐❝❤

t❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❡s❝❛♣❡❞✳✑

✷✻P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✻✴✸✺✽✲✸✻✹✳

✷✼❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✷✾✲✶✸✶❪❀ ❬✶✸✷✲✶✸✹❪ ❛♥❞ ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ❬✶✸✶✲✶✸✷❪✳

✷✽❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✸✴ ✐t❡♠ ✹➦❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✹✲✶✵✺✳

✷✾P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✽✴✹✵✵✲✹✵✹✳

✸✵■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✽✴✹✵✼✳

✷✵

3 Pages 21-30

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3.1 Page 21

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❼ Pr❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ r❡❝♦♥❝✐❧✐♥❣ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞

❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛t❡❞ ♥❡✇ ❞❡♠❛♥❞s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ ♦r❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡

▼❡❛♥✇❤✐❧❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ✇❡r❡ t❛❦❡♥ ❛t t❤❡s❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s t♦ ♣r♦♠♦t❡ ♦r❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ✇✐t❤

t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✇❤❡r❡ ♥❡❡❞❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ✇❡r❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ✏t♦ ❧❡❛✈❡ t❤❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t❡ ✐♥

♦r❞❡r t♦ ❣♦ ❛♥❞ t❡❛❝❤ ❝❛t❡❝❤✐s♠ ❧❡ss♦♥s ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❧♦✐t❡r ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛❢t❡r

❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❜❛❝❦ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs ✇❡r❡ ♣r❛②✐♥❣ ♦r st✉❞②✐♥❣✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞

❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ ❞✐st✉r❜❛♥❝❡✳ ✏❚❤❡② t♦♦ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❣♦ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♣❡❧✱ ♦r t❤❡ st✉❞②

r♦♦♠✱✑ ✸✶✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❧❡ss ❛❣r❡❡❛❜❧❡ t♦ t❤❡♠ t❤❛♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣❡s ✐♥

❛ s♦rt ♦❢ ❞✐st✉r❜✐♥❣ ✇❛②✳

❆♥♦t❤❡r ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ t❛s❦ ✇❤✐❝❤ t✉r♥❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❛ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✇❛s s❡r✈✐♥❣

t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ♠❡❛❧✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ❣♦ ❛♥❞ ❡❛t ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs✳ ■❢ t❤❡② ❣♦t t♦♦

♠✉❝❤ t✐♠❡ t♦ ❞♦ s♦✱ t❤❡② ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ❝♦✉❧❞ ❝❛✉s❡ q✉✐t❡ s♦♠❡ ❞✐st✉r❜❛♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ♦♥

✹ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✶ ✐t ✇❛s ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ t✇❡♥t② ♠✐♥✉t❡s ✇♦✉❧❞ ❞♦✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ✏t❤❡ ❞✐s❝♦♠❢♦rt

♦❢ t♦♦ ♠✉❝❤ ♥♦✐s❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡② ♠❛❞❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡✐r ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣

♠❡❛❧ ✭s✉♣♣❡r✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❛t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs✱ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t❡❞✳✸✷

❙✉❝❤ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥✜♥❡❞ ♦r r❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞ ❢♦r♠s ♦❢ ❢r❡❡❞♦♠ ♦❢ t❤♦s❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✱ ✇❡r❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ❡♠♣❧♦②✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❡①tr❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r ♦r ❛ss✐st❛♥t✳ Pr♦❜❛❜❧② t❤✐s

✇❛s ♥♦t ✉♥r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ t❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t t❤❡ ❛t t✐♠❡s r❛t❤❡r ✉♥❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❚❤❛t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛❧t❡r t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❞✐s❧✐❦❡❞ t❤♦s❡

♠❡❛s✉r❡s ❛♥❞ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s s❤♦✇❡❞ ✐t t♦♦✳

❆♥♦t❤❡r ❤❛❜✐t t❤❛t ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❜❡ t♦❧❡r❛t❡❞ ✇❛s t❤❡ ❝❤❛tt❡r t❤❛t t♦♦❦ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❛❢t❡r

❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡r✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡② ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ t❤✐s ✏tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥✑ ✇✐t❤ ❝❛r❡✿ ✏❲❡ ❞✐s✲

❝✉ss❡❞ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r s✐❧❡♥❝❡ ❛❢t❡r ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡r✳ ❙❤♦✉❧❞ ✇❡ ❣♦ ❢♦r ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ♦r r❡❧❛t✐✈❡

s✐❧❡♥❝❡❄ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✳ ❲❡ ♦♣t❡❞ ❢♦r r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ s✐❧❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡

s♣✐r✐t ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝♦♠❢♦rt ♦❢ t❤❡ r♦♦♠✳✑ ❚❤❡ ✇❛② t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s ♣r♦✈❡s ❤♦✇ ❞❡❧✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡

♠❛tt❡r ✇❛s✿ ✏❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ t♦ ✜rst t❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉t ✐t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts

s❡♣❛r❛t❡❧②✳ ❍❡ ❞✐❞ s♦ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❞❛② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡❞ ✐t t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s

❛❞❞✐♥❣ t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ r❡str✐❝t t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s t♦ ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t t♦ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥s ✐♥ ❝❤❛r❣❡

❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ♣r♦❝❡❡❞ ✐♥st❛♥t❧② t♦ t❤❡ ❞♦r♠✐t♦r② ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② ❢✉rt❤❡r q✉❡st✐♦♥s ❛❜♦✉t st✉❞②✱

❧❡ss♦♥s✱ ♠❛r❦s ❡t❝✳✑ ✸✸

▼♦r❡ s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ❛❜✉s❡ ❛♥❞ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ✇❡r❡ t❤❡ r✉♥♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛♥❞ ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦r♠✐✲

t♦r② ♦r ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ ❣r♦✉♣ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ♦r ❡✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡② ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❧✐♠✐t t❤❡

♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❦❡②s ❛♥❞ t♦ ❡♠♣❧♦② ❛ r❡❣✐str❛r ♦r ❝❛r❡t❛❦❡r✳ ❍❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❦❡②s ❛t ❤✐s

❞✐s♣♦s❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ❞♦ t❤❡ ❝❧❡❛♥✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❢✉❧❧② tr✉st ❛ ❧❛②♠❛♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❥♦❜

♥♦r ❞✐❞ t❤❡② t❤✐♥❦ ✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❡❛s② t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ t♦ ❞✉st ❛♥❞ s✇❡❡♣✳ ❆s t❤❡② ❝♦✉❧❞

♥♦t ✐♠❛❣✐♥❡ ❛ s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ s♦♠❡✇❤❛t s❝❡♣t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥

✐r♦♥✐❝❛❧ ✏✇❡ s❤❛❧❧ s❡❡ ❛♥❞ s❡❛r❝❤✳✑ ✸✹ ■♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t✐♠❡ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ❞✐st✉r❜❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞

t♦ ❡①✐st✳

✸✶

■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✽✴✹✶✸✲✹✶✺✳

✸✷

■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✽✲✷✹✾✳

✸✸

■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✼✴✸✻✾✲✸✼✻✳

✸✹

■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✽✴✹✷✵✲✹✷✷ ❡♥ ✷✹✾✴✹✹✾✲✹✻✵✳ P❡r❤❛♣s ✐t ✇❛s ❛❜♦✉t ❛♥ ❛❣❡✲♦❧❞ ❡♥❝r✉st❡❞ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❈❢✳ ♦♥

t❤✐s ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✶✽✻✻✲✶✽✼✻ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❡tr♦✉✇❜❛r❡ ✇❡❣✇✐❥③❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✾✲✷✵✳

✷✶

3.2 Page 22

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Pr♦❜❛❜❧② t❤✐s ❤❡s✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ✉♣ t❤❡✐r ♠✐♥❞s ❧❡❞ t♦ ❛ ✈✐❝✐♦✉s

✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t ❧❛t❡r ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✐♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✽✷✳ ■t ✇❛s ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ♦♥ ❙t ❆❧♦②s✐✉s✬

❞❛②t❤❛t t❤❡② ✇✐t♥❡ss❡❞ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♣r♦❢❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❢t❡r♥♦♦♥✳ ❙♦♠❡ ✈❛♥❞❛❧s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣

s♦♠❡ ❜♦②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ✐ts❡❧❢✱ ❜♦t❤ ♣✉♣✐❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣r❛♠♠❛r s❝❤♦♦❧✱ ❤❛❞

r❡♠♦✈❡❞ t❤❡ ✢♦✇❡rs ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❛✐♥t✬s st❛t✉❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❜r✉t❛❧ r❛s❝❛❧s ❤❛❞ ❜r♦❦❡♥

✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜♦① ❡t❝✳ ■t ❤❛❞ ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛♥❞ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤❡

❛ss✐st❛♥ts ✇❡r❡ st✐❧❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❢❡❝t♦r②✳ ❚✇♦ ❞❛②s ❧❛t❡r t❤❡② r❡❣r❡tt❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣❡r♣❡tr❛t♦rs

r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❜✉t ❛ r❡♣r♦❛❝❤ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♦♥❡s ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ❛s❦❡❞ t♦ ❞♦ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ❛♥②

r❡❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✏✇❤❛t ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ❧❡❢t ✉♥❞♦♥❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦✇ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡✳✑ ✸✺

■t ✐s ♥♦t ❝❧❡❛r ❢r♦♠ s✉❝❤ ❛ s❤♦rt ♥♦t❡ ✇❤♦ ✇❡r❡ ❡①❛❝t❧② ♠❡❛♥t ❜② ✏t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♦♥❡s✑✱

♠❛②❜❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r❤♦♦❞ ♦r ❛ ❝♦r❡ ❣r♦✉♣✱ ❜✉t ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❛❧❧ ❜♦②s ♥♦t

✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜♦✐❧

❞♦✇♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❧♠♦st st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠❛❞❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✏❛ ❢❡✇ r❛s❝❛❧s✑ ❛♥❞ t❤❡

♠❛❥♦r✐t② ♦❢ ❣♦♦❞ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐s✐♥❣ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t t❡①t

♦❢ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦✬s r❡♣♦rt r❡❛❞ ❡q✉❛❧❧② st❛♥❞❛r❞✿ ✏■t ✇❛s s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❛

❣♦♦❞ s♣✐r✐t✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❞✐s♦❜❡❞✐❡♥t✑ ✭r❡❝❛❧❝✐tr❛♥t✮✳ ❖r ✇❡r❡ t❤❡r❡ ❛♥②✇❛② ♠♦r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧

s✐❣♥s ♦❢ ❛ ♠❛❧❛✐s❡ ❛❜♦✉t ✇❤✐❝❤ ♥♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❧❡❢t ❜❡❤✐♥❞❄

❆ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡ t❤❛t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❞✐s❝♦♥t❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡

tr♦✉❜❧❡ t❤❡② ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❝❧♦t❤❡s ❡t❝✳ r❡♣❛✐r❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞

t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ t❤♦r♦✉❣❤❧② ✐♥ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✶ ❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ ✐t ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡❧② ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣

t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s✳✸✻ ❖♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❡①♣❡❝t t❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❣♦t r✐❞ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t

r❡❛s♦♥ t♦ ❜❡ ❞✐ss❛t✐s✜❡❞✱ ❣r✐♣❡ ♦r ❝r✐t✐❝✐s❡✳

■♥ ❛♥② ❝❛s❡ ❋r ❖r✐♦❧✐✱ ❛ ♣r✐❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐♦❝❡s❡✱ ✇❛s st❛②✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❢r♦♠ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✽✷

♦♥✇❛r❞s✱ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❛t s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r✳ ✏❉✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s st❛② ❤❡ ❤❛❞ t❤❡ ❢✉❧❧ r✉♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛♥❞

s♦ ❝❛♠❡ t♦ ❦♥♦✇ ❖r❛t♦r② ❧✐❢❡ ✈❡r② ✐♥t✐♠❛t❡❧②✳✑ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❣♦♥❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ st✐❝❦② ♣❛t❝❤ ✐♥ ❤✐s

❞✐♦❝❡s❡ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❜✐s❤♦♣ ❤❛❞ ❡♥tr✉st❡❞ ❤✐♠ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❛r❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥

▲❛ ❝❛s❛ ❞✐ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥ ❚♦r✐♥♦ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡ ❞♦✇♥ ❤✐s ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ✐♥

❬✏❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ❍♦✉s❡ ✐♥ ❚✉r✐♥✑ ❪✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✇❡ r❡❛❞✿ ✏■♥ t❤✐s ❤♦♠❡ ♦♥❡ ♦♥❧② ♥♦t✐❝❡s ❣❡♥t❧❡ ✇❛②s

♦❢ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ✇❤✐❝❤ st✐♠✉❧❛t❡ ♦♥❡ t♦ ❞♦ ❣♦♦❞✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ❛♠❛③✐♥❣ ❛✉r❛ ♦❢ ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss

❛♥❞ ❥♦② ❡♠❛♥❛t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡✬s ❢❛❝❡✳✳ ✳ ✳ ■❢ ②♦✉ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t❤❡♠ ❬t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs❪ ✇✐t❤♦✉t

❦♥♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❤♦ t❤❡② ❛r❡✱ ②♦✉ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥❡✈❡r ❣✉❡ss t❤❛t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♠❡♥ ♦❢ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✳✳✳✳ ❚❤❡✐r ✇❛②

♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡rs ✐s s✉❝❤ t❤❛t t❤❡② s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ tr②✐♥❣ t♦ r❡♠♦✈❡ ❡✈❡♥ t❤❡ ♥♦t✐♦♥ t❤❛t

t❤❡② ❛r❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳ ❆♥❞ ❤♦✇ ②♦✉r s✉r♣r✐s❡ ❣r♦✇s ✇❤❡♥ ②♦✉ s❡❡ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞st ♦❢ t❤❡✐r

②♦✉♥❣ st✉❞❡♥ts ♦r ♣♦♦r ❛rt✐s❛♥s✱ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s t♦ ❜❡ ♠♦r❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞s t❤❛♥ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳

■♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❤♦✉s❡ ②♦✉ ❞♦ ♥♦t ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ♦♣♣r❡ss✐✈❡ ❛✉r❛ ♦❢ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ t❤❛t ♣❡r✈❛❞❡s

♦t❤❡r ❜♦❛r❞✐♥❣ s❝❤♦♦❧s✳ ✳ ✳ ■t ❞♦❡s ②♦✉r ❤❡❛rt ❣♦♦❞ t♦ s❡❡ t❤❡s❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡❞ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦rs s♦

♠♦❞❡st ✐♥ ♠❛♥♥❡r✱ s♦ ✉♥❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡✐r ❣❡♥✉✐♥❡ t❛❧❡♥ts✳✳✳ ■ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❧❡❛✈❡ t❤✐s

❤♦✉s❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❞❡❡♣ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s✳ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✇✐s❤ t❤❛t ❛t ❧❡❛st ♦♥❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❧✐❦❡ t❤✐s ♠✐❣❤t ❛r✐s❡ ✐♥

❡✈❡r② t♦✇♥ ♦❢ ■t❛❧②✳✑ ✸✼

✸✺

P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✵✲✷✺✶✳

✸✻

■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✾✴✹✸✶✲✹✹✼✳

✸✼

▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✻✷✲✺✻✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✻✽✲✹✻✾✳

❈❢✳

❛❧s♦ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆ss✐st❡♥t✐❡✱

❞❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❡ ✈❛♥

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐❡❢ s②st❡❡♠ ✐♥ ❞❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞❡ ✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✽✹✱ ❙✐♥t✲P✐❡t❡rs✲❲♦❧✉✇❡✱ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳ ✻✺✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡

✼✺✳

✷✷

3.3 Page 23

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❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s s❛✇ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ t❤✐♥❣s ✈❡r② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t❧② ❛t t✐♠❡s✳ ❖♥❡

❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇❡♥t②✲♦♥❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s t♦ ♣r❡♣❛r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞

●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✱ ❤❡❧❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✸✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞ ❋r ❉♦♠❡♥✐❝♦ ❇❡❧♠♦♥t❡ ✇r♦t❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧

s❝❤♦♦❧ ♣✉♣✐❧s✿ ✏❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❞❡♠♦r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❜❛❞ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦❤♦✉s❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳

❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝♦✉r❛❣❡❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡♥✬t ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❛♥② ♣r♦❣r❡ss ✐♥ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❛ tr❛❞❡✳ ❚❤❡②

t❛❦❡ ♦✛❡♥❝❡ ❛t t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤❡② ❛r❡ tr❡❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✳ ❍♦✇ ❝❛♥ t❤❡② ❢❡❡❧ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ ❢♦r

t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡❄✑ ✸✽ ■♥ t❤♦s❡ ②❡❛rs ❋r ❇❡❧♠♦♥t❡ ✇❛s t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❛t ❙❛♠♣✐❡r❞❛r❡♥❛✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ❣♦❡s t♦ s❤♦✇ t❤❡ ✏r❡❛❧ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✑ ✇❛s ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❧♦st ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ✐♥ ❛

❝❡rt❛✐♥ ✇❛②✳

❚❤❡♥ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ t❡st✐♠♦♥② ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■r✐s❤ ❜♦②s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ♣✉t ✉♣✳ ❖♥ ✷✻

❆✉❣✉st ✶✽✽✷ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ t♦ ❤✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈❡s✿ ✏❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ s♦♠❡ ✶✸ ♦r ✶✹ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛❧❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣

✉♥❞❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❛❧❧ ✈❡r② ❣❡♥t❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧②✳✑ ✸✾ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧②

s♦✉♥❞s ♥♦ ❧❡ss ❧❛✉❞❛t♦r② t❤❛♥ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ ❋r ❖r✐♦❧✐✳

❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ■r✐s❤ ❜♦② ❛♥❞ ❋r ❖r✐♦❧✐ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❝❧❡❛r❧② ♠❛❞❡

❣r❡❛t ❡✛♦rts t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✳ ❍❛❞ ♥♦t

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥s✐st❡❞ s♦ ❡♠♣❤❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ♦♥ t❤✐s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r❄ ❖♥❡

❝♦✉❧❞ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ♥♦t ✐♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ✏❛ ❣♦♦❞ s♣✐r✐t✑ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t♦ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡

♦❢ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡✳

❼ ❆ ♣❛✐♥❢✉❧ ❛r❡❛ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡✈❡r ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦

❙t✐❧❧✱ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♣r♦❢❛♥❛t✐♦♥✱ ♦♥❡

❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ s♣✐r✐t ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐s ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ♦✉t✳ ■t ❛♣♣❡❛rs t♦ ❜❡ q✉✐t❡ ❛

s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣ ♦♥❡✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ✐s ❛ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ✉♥✐t② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞✳ ❆❧❧ tr② t♦ ❜❡ ❝❡♥tr❡s ♦♥ t❤❡✐r

♦✇♥ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♣♣♦✐♥t❡❞ r❡❝t♦r✳✑ ✹✵

❖r ✇❛s t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ♥♦t s♦ s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣ ❛❢t❡r ❛❧❧❄ ■♥❞❡❡❞ ❛❢t❡r ▼❛ss ♦♥ ❈❤r✐st♠❛s ♥✐❣❤t

✶✽✽✶✱ ●✳ ▲❛③③❡r♦ ✇r♦t❡ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❞✐❛r②✿ ✏P❡♦♣❧❡ ❢r♦♠ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ✇❡r❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ s❛❝r✐st②✱

❜✉t ■ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ✐❞❡❛ ✇❤♦ ❣❛✈❡ t❤❡♠ t❤❡ ♣❡r♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ❆ ❢❡✇ t❤✉❣s ❞✐❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❡♥t❡r t❤❡

s❛❝r✐st②✳ ❚❤❡② s✉rr♦✉♥❞❡❞ t❤❡ ❛❧t❛r s❡r✈❡rs ❬❛❝♦❧②t❡s❪✱ ❧❛✉❣❤❡❞ ❛♥❞ s♥❡❡r❡❞ ❬❡✈❡♥❪ ❞✉r✐♥❣

❝♦♠♠✉♥✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞ t♦ ❞♦ s♦ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ ❡♥❞✳✑ ✹✶ ❍❡ ✇❛s ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❛♥♥♦②❡❞✿ s♦♠❡♦♥❡

❤❛❞ t❛❦❡♥ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡ ❥✉st ❧✐❦❡ t❤❛t ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❝♦♥s✉❧t✐♥❣ ❤✐♠✳

■♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♥♦t❡ ❤❡ ♦♣❡♥❡❞ ✉♣ ❛❜♦✉t s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❤❛❞ ❤✉rt ❤✐♠ ❞❡❡♣❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡

♣r❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❈❤r✐st♠❛s ❢❡st✐✈✐t✐❡s✳ ✏❖♥ ✷✷ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✶✽✽✶ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ str✐❝t❧②

♦r❞❡r❡❞ t❤❛t ❢r♦♠ ♥♦✇ ♦♥ ♥♦ ♠♦r❡ s❛✉s❛❣❡s✱ ❜✐s❝✉✐ts ♥♦r ❛ ❝✉♣ ♦❢ ✇✐♥❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♦✛❡r❡❞

♦♥ ❛♥② ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❀ ♥❡✐t❤❡r ✇♦✉❧❞ ❞r✐♥❦s ♦r ❜✐s❝✉✐ts ❜❡ ♦✛❡r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ s✐♥❣❡rs ❛♥❞ ♠✉s✐❝✐❛♥s✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦♦❦ t❤♦s❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❛ ♥❛rr♦✇✲♠✐♥❞❡❞ ♣❡rs♦♥ ❤❡ ❢✉❧❧② tr✉st❡❞ ❤❛❞

❜❡❡♥ t❡❧❧✐♥❣ t❛❧❡s ✏♦✉t ♦❢ s❝❤♦♦❧✑✳ ❲❤❛t ❤❛❞ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ✇❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛❜✉s❡✱ ❜✉t ✐♥ r❡❛❧✐t②

t❤❡s❡ ✇❡r❡ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❡ ✇r✐t❡r ❬♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❧✐♥❡s❪ ❤❛❞ s❡❡♥ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✷✺ ②❡❛rs ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛t t❤❡

✸✽P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ▲❛ ✏P❛rt❡ ♦♣❡r❛✐❛✑ ♥❡❧❧❡ ❝❛s❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥❡✱ ❘❙❙ ✭✸✶✮ ❳❱■ ♥r✳ ✷✱ ✶✾✾✼✱ ♣✳ ✸✺✽✳

✸✾❉■❈❑❙❖◆✱ ❲✳ ❏✳✱ ❚❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❣r♦✇t❤✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥

❊♥❣❧❛♥❞✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ ▲❆❙✱ ✶✾✾✶✱ ♣✳ ✺✶✳

✹✵P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✶✴✹✾✺✲✹✾✼✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ✉♥✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝♦✲♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ r❡♣♦rt

♦❢ ●✳ ❇❛r❜❡r✐s ❢r♦♠ ✶✽✼✾ ✐♥ ❆❙❈ ✵✺✻✷✱ ❱❡r❜❛❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❈❛♣✐t♦❧♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡ ♦♥ ✽ ▼❛② ✶✽✼✾✳

✹✶P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✽✺✴✶✷✸✹✲✶✷✸✻✳ ❙♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ s✐♠✐❧❛r ✇♦✉❧❞ ♦❝❝✉r t♦ ❤✐♠ ❛t ❈❤r✐st♠❛s

✶✽✽✸✳ ✭■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✽✻✴✶✷✻✽✲✶✷✼✷✮✳

✷✸

3.4 Page 24

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❖r❛t♦r②✳ ❚❤❡ ✇r✐t❡r ❬♦❢ t❤✐s ♥♦t❡❪ ✐s ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥ ✇❤♦ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥❡✈❡r ❞✐s❛♣♣r♦✈❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥

❜② ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✳ ❨❡t ❤❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❤❡❧♣ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ❛st♦♥✐s❤❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤✐♥❣s ❤❛❞

❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞✳ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✐❢ ②♦✉ t❛❦❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t t❤❛t ❛s t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r

❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t♦r ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛❜✉s❡ ✇❤❡r❡❛s ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ tr②✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ t♦

❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t✐♦✉s❧② ❢♦❧❧♦✇ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ✇❛②s✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r ♥♦t t♦ ❢❛✐❧ ✐♥ t❤✐s r❡s♣❡❝t ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❡✈❡♥

❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ s♦♠❡ ♥♦t❡s ❛❞ ❤♦❝✳ ❖♥❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❜❡❛r t❤✐♥❣s ❛❞ ♠❛❥♦r❡♠ ❉❡✐ ❣❧♦r✐❛♠✳✑ ✹✷ ❚❤❡

❛♥❣❡r ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ ♥❛rr♦✇✲♠✐♥❞❡❞ ❞❡♥♦✉♥❝❡r ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ②❡t s✉❜s✐❞❡❞ ♥♦r ❤❛❞ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝♦♥t❡♥t

❛♥❞ ❞✐s❛♣♣♦✐♥t♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ❜❡❡♥ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡✳ ❚❤❡② ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞ t♦

✈✐❜r❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❡r❝❡ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ s❡❧❢✲❞❡❢❡♥❝❡✳ ❖♥❧② ❛❢t❡r ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜❧❡ t♦

r❡❧✐❡✈❡ ❤✐s ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ r❡s✉♠❡ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ s♦♠❡ s✐❣❤ ♦❢ r❡❧✐❡❢ ✇❛❧❦ t❤❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s

r❡s✐❣♥❛t✐♦♥✳

▲❛❝❦ ♦❢ ✉♥✐t② ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛♥ ❡♥❞✉r✐♥❣ ♣❛✐♥❢✉❧ ♣♦✐♥t ❛s ✐t ✇❛s r❛✐s❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❛❢t❡r

t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❏✉♥❡✱ ✸✶ ❏✉❧② ✶✽✽✷✿ ✏❆t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✉♥✐t② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❛r❞ ✇❛s

r❛✐s❡❞✳ ■t ✇❛s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② r❡❝♦❣♥✐s❡❞ t❤❡r❡ ❡①✐st❡❞ ♥♦ ✉♥✐t② ♦❢ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳

❚❤❡ ❝❤❛✐r♠❛♥ ♦r❞❡r❡❞ ❡✈❡r② ❝♦✉♥❝✐❧ ♠❡♠❜❡r ❡①❝❡♣t t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡❝t ✇❤♦ ✇❛s ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ ❛♥②✇❛②✱

t♦ st✉❞② t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡♣♦rt ♦♥ ✐t ❛t t❤❡ ♥❡①t ♠❡❡t✐♥❣✳✑ ✹✸ ❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ r✐❣❤t❢✉❧❧② ❛s❦

t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❤❡r❡ ✐❢ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡❝t✬s ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ ✇❛s ♥♦t ✐♥ ✐ts❡❧❢ ❛ s✐❣♥ ♦❢

❞✐s❝♦r❞✳

■t ✐s ❛ ♣✐t② ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❧❛t❡r ♥❡✈❡r ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛♥② r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥✱ s✐♥❝❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❡❧❧

❛r❣✉❡❞ ❞❡❜❛t❡✳

❼ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ♦❢ ✶✽✽✷✲✶✽✽✸ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s ✇❛❧❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣❛t❤

■t ✐s ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ t♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡✐r t❛s❦s

s♦ t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❝❛rr② t❤❡♠ ♦✉t ✇❤✐❧❡ ❛❧s♦ r❡s♣❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♦t❤❡rs✳ ❆t t❤❡ st❛rt

♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✶✽✽✷✲✶✽✽✸ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ♠❛❞❡ ❛♥ ❡✛♦rt t♦ ❣❡t ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ❜❛❝❦ ♦♥ tr❛❝❦✳

❆❧r❡❛❞② ❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❤❡ ♦r❞❡r❡❞ ✏❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ t♦ r❡❛❞ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ t❤♦s❡ ♦❢

t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs s♦ t❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❦♥♦✇ ✇❤❛t t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❞♦✳✑ ✹✹ ❚❤✐s ✇❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ✐♥ ❧✐♥❡

✇✐t❤ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦✬s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ ✶✽✽✵✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤

✇❡r❡ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧② ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✷ ❛♥❞ ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❢r❡s❤❡♥❡❞ ✉♣ t❤✐s ✇❛②✳✑ ✹✺

❆ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❞❛②s ❧❛t❡r ✐t ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ t❤✐s ❤❛❞ ♥♦t r✉❧❡❞ ♦✉t ❛❧❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❚❤❡ ♥♦t❡s ♦❢

✷✻ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✶✽✽✷ ❞♦ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛s❦❡❞ ❛s t♦ ✏✇❤♦ ✇❛s

❡♥t✐t❧❡❞ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ ♣❡r♠✐ts ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❧❡r✐❝s t♦ ❧❡❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡✳ ❚❤✐s ♣♦✇❡r ❜❡❧♦♥❣❡❞

t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ♦r t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡❝t✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❣♦ ❢♦r ❛ ✇❛❧❦ ♦✉ts✐❞❡✱ t❤❡② ❛❧s♦

✹✷■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✽✺✴✶✷✹✸✲✶✷✺✸✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣✳ ✹✻✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✽✶✲✸✽✷ ❛♥❞ ❊

■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✷✲✶✵✸✳

✹✸P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✺✶✲✷✺✷✳

✹✹■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✷✴✺✷✼✲✺✷✽✳ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ✐♥ ❤❛r♠♦♥② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❢♦r

t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ✐♥ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✽✼✾✿ ✏❊❛❝❤ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❤✐s ❝♦♣② ♦❢ ♦✉r

s❝❤♦♦❧ r❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s❀ ❤❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ st✉❞② t❤❡♠✱ s♦ t❤❛t ✇❤❡♥ q✉❡st✐♦♥❡❞ ❤❡ ♠❛② ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t ❛♥s✇❡r

❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r r✉❧❡s ♦❢ ♦✣❝❡✱ ❛s ✐t ✐s ♣r✐♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦✳ ❊✈❡♥ ✐❢ ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r ✇❡r❡ t♦

❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤ ♥♦ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ s✉❝❝❡❡❞ ✐♥ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♠❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❤✐s st❛✛ ❝❛rr② ♦✉t ♣r♦♣❡r❧② t❤❡ t❛s❦s

❛ss✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ❤✐♠✱ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞♦✐♥❣ ✇❡❧❧ ❡♥♦✉❣❤✳✳ ✳ ✳ ■ ❛❧s♦ ✇✐s❤ t❤❛t ❛❧❧ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♣② ♦❢ t❤❡

❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❬✜rst❪ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✱ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② t♦ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡♠✱ ❜✉t ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② t♦ s✉❣❣❡st ✇❤❛t

❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❞❞❡❞✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✹✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✼✳✮

✹✺❖❊ ❳❳❳■■■ ❬✶✲✾✻❪✳

✷✹

3.5 Page 25

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❧❡❛✈❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✱ ❜✉t ✐♥ ❛♥ ♦r❞❡r❧② ❢❛s❤✐♦♥ ❛s t❤❡✐r ❝❛t❡❝❤✐st ✇♦✉❧❞ ♣r❡s❝r✐❜❡✳✑

❚❤✉s t❤r❡❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞✳ ❆ s❡❝♦♥❞ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ ✜rst

♦♥❡✿ ✏❍♦✇ t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❝❧❛s❤❡s ✇❤❡♥ ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ r✉❧❡s t♦ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ ♦❝❝✉♣② t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥

♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s❄✑ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❝❧❛s❤❡s✑ ✐s ❝❧❡❛r ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ❛♥❞ s✉♣♣♦s❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❢r✐❝t✐♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣st

t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✇❛s ♥♦t ❛t ❛❧❧ ❢❛✈♦✉r❛❜❧❡ t♦ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r t♦ t❤❡

q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ✈❡r② ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ♦r ❞✐✣❞❡♥t❧②✿ ✏❇② t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ ♣r✉❞❡♥❝❡✳

◆♦ ♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❢❡❡❧ ✐♥s✉❧t❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② ♥♦t✐❝❡ ♦t❤❡r ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ♦♥ ♦♥❡✬s ❣r♦✉♥❞ ✐❢ ♦♥❡

r❡❛❧✐③❡s t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ♠❡r❡❧② tr②✐♥❣ t♦ ❞♦ ✇❡❧❧✳✑ ❈❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❛ s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛❝❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❛r✐s❡

✐♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧ ❡rr♦r t♦ ❜❡ s❤♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦rr❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦st t❛❝t❢✉❧✱ ❦✐♥❞ ❛♥❞ ♣♦❧✐t❡ ✇❛② ✭

❜❡❧ ♠♦❞♦✮✳✑ ✹✻ ■t ✐s ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❤✐s ✇❛② t♦ ♦✛❡r ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s♣✐r✐t

♦❢ ✏ ❝❛r✐tà ❡ ❞♦❧❝❡③③❛ ✑ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❛❞❞r❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ■♥ t❤❡ r❡❝❡♥t❧② ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞

❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❛t ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞

❛♥❞ ❝❧❡❛r❧② r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛②✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r②✱ ♣✐♦✉s ❛♥❞ ♣✉♥❝t✉❛❧ ❧✐❢❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱ t❤❡ ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡✱ t❤❡ ✇❡❧❧✲♠❛♥♥❡r❡❞✱ s②♠♣❛t❤❡t✐❝ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣

✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ❬❢r✐❡♥❞❧✐♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②❪ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❛r❡ ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧

♠❡❛♥s t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❜✉❞❞✐♥❣ ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❛ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ✇❛② ♦❢ ❧✐❢❡ t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✳✑ ✹✼

■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❣❡t ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t tr❛❝❦ ✐t ✇❛s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❢♦r ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ t♦ ❝♦♠❡ t♦ t❤❡

♠❡❡t✐♥❣s✳ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ✐♥s✐st❡❞ ♦♥ ✐t✱ ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ✇✐t❤ s✐♠✐❧❛r ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛✉t✐♦♥✳✹✽

❆❧❧ ♦❢ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦✬s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ s❤♦✇s ❛ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧✐❝❛❝② ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rts ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❛

❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❛ss❡rt✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦r str♦♥❣ ♣❡rs✐st❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤♦s❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ✇❡r❡ t②♣✐❝❛❧ ♦❢ ❤✐♠✱

❡✈❡♥ ✇❤❡♥ ❛t t✐♠❡s ❛ str♦♥❣❡r ❤❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ ✜r♠ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝✐♥❣ ♣♦✇❡r t♦ ❦❡❡♣ t❤✐♥❣s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r

❛♥❞ ❛s ❛ r❡❝t♦r t♦ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛❞ t❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ✐♥ ❛ str✐❝t❡r ♠❛♥♥❡r

✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✳✹✾ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♠♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♦✉ts♣♦❦❡♥ s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r ✐t ✇❛s ♥♦t

❧❛❝❦✐♥❣✳✺✵ ❚❤✐s ✇❛② ♦❢ ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ t❤✐♥❣s ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✳

✹✻P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✷✴✺✹✹✲✺✺✵✳

✹✼❖❊ ❳❳❳■■■ ❬✻✺❪✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✸✶ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✹✽❯♣ t♦ t✇✐❝❡ ✐♥ ❛ s❤♦rt t✐♠❡✳ ❈❢✳ P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✷✴✺✷✻ ❛♥❞ ✺✸✵✳

✹✾▼♦r❡ ♦♥ t❤❛t ✐♥ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✶✽✻✻✲✶✽✼✻ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❡tr♦✉✇❜❛r❡ ✇❡❣✇✐❥③❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳

✶✺✲✶✻ ❛♥❞

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✽✹ ❉♦❡❧st❡❧❧❧✐♥❣❡♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✹✲✸✺✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱

♣♣✳ ✷✻✲✷✾✳

✺✵❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ r❡❝t♦rs✬ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ✐♥

❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✽✼✻ t❤❡② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✏t❤❛t s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❝❛r❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❜❡ t❛❦❡♥ ✐♥ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣

t❤❡ r❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s s♦ ❛s ♥♦t t♦ ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✬s ❢r❡❡❞♦♠ ❛♥❞ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② ✇❡r❡ ❜❡✐♥❣

❝✉rt❛✐❧❡❞✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✇❛s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❧✐♠✐t❧❡ss ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② t♦ ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✱ ❜✉t s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ r❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s

✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ r❡❛❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s✱ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣❡r ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛♥❞ ❧❡ss❡r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ ❤✐s ♣r❡st✐❣❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❜❡

s❛❢❡❣✉❛r❞❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧② ❢❡❧t t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs ✇♦✉❧❞ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡ ❧✐♠✐ts ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② ✇❡❧❧ ❡♥♦✉❣❤

❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t♦r② ♥♦t❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ ♣r✐✈❛t❡❧② ♣❛ss❡❞ ♦♥ t♦ t❤❡♠✳✑

✭▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✸✲✻✹✳✮

❆t t❤❡ ❋✐rst ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s❛✐❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t✿ ✏❚❤✐s ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥✿ t❤❡

❞✐r❡❝t♦r ♠✉st ❢✉❧✜❧❧ t❤❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❤❡ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ♦t❤❡rs ✇♦r❦ ❛♥❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳

❍❡ ❤❛s t♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡✱ t❛❦❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s✱ ❜✉t ♥❡✈❡r ❣❡t ❞♦✇♥ t♦ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✳ ✳ ✳ ❍❡ ♠✉st s❡❡ t♦ ✐t t❤❛t

❛❧❧ ❞♦ t❤❡✐r ✇♦r❦ ♣r♦♣❡r❧②✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ■ t❤✐♥❦ ■ ❝❛♥ ♥❡✈❡r ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ❤❛♠♠❡r ✐t ❤♦♠❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✱

❛s ❢❛r ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✱ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❣♦ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❡✈❡r② ❞❛②✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♠❛♥② s✐t❡s ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡

✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❞✇❡❧❧✱ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ♣❧❛❝❡s ❤❡ ✇✐❧❧ s❛② ♥♦t❤✐♥❣✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ ❤❛s t♦ ❞r♦♣ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❦✐t❝❤❡♥ ❛♥❞

✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❢❡❝t♦r② ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧❛r✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ r♦♦♠s ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r②✇❤❡r❡✳ ■❢ ❤❡ ❛❝ts ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇❛②✱ ❛❜✉s❡s

❝❛♥ ♥❡✈❡r t❛❦❡ r♦♦t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❛♥❞ t❤♦✉s❛♥❞s ♦❢ ❧✐tt❧❡ ✢❛✇s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞✳✑ ✭❱❊❘❍❯▲❙❚✱ ▼✳✱ ■

❱❡r❜❛❧✐ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠♦ ❝❛♣✐t♦❧♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦ ✭✶✽✼✼✮✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ ✶✾✽✵✮✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱

✷✺

3.6 Page 26

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❼ ❙t❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✉♣ ❢♦r ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡ ❛s ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r❡✈❡♥ts

❞✐s♦r❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❡✈✐❧ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡s✱ ✐♥s♣✐r❡s t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ✐s ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡♠

❈❛✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ❛ ❤❡s✐t❛♥t ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ♠❛② ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ s❡♥s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rts ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❋r

▲❛③③❡r♦ ✉r❣❡♥t❧② ✐♥s✐st❡❞ ♦♥ t❛❦✐♥❣ ✉♣ ❛ ❝♦r❡ t❛s❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡✳

■t ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ ✐♥ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✷ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❛t ♦t❤❡r t✐♠❡s✱ ♥♦t s♦ ❧♦♥❣ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢

t❤❡ ♥❡✇ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r✳ ✏■t ✇❛s ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞✑ t❤❡♥✱ ✐♥ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♠❛tt❡rs✱ ✏t♦ ❛rr❛♥❣❡ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❝❤❡s

♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ❝❤✉r❝❤ ♣r♦♣❡r❧② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② s❛t ❢❛r t♦♦ ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✳✑ ❈♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣

❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✱ t❤❡ s✉❜❥✉♥❝t✐✈❡ ♠♦♦❞ ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s

t❤❡ t♦♥❡❞✲❞♦✇♥ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏✐❢ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✑✿ ✏❚❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛ss✐st✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✐❢

♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ s❤♦✇ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❝❤❛✐r t♦ ❦♥❡❡❧

❛♥❞ s✐t ♦♥✳✑ ✺✶ ❖♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ s❛② ❝♦❧❧♦q✉✐❛❧❧② t❤❛t ❦✐❞ ❣❧♦✈❡s ✇❡r❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ✉s❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡

✇❛② t❤❡② ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ st✐♠✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❞✉r✐♥❣

♣r❛②❡rs ♦r ❝❤❛♣❡❧ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✳

■t ✇❛s ♥♦t t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ♣❧❛❝❡ ✇❤❡r❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t✉r♥❡❞ ❛ ❜❧✐♥❞ ❡②❡ t♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ s✉♣✲

♣♦rt✐♥❣ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡✳ ■♥ ❛ ♥❡①t ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✶✺ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✷✱ ♥♦t ❛ ❢♦rt♥✐❣❤t ❧❛t❡r✱ ✐t ✇❛s

♥♦t❡❞ q✉✐t❡ ❝r✉❞❡❧②✿ ✏P❧❛② t✐♠❡✿ ♥♦ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡ ❛t ❛❧❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✑ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡

t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✏✐t ✇❛s ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡ ❛ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♣r✐❡sts ✇❤♦ ✐♥

♦♥❡ ✇❛② ♦r ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❤❛❞ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✕ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❝❤♦s❡ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❞❛② t♦ t❡❛❝❤ t❤❡♠

s♦♠❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞s✳✑

❙t✐❧❧✱ ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s ✇❡r❡ ❧❛✐❞ ❞♦✇♥ ♦♥ ✶✺ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡✿ ✏❚♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡

t❤❡ ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞s ❛ ❜✐t ♠♦r❡ ❤❛rs❤❧②✳✑ ❚❤❛t ❤❡s✐t❛♥t ❧✐tt❧❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏❛ ❜✐t✑ ✇✐❧❧

♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❜❡ ❛ s✉r♣r✐s❡✱ ♥♦t ❡✈❡♥ ❦♥♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤r❡❡ ❞❛②s ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞

✏t❤❡ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥❝❡s ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛♠♠❛r s❝❤♦♦❧ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡

❛rt✐s❛♥s✳✑ ✺✷ ❚❤❡ ♥❡①t t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✇❛s ♣r❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✇❛s t❤❛t ♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ✏s❡❡ t♦ ✐t ❬t❤❡ ❜♦②s❪

❞✐❞ ♥♦t ✉s❡ t❤❡ st❛✐rs t♦ ❣♦ ✉♣✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ♥♦t ✉♣ t♦ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ♣♦✐♥t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✬

❝♦rr✐❞♦r✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s r❡❛s♦♥ ✐t ✇❛s ❛❣r❡❡❞ t♦ ❝❧♦s❡ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦rr✐❞♦r ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❜❛rr✐❡r ❛♥❞

❛❧s♦ t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧ ✢✐❣❤t ♦❢ st❛✐rs t♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t t❤❡♠ ❢r♦♠ ❝❧✐♠❜✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ✇❛② ✉♣✳✑ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡

t❤❡② ✐♥s✐st❡❞ ♦♥ ✏❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r ♥❡✇ ❣❛♠❡s✳✑ ✺✸ ❚❤❛t ✇❛② t❤❡② ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ❜r✐❣❤t❡♥ ✉♣ t❤❡

r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡✈❡♥t ❛❧❧ s♦rts ♦❢ ♠✐s❝❤✐❡❢ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ s❡r✐♦✉s ❞✐sr✉♣t✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❞❛② ✇❡♥t ❞♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❤✐st♦r② ❛s ✏ ❧❛ ❣r❛♥ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥③❛ ✑✱

✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥s t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝❧❡r✐❝❛❧ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs

❛♥❞ ♣r✐❡sts✱ t❤✐rt②✲✜✈❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ❛❧❧ t♦❣❡t❤❡r✳ ❍❡ r❡♣♦rts t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❡①♣❛♥❞❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r

♦❢ ♣♦✐♥ts ❢r♦♠ ❤❛❧❢ ♣❛st ✜✈❡ t♦ ❛ q✉❛rt❡r t♦ s✐①✳

♣♣✳ ✶✽✾✲✶✾✵✳

❆❣❛✐♥ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡ ❧❛t❡r✱ ❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ✐♥ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✽✼✾✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s❛✐❞✿

✏❆ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❣r❛✈❡ t❤r❡❛t t♦ ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ❝♦♠❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ tr② t♦ s❡t t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s

✉♣ ❛s ❧❡❛❞❡rs ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ■t ♠✉st ❜❡ str❡ss❡❞ t❤❛t ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ ♦✉r ❤♦✉s❡s t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ ♦❢ ✉♥✐t② ✐s

t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✳ ✳✳✳ ❲♦❡ ❜❡t✐❞❡ ②♦✉✱ ✇❤❡♥ t✇♦ ❝❡♥tr❡s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ✐♥ ❛ ❤♦✉s❡✦ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❧✐❦❡ t✇♦ ♣✐t❝❤❡❞

❝❛♠♣s✱ t✇♦ st❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ✐❢ t❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦t ❢❛❝❡ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛s ❞✐r❡❝t ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡s✱ ❛t ❧❡❛st t❤❡② ❛❧✇❛②s ❛r❡

❞✐✈✐s✐✈❡✳ ▲♦✈❡ ❝❡♥t❡r❡❞ ♦♥ ♦♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡tr❛❝t ❢r♦♠ ❧♦✈❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✹✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳

✷✽✳✮

✺✶P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✸✴✺✺✺✲✺✺✽✳

✺✷■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✹✴✺✽✶ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✷✺✸✴✺✻✺✲✺✻✼✳

✺✸❋♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ r❡♣♦rt ♦♥ ✶✺ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r✿ P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳

✷✺✸✲✷✺✹✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ♦♥ ❛♥✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✐♥ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✽✼✼ ✐♥ ▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✺✴✼➦❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✹✴✼➦✳

✷✻

3.7 Page 27

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❆❜♦✈❡ ❛❧❧ t❤❡r❡ ✇❛s t❤❡ ✈✐t❛❧ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❆ss✐st❛♥ts✱ ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ t❤❡②❄✑ ❚♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡

♠❛tt❡r✲♦❢✲❢❛❝t r❡♣❧② ✇❡♥t✿ ✏❆❧❧ ♦❢ ✉s ❛r❡✳✑ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧② t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✐t❡♠ ❝❛♠❡ ✉♣✿ ✏◆♦t

♦♥❧② s❤♦✉❧❞ ♦♥❡ ♥♦t ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ❜✉t ♥❡✐t❤❡r ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ♦❢ t❤❡

❣r❛♠♠❛r s❝❤♦♦❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛rt✐s❛♥s✑✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❧❡t ❤✐s ❤❡❛rt s♣❡❛❦ ❜② ♣r❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ t❤❡

✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ tr❛✐♥❡❡s✳ ❚❤✐r❞❧②✿ ✏❉♦ ♥♦t st✐❝❦ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❛♠♦♥❣ ②♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥

t✐♠❡✱ ❜✉t ♠✐① ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✑ ❋✉rt❤❡r✿ ✏❖r❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ❜♦t❤ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞

t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❡ ♦❢ ♦✉r ❝❛r❡ ❡✈❡r②✇❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡

❤♦✉s❡✳✑ ❚❤❡♥ ✏t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ✇❡r❡ r❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢❡✇ r❡♠❛r❦s ✇❡r❡ ♠❛❞❡ ✇✐t❤

r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤✐s✳✑ ■t str✐❦❡s ✉s t❤❛t t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ✇❡r❡ ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳

✏❆t t❤❛t ♠♦♠❡♥t✱ ❛ q✉❛rt❡r ♣❛st s✐①✱✑ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ♥♦t❡❞ ✏❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛❧❦❡❞ ✐♥✳ ❆❢t❡r

❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜r✐❡✢② ❛❜♦✉t ✇❤❛t ✐s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡✱ ❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦✈❡❞ ♦❢ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣

❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ✐t✳ ❍❡ ✇❡♥t ♦♥ t♦ s❛② t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ♣❛② ♠✉❝❤ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤✐s✿ ❛ t❡❛❝❤❡r

♦r ❛♥ ❛ss✐st❛♥t ✐♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❤❛s ✜♥✐s❤❡❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✐♥❣✱

❤❡ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞✱ ❢❛t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❍❡ ♠❛❞❡ s♦♠❡ ♠♦r❡ ✉s❡❢✉❧ r❡♠❛r❦s✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ■ ♦♠✐t ♥♦✇✱ t♦ ❜❡ ❜r✐❡❢✳✑ ✺✹ ■t ✐s ❛ ♣✐t② ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❥✉st t❛❦❡ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❡s❡

r❡♠❛r❦s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡❞ s♦♠❡ ✉s❡❢✉❧ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s✱ ♠♦r❡ ❡①❛❝t❧② ❛s t♦

t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ✏❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦r ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✑✳

❼ ▲❛❝❦ ♦❢ ✉♥✐t② ✭✉♥❛♥✐♠✐t②✮ r❡♠❛✐♥s ❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ♣♦✐♥t ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❋r ●✳ ▲❛③③❡r♦

✏❆❢t❡r✇❛r❞s ❬♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡❪ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❝❤❛♣t❡r✿ ❉✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ❛♠♦♥❣

❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✱ ❢r♦♠ ❚❤❡ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❜② P✳❆✳ ▼♦♥❢❛t ✇❛s r❡❛❞✳✑ ❚❤✐s

r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ✏❧❡❞ t♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r r❡♠❛r❦s ✐♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✉t② ♦❢ ✉♥✐t②✱ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t

❛♥❞ ✐ts ❡♠❛♥❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t❡✳✑ ❚❤✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ t♦♦❦ ❛♥ ❡♥❞ ❛t ❛

q✉❛rt❡r ♣❛st s❡✈❡♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ✇❛s t♦ ❜❡ r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ❧❛t❡r✱ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✽ ▼❛②

✶✽✽✸✳✺✺

❉✐s❝✉ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐t❡♠ ♦❢ ✏♣r♦❢❛♥❛t✐♦♥✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♣❡❧ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ♣✉t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ t❤❡ st❛t❡✲

♠❡♥t✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ✐t ❛❧❧ ✐s t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ✉♥✐t② ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝②✳✑ ❇❡❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ✇♦r❞s ✐♥ ♠✐♥❞✱ ♦♥❡

✇✐❧❧ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ✇❛s tr②✐♥❣ t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✈❡r② ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥s❛❜✐❧✐t②

❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ✉♥✐t② ❬✉♥❛♥✐♠✐t②❪ ❛s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ▼♦♥t❢❛t✬s ❜♦♦❦✳

❆t t❤❡ ♥❡①t ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❣♦ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ✉♥✐t②✳ ❍❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ✐t

✐♥ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✇❛② t❤♦✉❣❤✿ ✏❲❡ ❝♦♥✜♥❡❞ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s t♦ ♣♦✐♥t✐♥❣ ♦✉t t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞

❛s ❛ s♦❧✐❞ ❜❧♦❝❦ ❬✐♥ s♦❧✐❞✉♠❪✳✑ ■t ♠❡❛♥t t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ s✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❤②♠♥ s❤❡❡t ♦r

st❛② ❛s ♦♥❡ ♠❛♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣❛❣❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ✐❢ ✐t ✇❛s ❛❜♦✉t ✏♠❛❦✐♥❣

r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❜♦t❤ ✐♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ♣r✐✈❛t❡❀ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❡❛❝❤ t✐♠❡

✇❡ ❝♦♠❡ ❛❝r♦ss ❛ ❜♦② ✇❤♦ ♥❡❡❞s ✐t✳✑ ✺✻ ❉❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❜♦②s s♦ ❢r❛♥❦❧② ❛♥❞ ②❡t s♦ ❞❡❧✐❝❛t❡❧②

✺✹P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✹✴✺✾✵✲✻✵✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆ss✐st❡♥t✐❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✻✺✱ ✇❤❡r❡

s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ✇❡♥t ✇r♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ t✐♠❡✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ s♣♦❦❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥

♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✽✼✼✿ ✏❆ss✐st❛♥❝❡ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡rt❡❞ ❡✛♦rt✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✺❀

❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✺✮✳ ❯♥❞❡r ❋r ❘✉❛✬s ❝❤❛✐r♠❛♥s❤✐♣✱ ✐t ✇❛s ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❆✉❣✉st ✶✽✼✶✿ ✏❘❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡

s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡ s♣❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ❬t❤❡ ❜♦②s❪ ❛♥❞ ❛s ♠✉❝❤ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ ♠♦st ♥❡❡❞

❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡✳✑ ✭P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✷✴✹✻✲✹✼✮✳

✺✺❚❤❡ r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ t❤✐s ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ✐♥ P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✺✹✲✷✺✺✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡

t♦ ▼❛r❝❤ ✽✿ ✐❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✼✴✻✼✻✳

✺✻❋♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✺✴✻✶✵✲✻✶✷✳

✷✼

3.8 Page 28

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✇❛s ❛ t②♣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❛❞✈✐s✐♥❣✳ ■t ✇❛s ✈❡r② ❞❡❛r t♦ ❤✐♠✳✺✼

❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❧✐❦❡❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ✐t ❛♣♣r♦✈❡❞ ♦❢ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞✳ ❍❡ ♠✉st

❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✈❡r② ♣❧❡❛s❡❞ ❢♦r ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❤❛❞ r✉♥ t❤✐♥❣s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s

❞❡s✐r❡ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ✈❡r② ♦✇♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❛t t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳

❼ ❊✛♦rts t♦ ❜❡tt❡r str✉❝t✉r❡ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣s ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❣❡tt✐♥❣ r✐❞ ♦❢ ❝❛✉s❡s ♦❢

❞✐s♣❧❡❛s✉r❡

❚❤❡ t❛s❦ ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛s ✏❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✑ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ q✉✐t❡ ♦❢t❡♥

✉♥❞❡r ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ✐♥ ❡✈❡r②❞❛② ❧✐❢❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛rt✐s❛♥s ♠✐①❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞

❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ♣♦rt✐❝♦✳ ❚❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❣r❛❞✉❛❧❧② ❣♦t t♦ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r ✐t ❡♥t❛✐❧❡❞ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢

❞✐s❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡② ❛✐♠❡❞ ❛t t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ❣r♦✉♣s✱ ❜✉t

t❤❛t ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ s✉♣♣❧②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ❚❤❡② r❡❛❧✐③❡❞ t❤❡② ❤❛❞ t♦ s✉♣♣❧②

❞r✐♥❦✐♥❣ ✇❛t❡r ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s✬ s✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ ✏❛s t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ r❛t❤❡r s❝❛r❝❡✑ ♠♦r❡ ❧❛✈❛t♦r✐❡s ✇❡r❡

♥❡❡❞❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s✐❞❡ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❛rt✐s❛♥s ✇❡r❡✳ ❚❤❛t ❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss ✇❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡

✏✇❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛t ❧❡❛st tr②✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡s✉♠♣t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♠✐❣❤t t❛❦❡ s♦♠❡

t✐♠❡✳

❆♥♦t❤❡r ❞❡❧✐❝❛t❡ ♠❛tt❡r ✇❛s ♦r❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞♦r♠✐t♦r✐❡s✱ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇❤✐❝❤

✇❛s ♥♦t s♦❧✈❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❥✉❣s ❛♥❞ ❜❛s✐♥s✳ ■♥st❛❧❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❛s❤✲❜❛s✐♥s ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ♦♥❧②

♠❡❛♥ ❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ s❛✈✐♥❣✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ ❤②❣✐❡♥❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❛❧✐t②✳✺✽ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞

✏✇♦✉❧❞✑ s✉❣❣❡sts t❤❡r❡ ✇❛s ♠♦r❡ ❣♦♦❞✇✐❧❧ t❤❛♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✐t✳

❆s s✉❝❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❛✐♠❡❞ ❛t ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞

❝❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥s ✏✇❡❛❦✑✱ ❜✉t ✐t ❧♦♦❦❡❞ ❛s ✐❢ t❤❡② ♠✐❣❤t ❣♦ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❛② ❛s t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s

♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t t❤❡ ❧♦ss ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡♥ ✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❧♦t❤✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t ✇❛s ✏❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ♦✈❡r ❛♥❞

♦✈❡r ❛❣❛✐♥✱ ❜✉t ✐t ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝♦♠❡ ♥❡❛r t♦ ❛♥② s♦rt ♦❢ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳✑ ❙t✐❧❧✱ ✐t ✇❛s ✏❛ s❡r✐♦✉s t♦♣✐❝✦

◆❡❛r❧② ❛❧❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❛✐♥ ❛❜♦✉t ♥♦t ❣❡tt✐♥❣ ❜❛❝❦ t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❡② ❞❡❧✐✈❡r❡❞ ❢♦r ✇❛s❤✐♥❣✳ ❆❢t❡r

s✐① ♠♦♥t❤s t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❤❛✈❡ ❣♦t ❛❧♠♦st ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ❧❡❢t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡✐r ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❧♦t❤✐♥❣✳ ❲❤❡r❡

✇✐❧❧ t❤✐s ❡♥❞❄✳ ✳ ✳ ❆❢t❡r ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❤❛❧❢ ❤♦✉r ♦❢ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥✱ ✐t ✇❛s ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧②

❧❡❢t t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♦♥❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t t♦ t❤✐♥❦ ❛❜♦✉t ✐t ❛♥❞ r❡♣♦rt ❜❛❝❦ ❛t t❤❡ ♥❡①t ♠❡❡t✐♥❣✳✑ ✺✾

❖♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ♥♦ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ t❤❛t r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦r ❛♥② r❡♣♦rts ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r❡❞✳ ❆s ♥♦t❤✐♥❣

❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❞♦♥❡ ❛❜♦✉t ✐t✱ t❤❡ ✏❣♦♦❞ s♣✐r✐t✑ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❛s ♥♦t ❛t ❛❧❧ ❤❡❧♣❡❞ ❜② ✐t✳

❙✉❝❤ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ❜♦②s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❜♦②s ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ ❧❡❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs

❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❝❡ t♦ t❛❦❡ r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ✇❛② ♦r ❛♥♦t❤❡r✳ ❨❡t ❤♦✇

❝♦✉❧❞ t❤❡② ♣✉t ✐♥t♦ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉❧s♦r② ♣r❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✿

✏❋✐rst ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ♥❡✈❡r ❤❛✈❡ r❡❝♦✉rs❡ t♦ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✐❢ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✑ ✻✵ ❲♦✉❧❞ ❛ ✇❛r♥✐♥❣✱ ❜❡ ✐t ❛

✺✼❈❢✳ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆ss✐st❡♥t✐❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✷✺✲✶✷✻❀ ✶✷✽❀ ✶✹✷ ❛♥❞ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❘❡✢❡❝t✐❡s

❜✐❥ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛✐r❡ ♦✈❡r ❤❡t t♦❡❞✐❡♥❡♥ ✈❛♥ str❛✛❡♥ ✐♥ ❞❡ s❛❧❡s✐❛❛♥s❡ ❤✉✐③❡♥ ✐♥ ❖✈❡r ❞❡ ●r❡♥s✱ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✈♦r♠✐♥❣s✲❝❡♥tr✉♠✱ ♥r✳ ✵✼✱ ✷✵✵✺✱ ♣✳ ✻✷✳

✺✽■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✸✴✺✻✽✲✺✼✶✳

✺✾■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✺✴✻✶✹✲✻✷✸✳ ❚r❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♠♦r❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✇❛②✿ ✏❚❤❡② ❣♦t st✉❝❦✳✑ ✭❚❤❡② ❝♦✉❧❞♥✬t r❡❛❝❤

❛♥ ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t✳✮ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ❞❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ♦❢ ❤❛r❞❧② ❛ ②❡❛r ❛❣♦✳ ✭■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✾✴✹✸✶✲✹✹✼✮✳

❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✸✻✳

✻✵❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✱ ❘♦♠❡ ✶✾✾✼✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✷✳ ❙❡❡ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡

t❡①t ♦♥ ✏❍❡t ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐❡✈❡ s②st❡❡♠ ✐♥ ❞❡ ♦♣✈♦❡❞✐♥❣ ✈❛♥ ❞❡ ❥❡✉❣❞✑ ✐♥✿ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣❛ss✐❡ ✈♦♦r ❥♦♥❣❡r❡♥

❣✐st❡r❡♥ ❡♥ ✈❛♥❞❛❛❣✱ ❖✉❞✲❍❡✈❡r❧❡❡✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✈♦r♠✐♥❣s❝❡♥tr✉♠✱ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳ ✻✺✳

✷✽

3.9 Page 29

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✏str✐❝t ✇❛r♥✐♥❣✑✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❢❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❏✉♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s s❝❤♦♦❧

②❡❛r✱ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t❄

❼ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦✬s ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡s✬ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥t❛❝t ♣r❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✑

❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦✬s r❡♣♦rts ❞♦ ♥♦t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ♠✉❝❤ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡✱ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝

♦❢ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ q✉✐t❡ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ❛❣❛✐♥ ✐♥ t❤❛t ♣❡r✐♦❞✳ ❨♦✉ ♠❛② s❛② ❵❛❣❛✐♥✬

✐♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❢♦r ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥ ✶✽✽✵ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡

❙②st❡♠ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛❧✱ ❇♦❧❧❡tt✐♥♦ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦✳ ■♥ t❤❛t ✈❡rs✐♦♥ t❤❡

❝♦♥❝✐s❡ ❧❛st ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❵❆ ✇♦r❞ ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t✬ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t✇♦ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

❛s ❛ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t ✇❡r❡ ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✐ss✉❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ❇✉❧❧❡t✐♥

❙❛❧és✐❡♥✳✻✶ ■t r❡♠❛✐♥s ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦r

❤❛❞ ❛♣♣r♦✈❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳ P✉❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② s❤♦✇s ❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐t

♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t t♦ ❛❞❞ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥s t♦ ❤✐s ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s✳ ❚❤❡ t❡①ts ❛❞❞❡❞ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡❧②

❛❣r❡❡ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ✐♥s✐❣❤t ❛♥❞ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥✱ ❜✉t t✇♦ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦r❛r✐❡s ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t t❛❦❡ ❝r❡❞✐t ❢♦r t❤❡

❛❝t✉❛❧ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①ts✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡ ✐s ❆✳▼✳ ❚❡♣♣❛ ✭✶✽✵✻✲✶✽✼✶✮✳ ❍✐s ❜♦♦❦ ❆✈✈❡r✲

t✐♠❡♥t✐ ♣❡r ❣❧✐ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✐ ❡❝❝❧❡s✐❛st✐❝✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❣✐♦✈❡♥tù ✇❛s ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✻✽ ❛♥❞ ✐♥st❛♥t❧②

r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ ❤✐s ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs✳✻✷ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ ✐s

t❤❡ ❋r❡♥❝❤♠❛♥ ❆✳ ▼♦♥❢❛t ✭✶✽✷✵✲✶✽✾✽✮✳ ❆ ❧♦♦s❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ▲❛

Pr❛t✐q✉❡ ❞❡ ❧✬é❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✾✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✇❛s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❋r

▲❛③③❡r♦ ❤❛❞ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❝❤❛♣t❡r r❡❛❞ ♦✉t ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t❡❞ ♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❵❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣✬

♦♥ ✶✻ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✷✳

■❢ ✇❡ t❛❦❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ s♦♠❡ ❢r✐❝t✐♦♥s ❛♠♦♥❣ st❛✛ ♠❡♠❜❡rs

✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦✬s s❡r✐♦✉s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦r t❤❡ ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ✉♣

♦❢ ✉♥✐t②✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❢✉❧❧② ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❤❡ ✇✐s❤❡❞ t♦ ❜r✐♥❣ t❤❛t ♣❛ss❛❣❡ t♦ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❛t

♠❡❡t✐♥❣✳

❖t❤❡r ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ✇❡r❡ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ♠♦r❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ❝❤❛♣t❡rs ✭✷✶✲✷✻✮ ♦❢ ▼♦♥t✲

❢❛t✬s ❜♦♦❦ ❢♦r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡❛s♦♥s✳ ❚❤♦s❡ ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤s tr❡❛t❡❞ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t ♦❢ ❵r❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✬ ♦r

♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t✱ t❤✐s ✈❡r② ❞❡❧✐❝❛t❡ t♦♣✐❝ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦ ✐t

✇❛s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② t❤❛t t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❝♦✉❧❞ r❡❛❧❧② s❡❡ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s r❡✢❡❝t❡❞ ❤❡r❡✳

◆♦✈✐❝❡ ♠❛st❡r ❋r ●✳ ❇❛r❜❡r✐s ♠❛❞❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♣❛ss❛❣❡s ❢r♦♠ ✐t ❢♦r ❤✐s ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣②✱

❡♥t✐t❧❡❞ ❆♣♣✉♥t✐ ❞✐ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❙❛❝r❛✱ ❡s♣♦st✐ ❛❣❧✐ ❛s❝r✐tt✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ P✐❛ ❙♦❝✐❡tà ❞✐ ❙✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s❝♦

❞✐ ❙❛❧❡s✳

❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ ✐t ✇❛s ♥♦t s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✐♥ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❝✐r❝❧❡s t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ♣r❡♣❛r✐♥❣ ❛ ❞♦❝✲

✉♠❡♥t ❡♥t✐t❧❡❞✿ ❉❡✐ ❝❛st✐❣❤✐ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✐❣❣❡rs✐ ♥❡❧❧❡ ❝❛s❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥❡ ❬❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts

✐♥ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❤♦✉s❡s❪✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ r❡❝❡♥t ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ t❤✐s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✱ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❜② ●✳❇✳

✻✶❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❡❞✉❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❣✐♦✈❡♥tù✱ P✐❝❝♦❧❛ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ♥r✳ ✺✱ ❘♦♠❡✱

▲❆❙✱ ✶✾✽✺✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✹✲✷✺❀ ✶✸✼❀ ✶✺✻✳ ■t ✐s q✉✐t❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t t❤❛t ❛❢t❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❞✐❡❞ ✐t ✇❛s ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧②

t❤✐s ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✇❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛t❡❞✳ ❋✐rst ✐♥ ✶✽✾✷ ❜② ❇❖◆❊❚❚■✱ ●✳ ✐♥✿ ❈✐♥q✉❡ ❧✉str✐ ❞✐ st♦r✐❛

❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦ ❢♦♥❞❛t♦ ❞❛❧ s❛❝❡r❞♦t❡ ❉✳ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❚✉r✐♥ ✶✽✾✷❀ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ✐♥ ✶✾✵✹

❜② ▲❊▼❖❨◆❊✱ ●✳❇✳ ✐♥ ▼❇ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✺✺✷❀ ❊▼❇ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✺✳

✻✷■♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✻✾ t♦ ▼✳ ❘✉❛✿ ✏❚❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦❧❡t ♦❢ P✳ ❚❡♣♣❛✿ ❆✈✈✐s✐ ✭s✐❝✮ ❛❣❧✐ ❊❝❝❧❡s✐❛st✐❝✐

❡t❝✳✿ s❡♥❞ ♦♥❡ t♦ ▲❛♥③♦ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ t♦ ▼✐r❛❜❡❧❧♦✱ ❢r♦♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ r❡❛❞ ♦✉t ♦♥❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡

♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♣r✐❡sts ❡✈❡r② ❙✉♥❞❛② ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♠② ❛❜s❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❞♦ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✐♥ ❚✉r✐♥✳✑

✭❊ ■■✱ ♣✳ ✹❀ ❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ t❡r③♦✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✮

✷✾

3.10 Page 30

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❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛✱ ✐s t❤❡ ♦❧❞❡st ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t✳ ❍❡ ✜♥✐s❤❡❞ ✐t ♦♥ ✷✾ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✸✱ t❤❡ ❞❛② ❜❡❢♦r❡

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❧❡❢t ❢♦r ❋r❛♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❛ ❥♦✉r♥❡② ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ r❡t✉r♥ ❢r♦♠ ❛s ❧❛t❡ ❛s ✸✵ ▼❛② t❤❛t

②❡❛r✳✻✸ ■♥ ❛♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❧❛t❡r ♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✐♥

❊♣✐st♦❧❛r✐♦ ❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧❡tt❡rs ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❬

■❱✱ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✺✾❪ ❋r ❈❡r✐❛ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞

♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏❇❡❢♦r❡ ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛♥❞ ■t❛❧② ❢♦r ❛ r❛t❤❡r ❧♦♥❣ t✐♠❡✱

❤❡ ❝❤❛r❣❡❞ ❋r ❘✉❛ ✇✐t❤ s❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦r ❤❛♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs ❤✐s ❧♦♥❣ ❧❡tt❡r ♦♥ ❛ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧

t❤❡♠❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✑✳ ❋r ❘✉❛ ❤❛❞ ❛ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t ♥✉♠✲

❜❡r ♦❢ ❝♦♣✐❡s ♠❛❞❡ r❡❛❞②✳ ❨❡t t❤❡ t❡①t ♦❢ t❤✐s st✐♠✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧❧②

❞✐s❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡✳ ❖♥❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❝♦♣② ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✸✺ ❛♥❞

r❡st♦r❡❞ t♦ ♠❡♠♦r②✳✬✻✹

■❢ ✇❡ ❛❝❝❡♣t t❤✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❋r ❘✉❛✱ ✇❡ st✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡

❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ✐t ❛s t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❝♦♣② ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ♦✉t ♦❢ q✉✐t❡ ❛ ❣r❡❛t ♥✉♠❜❡r

♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❛ ❝❛r❡❢✉❧❧② ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❢❛r✲r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ t❡①t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s s✉♣♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥

r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✳ ◆♦r ❝❛♥ ♦♥❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❛t ♥♦t ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡

t♦ t❤❡ t❡①t ✇❛s ♠❛❞❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ r❡♣♦rts ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥❝♦♠♣r❡✲

❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❦♥♦✇ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ✏✇❛s ♥♦t s♦♠❡❜♦❞②✑✱ ❛s ✇❡ ❤❡❛r❞ ❤✐♠ s❛② ❛❜♦✉t ❤✐♠s❡❧❢

❜❡❢♦r❡✱ ✏✇❤♦ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡✈❡r ❞✐s❛♣♣r♦✈❡ ♦❢ ❛♥② ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❜② ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✑✱ ♦r✱ ❢♦r t❤❛t ♠❛tt❡r

✲ ♦♥❡ ♠❛② ❛❞❞ ✲ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✐❣♥♦r❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ q✉✐t❡

str❛♥❣❡ ✐❢ ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ ❤✐s ❡ss❛② t♦ ♦♥❡ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s s✐♥❝❡ ❤❡ ✐♥✲

t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ❣❡t ✐t ♣r✐♥t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞✱ ❜✉t ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❤✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ t✉r♥❡❞

❞♦✇♥✳ ■t s❡❡♠s t♦ ♠❡ ✇♦rt❤ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❡①❛♠✐♥❡❞✳

❆❢t❡r t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✐✈✐❧ ②❡❛r ✶✽✽✸ t❤❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ r❡♣♦rts s❤♦✇ t❤r❡❡ ❜❧❛♥❦s✳

❚❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡ ❧❛st❡❞ ❢♦r ♦♥❡ ♠♦♥t❤✱ ❢r♦♠ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✼ t♦ ▼❛r❝❤ ✼✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❧❛st❡❞

❢r♦♠ ▼❛r❝❤ ✾ t♦ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✾ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ♦♥❡✱ ❜② ❢❛r t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣❡st ♦♥❡✱ ❢r♦♠ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✵ t♦

❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✵✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s t❤❛t ❞✐❞ t❛❦❡ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❡r❡ ♠✐♥✉t❡❞✱ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡❞ ✈❡r② ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡

✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❤♦✉❣❤✳

❖♥ ▼❛r❝❤ ✼✱ ❛❜♦✉t t✇♦ ♠♦♥t❤s ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡ t❤❡ ❞♦❝✲

✉♠❡♥t✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s st✐❧❧ tr❛✈❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t✱ ✐t ✇❛s ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ ✏t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛❧❧ ❛ s♠❛❧❧

❜♦♦❦❧❡t✿ ❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐ ♣❡r ❣❧✐ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✐ ❡❝❝❧❡s✐❛st✐❝✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❣✐♦✈❡♥tù ❜② ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ▼✳

❚❡♣♣❛✱ ❇❛r♥❛❜✐t❡✳✑ ✻✺ ❚❤❡ ♥❡①t ❞❛②✱ ▼❛r❝❤ ✽✱ ✏❛❧❧ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♣r✐❡sts✱ ✇❤♦ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ✇❛② ♦r

❛♥♦t❤❡r ✇❡r❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ❞❛✐❧② ♣r♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡✱ ✇❡r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✳✑

❋✐rst ✏♦♥❡ ✇❛s ❜r✐❡✢② r❡♠✐♥❞❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ♦♥ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✻ ❬t❤❡ s♦✲

❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣❪✳✑ ■t ❛❧❧ ❜♦✐❧❡❞ ❞♦✇♥ t♦ ❛ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❲❤♦ ❛r❡ t❤❡

❛ss✐st❛♥ts❄✑ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ♠❛tt❡r✲♦❢✲❢❛❝t ❛♥s✇❡r✿ ✏❚❤❛t✬s ❛❧❧ ♦❢ ✉s✳✑ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧② t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ✇❛s

❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡❞ ❢♦r ❛♥ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ❝♦✲♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❧❡❛❞❡rs❤✐♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r✳ ❚❤♦s❡ ♣♦✐♥ts

❛r❡ t♦♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ❜❡ ❞✐sr❡❣❛r❞❡❞ ✐♥ s✐❧❡♥❝❡✳

✻✸P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ✏❉❡✐ ❝❛st✐❣❤✐✑ ✭✶✽✽✸✮✿ ♣✉♥t✉❛❧✐③③❛③✐♦♥✐ s✉❧❧✬❛✉t♦r❡ ❡ s✉❧❧❡ ❢♦♥t✐ r❡❞❛③✐♦♥❛❧✐ ❞❡❧❧♦

s❝r✐tt♦✱ ❘❙❙ ✭✺✷✮✱ ❥❣✳ ❳❳❱■■✱ ♥r✳ ✷✱ ✷✵✵✽✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✽✾✲✷✾✶✱ ✷✾✼✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✴✈♦❡t♥♦♦t ✭✶✮❀ ❊▼❇◆

❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✹✴✈♦❡t♥♦♦t ✼ ❛♥❞ ♣♣✳ ✸✻✽✲✸✼✻✳ ❏✳❇✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ✇❛s ❛t t❤❛t t✐♠❡ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❱❛❧s❛❧✐❝❡

❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s s✐t✉❛t❡❞ ♥♦t s♦ ❢❛r ❢r♦♠ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳

✻✹❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✶✳ ❏✳▼✳ Pr❡❧❧❡③♦ s❤♦✇s ✐♥ ❤✐s ❡ss❛② ✏❉❡✐ ❝❛st✐❣❤✐✑ ✭✶✽✽✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✵ ✏t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥

❜② ❊✳ ❈❡r✐❛ ✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐❝✳✑

✻✺P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✼✴✻✻✸✲✻✻✺✳

✸✵

4 Pages 31-40

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4.1 Page 31

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◆❡①t ✏t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ✇❛s ❛❜♦✉t ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt ❝❧❡❛r❧②

s❤♦✇s ❤♦✇ t❤✐s ✐t❡♠ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ✇❛s tr❡❛t❡❞✿ ✏❆❢t❡r t❤❡ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❇❛r♥❛❜✐t❡ ❋❛t❤❡r

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❚❡♣♣❛✬s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✇♦r❞s ✐♥ t❤❡

✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♥✲

❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥t❡♥s❡❧② ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❡s t♦ ♣r❡❢❡r t❤♦s❡ ♠❡♥✱ ✐❝♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡

✐♥ ②♦✉t❤ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ✻✻ ❚❤❡ ❧❛st ❧✐♥❡s ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ❛s ❛ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❝♦♥s✉❧t✐♥❣

Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❆✳ ▼♦♥❢❛t✬s ❜♦♦❦

✱ ❛t ❧❡❛st ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢

t❤❡ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✳ ❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡♠ ❛s ❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ r❡❝❡♥t❧② ✇r✐tt❡♥

▲❡tt❡r ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛

✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❞r❛✇s

❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ♦r t♦ ❛ ❣r❡❛t ❡①t❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦ ❜② ▼♦♥❢❛t✱ s✉♣♣♦s✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✇❡r❡

✐♥❢♦r♠❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛✬s ❡✛♦rt✳✻✼

❚♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❤♦✇ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡❤❛✈❡ ✇❤❡♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ❤❛❞ t♦ ❜❡

✐♠♣♦s❡❞✱ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❖r❛t♦r② ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ♥❡✐t❤❡r ▼♦♥❢❛t✬s ✇♦r❦ ♥♦r ❛

❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ s♦ ❝♦♥s♣✐❝✉♦✉s❧② ♦♥ ❤✐♠✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✇❛s ♥♦ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ♣r✐♥t ♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡ ✐t✳

❲✐t❤ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r✇❤❡❧♠✐♥❣ ♠❛❥♦r✐t②✱ ❛❧♠♦st ✇✐t❤ ❛ st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡② ❝❤♦s❡ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r

❢r♦♠ ❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐ ❜② ❚❡♣♣❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧❛st ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡

Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ❛s ❛ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ❞❡❧✐❝❛t❡ ♠❛tt❡r✳ ❚❤❛t ❧❛st ❝❤❛♣t❡r

t❤❡♥ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ♦♥❧② ❡①✐st❡❞ ✐♥ ✐ts ✜rst✱ ♥♦t ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈❡r❜ ❵t♦ ♣r❡❢❡r✬✱

t❤❡② ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② r❡❥❡❝t❡❞ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❛❣r❡❡✐♥❣ t❤❡② ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ q✉✐t❡ ❛ ❧✐✈❡❧② ✇❛② t❤❛t ✽ ▼❛r❝❤✳

❚❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ t♦♦❦ s♦ ♠✉❝❤ t✐♠❡ t❤❛t ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✐t❡♠s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡

✻✻P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✼✴✻✼✼✲✻✽✵✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❘❡❞❡❧✐❥❦❤❡✐❞ ✐♥ ❞❡ ♦♠❣❛♥❣

♠❡t ❥♦♥❣❡r❡♥ ✭✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✽✹✮✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✱ ♥r✳ ✶✹✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✾✳ ■❢ ✐t ✐s t❛❦❡♥ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❛t t❤❡s❡

✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✏✐♥ ♦✉r ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✑✱ t❤❡♥ ●✳ ▲❛③③❡r♦ ♠✉st ♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ❤❛✈❡ ❣♦t t❤❡ ✶✽✼✼ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥

✐♥ ♠✐♥❞✳ ■♥ t❤❛t ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ t❤❡ s❤♦rt tr❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡s t❤❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡s✳ ❚❤❡ t✐t❧❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ♦❢ ✐t ✐s✿ ✏❘❡❣♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡r ❧❡ ❝❛s❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ s♦❝✐❡tà ❞✐ ❙✳

❋r❛♥❝❡s❝♦ ❞✐ ❙❛❧❡s✱✑ ❖❊ ❳❳■❳✱ ❬✾✼✲✶✾✻❪✳ ■♥ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rts ♦❢ ▼✳ ❘✉❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✶✽✻✻✲✶✽✼✼ t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝

✏♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✑ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ t✐♠❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❣❡♥❞❛✳ ❈❢✳ P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳✶✹✻✱

✶✹✼✱ ✶✹✽✱ ✶✺✹✱ ✶✻✷✳

❆❧s♦ t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞ ❧❡ss♦♥ ♣r❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ●✳ ❇❛r❜❡r✐s ❢r♦♠ ✶✽✾✼ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ ❤✐♥ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦✈❡ t❤❛t t❤❡

♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✇❛s ♥♦t t❤❛t s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧✳ ■♥ ❤✐s ✏❆♣♣✉♥t✐✑ ❤❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ❛ ❝❤❛♣t❡r t♦

✏❘❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✳✑ ❍❡ ❞✐❞ ❝♦♣② ♠❛♥② ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤s t❤♦✉❣❤ ❢r♦♠ ✏▲❛ Pr❛t✐❝❛✑ ♦❢ ❆✳

▼♦♥❢❛t✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♦❢t❡♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✶✽✽✸ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❤❡ ❛❧♠♦st ❧✐t❡r❛❧❧②

✐♥s❡rt❡❞ s♦♠❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡s ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✇r✐t✐♥❣s✳ ❆ ✜rst ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡

♦♥ t❤❡ ✏Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ❛♥❞ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ t❡♥ ✏●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆rt✐❝❧❡s✑✳ ✭❇❆❘❇❊❘■❙✱ ●✳✱

❆♣♣✉♥t✐ ❞✐ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❙❛❝r❛✱ ❡s♣♦st✐ ❛❣❧✐ ❛s❝r✐tt✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ P✐❛ s♦❝✐❡tà ❞✐ ❙✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s❝♦ ❞✐ ❙❛❧❡s✱ ▲✐t❤♦❣r❛✜❛

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥❛✱ ✶✽✾✼✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✹✽ ❡♥ ✸✺✻✮✳ ❙tr❛♥❣❡❧② ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ❤❡ ♦♠✐tt❡❞ t❤❡ ❛❞❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✏ ♥♦♥ ❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡ ✑ ✐♥ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏ ✉♥♦ s❣✉❛r❞♦ ♥♦♥ ❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡ ✑ ✭❛ ♥♦♥✕❢r✐❡♥❞❧②✱ ♥♦♥ ❝❤❛r♠✐♥❣ ❧♦♦❦✮ ♦r s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ✐t ❜②

✭❛ s❡✈❡r❡ ❧♦♦❦✮✳ ❆s ❛♥ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ ❜② ✇❛② ♦❢ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✿ ✏❆s ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥

❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✈❡r② ✇✐s❡ q✉♦t❡s ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✱ t❤❡

❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✐s ✉s❡❢✉❧✳✳✳✑ ✭■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✼✮✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ✐t ✇❛s ❛ ✇❛② ♦❢ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✐t ❝❧❡❛r t❤❛t t❤❡ ❢❡✇

❛rt✐❝❧❡s ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s tr❡❛t✐s❡ ♦❢ ✶✽✼✼ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t s✉✣❝❡ ❢♦r ❡✈❡r② ❞❛② ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳ ■t ✐s ❛s

❝❧❡❛r ❛s ❞❛②❧✐❣❤t✱ ❢♦r ●✳ ❇❛r❜❡r✐s t❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ✐♥ t❤♦s❡ ②❡❛rs ♥♦t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✽✽✸

❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✳ ■♥ ❛♥② ❝❛s❡ ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t r❡❢❡r t♦ ✐t✳

✻✼❈❢✳ ♦♥ t❤❛t ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡✿ ❖✈❡r ❞❡ ❣r❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✺✲✷✼❀ ✺✺✱ ✽✶✳ ❍✐s ❡ss❛② ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✱ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡

❜❡❡♥ ❛ ❞❡❡♣ ❞✐s❛♣♣♦✐♥t♠❡♥t ❢♦r ●✳❇✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛✳ ■t ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❧♦✇s t❤❛t tr✐❣❣❡r❡❞

❤✐s ✉s❡ ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s s✉❝❤ ❛s ✏ s♦✛❡r❡♥③❡ ✑ ✭t❤✐♥❣s t❤❛t ❝❛✉s❡ s✉✛❡r✐♥❣✮✱ ✏❝♦♥t❡♠♣t✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❞✐str✉st✑ ✐♥ ❤✐s

✏❆❧❝✉♥❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❡✑ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✶✽✽✷✲✶✽✽✺✳ ✭P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ✏❉❡✐ ❝❛st✐❣❤✐✑ ✭✶✽✽✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✸

❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✷✾✺✮✳

✸✶

4.2 Page 32

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tr❡❛t❡❞✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡② ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❞❛②✱ ✾ ▼❛r❝❤✳ ❚❤❡

❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜r✐❡❢ r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ t❤❛t ♥❡✇ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ✐s s♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤❛t ✐t s❡❡♠s ❥✉st✐✜❛❜❧❡ t♦

♠❡ t♦ q✉♦t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ t❡①t✳ ✏❚♦ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t ✇❤② t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❢❡❛r ✉s ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❧♦✈❡

✉s✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ❛❣❛✐♥st ♦✉r s♣✐r✐t ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡t❝✳ ❲❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞

t❤✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦♣✐❝ ❢♦r ❛❜♦✉t t✇♦ ❤♦✉rs ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ ❝❛✉s❡ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✳ ■t

t❤❡♥ ❞❛✇♥❡❞ ♦♥ ✉s ✇❡ ♣♦ss❡ss❡❞ ❛ ❜♦♦❦❧❡t t❤❛t ❝♦✉❧❞ s❡r✈❡ ❛s ❛ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡❀ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞

❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐ t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❜② ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ▼✳ ❚❡♣♣❛✱ ❇❛r♥❛❜✐t❡✳✑ ✻✽

■t ✐s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ✐♥❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡ t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ✇❛st❡❞ ❧♦♥❣ ❤♦✉rs✱ ✉s❡❧❡ss❧② ❡①❝❤❛♥❣✲

❖♥ P✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✐♥❣ t❤♦✉❣❤ts s✉❝❤ ❛ s❤♦rt t✐♠❡ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡② ♠✐❣❤t ❤❛✈❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r

✭❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✸✮✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐t s❛②s ✈❡r② ❢r❛♥❦❧②✿ ✏❚❤❡② ❬t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts❪ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❛s ❛

r✉❧❡ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛s t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞✳ ❊✐t❤❡r t❤❡② ✐♠♣♦s❡ ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ❜✉t ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ♣✉♥✐s❤✲

♠❡♥ts ♥♦t ❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✇❛② ♦r t❤❡② ❧❡t t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ❣❡t ♦✉t ♦❢ ❤❛♥❞✱ ♦r t❤❡②

❞❡❛❧ ♦✉t ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♠❡r✐t❡❞ ♦r ♥♦t✳✑ ■♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s ❛❧❧ t❤✐s

♣✉t t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ t❤❡ r♦♦t ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❵♠❛❧❛✐s❡✬✿ ✏❚❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ✇❤② ✇❡ ♦❢t❡♥ s❡❡ ❡✈✐❧

s♣r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❜r❡❡❞✐♥❣ ❞✐s❝♦♥t❡♥t ❡✈❡♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❡tt❡r st✉❞❡♥ts✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦

s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♣♦✇❡r❧❡ss t♦ ❞♦ ❛♥② ❣♦♦❞✳✑ ❲❡ ♠✐❣❤t ♥♦t

❜❡ ✇r♦♥❣ ✐♥ s✉♣♣♦s✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❤❛❞ ❛ ❤❛r❞ t✐♠❡ s✇❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❛♥❞

❞✐❣❡st✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❡①t ❛s ✐t q✉❡st✐♦♥❡❞ t❤❡✐r ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ❡✈❡♥ t♦ t❤❡

♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ❛❝❝✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ♦♥❧② s❧✐❣❤t❧② s♦❢t❡♥❡❞ ❛ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❜✐t ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♥ t❤❡

❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✿ ✏❚❤✐s ❧❡❛❞s ♠❡ t♦ s❛② ✇✐t❤ s♦♠❡ ♣❛✐♥ t❤❛t ✇❡ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧✇❛②s ❤❛❞ ♦✉r

s❤❛r❡ ♦❢ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ♣r♦♠♣t ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✑ ✻✾ ✏❖✉r s❤❛r❡✑✱ ✐t

s❛②s✱ ❛ s♦rt ♦❢ ♠✐❧❞❡r ✇❛② ♦❢ ♣✉tt✐♥❣ ✐t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛s ❛ r❡✐♥✲

❢♦r❝❡♠❡♥t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s✐♥❣ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ❵❛❧✇❛②s✬✳ ❆❧❧ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❛r❣✉❡

t❤❛t t❤❡ t❡①t ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ st❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s ❢♦r t❤❡♠✳ ❚❤❡✐r ❞❡♥②✐♥❣

✐t ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ♠❡❛♥ t❤❡② ❡✐t❤❡r ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❦♥♦✇ ✐t ❜❡❢♦r❡ ♦r ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❧✐❦❡ ✐t✳ ❚❤❡✐r ❞✐s❧✐❦❡ ✇❛s

r♦♦t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐s❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞✐❛❣♥♦s✐s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉s❛t✐♦♥ ✏✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡❡♥

♣❛rt❧② t♦ ❜❡ ❜❧❛♠❡❞✳✑

❆❧s♦ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏❢❡❛r ✉s ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❧♦✈❡✑ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜r✐❡❢ r❡♣♦rt ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡

▲❡tt❡r ♦♥ P✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r❡❣✉❧❛t✐♥❣

✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤❡r❡ ✇❡ r❡❛❞ ✏▲❡t ✉s

❡♥❞❡❛✈♦✉r t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s ❧♦✈❡❞ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❢❡❛r❡❞✳✑ ✼✵ ❚♦ ❢❡❛r ♦r ❞r❡❛❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡♥s❡ ♦❢

✏t♦ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❛✇❡ t❤❛t ❝r❡❛t❡s ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦r ♥♦t ❧✐❦✐♥❣ t♦ s❡❡❦ ❛♥② ❝♦♥t❛❝t✳✑

■t ✐s ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ♥♦t s♦ s✉r❡ t❤❛t t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② t❤❛t ♣❤r❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣

t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠♦tt♦ ❢♦r q✉✐t❡ ❛ t✐♠❡✳ ■t s❤♦✇❡❞ ✉♣ t✇✐❝❡

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

s✱ ❛ ✜rst t✐♠❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ✈❡r② ❜r✐❡❢ ❝❤❛♣t❡r

♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✱ ❆ ❲♦r❞ ♦♥ P✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✭✶✽✼✼✮✱

✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❛②✿ ✏❆♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r s❤♦✉❧❞ s❡❡❦ t♦ ✇✐♥ t❤❡ ❧♦✈❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s ✐❢ ❤❡ ✇✐s❤❡s

t♦ ✐♥s♣✐r❡ ❢❡❛r ✐♥ t❤❡♠✳✑ ❚❤✐s ♠❡❛♥s ❡✈❡r② t❡❛❝❤❡r s❤♦✉❧❞ t❛❦❡ t♦ ❤❡❛rt t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s

s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ ❤✐♠ ✐❢ ❤❡ ✇❛♥ts t❤❡♠ t♦ r❡s♣❡❝t ❤✐♠✱ ✐❢ ❤❡ ✇❛♥ts t❤❡♠ t♦ r❡❣❛r❞ ❤✐♠ ❤✐❣❤❧②✱

✻✽P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✽✴✻✽✺✲✻✾✵✳ ❚♦ ❞❡t❡❝t t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡s ♦❢ ✏✇❡❛❦❡♥✐♥❣ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡✑✱ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❛ ❝♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥t✐❡s✳ ✭❆▼❆❉❊■✱ ❆✳✱ ■❧ s❡r✈♦ ❞✐ ❉✐♦

▼✐❝❤❡❧❡ ❘✉❛ s✉❝❝❡ss♦r❡ ❞❡❧ ❜❡❛t♦ ❉✳ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ✈♦❧✳ ■✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱ ✶✾✸✶✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✶ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✷✼✽✮✳

✻✾❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✷✽✴✻✺✲✼✶✱ ✸✷✾✴✽✾✲✾✶❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✻✾✲✸✼✵✳ ❈❢✳ ●✳❇✳

▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s t❡①t ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ❙✉ss✐❞✐♦ ♦r ❆✉①✐❧✐❛r② ❜♦♦❦❧❡t ♣✳ ✶✹ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✷✵✳

✼✵❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✷✾✴✾✼✳ ❈❢✳ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✵✳

✸✷

4.3 Page 33

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✐❢ ❤❡ ✇❛♥ts t❤❡♠ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛✇❡ ❢♦r ❤✐♠ ♦r ❛❧❧♦✇ ❤✐♠ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡

t✐♠❡ ♥♦t t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❤✐♠✳ ❍❛r❞❧② t✇♦ ♣❛❣❡s ❢✉rt❤❡r ✇❡ r❡❛❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐s

r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡♥ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆rt✐❝❧❡s t❤❛t ✏t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r s❤♦✉❧❞ tr② t♦ ❜❡

❧♦✈❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ✐❢ ❤❡ ✇❛♥ts t♦ ❜❡ ❢❡❛r❡❞✳✑

❚❤✐s ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ❛ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❝❧❛r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡✿ ✏❍❡ ❬t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❪ ✇✐❧❧

❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ t❤❛t ❣r❡❛t ❣♦❛❧ ✐❢ ❤❡ ❛❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ ❜♦②s t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❤✐s ✇♦r❞s ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ s♦

✐♥ ❤✐s ❞❡❡❞s ❤❡ ✐s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡✐r s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛r② ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s✳✼✶

❆♥❞ ✇❡r❡ ❵❖✉r ❘✉❧❡s✬ ♥♦t ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ▼❛r❝❤ ✽❄ ❇② t❤❡ ✇❛②✱

■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ str❡ss ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ✏♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❧✐❦❡❞ ♦r ❧♦✈❡❞✑ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧②

❞❡♣❡♥❞s ❤❡r❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈❡✱ ❝♦♠♠✐tt❡❞ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ♦r ❈❤❛r✐t②✳

❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❦♥❡✇ t❤❡ ♠♦tt♦ ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡tt❡r✳ ■t ✇❛s t❛✉❣❤t t♦ t❤❡

r❡❝t♦rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❘❡♠✐♥❞❡rs ❢♦r t❤❡ ❘❡❝t♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡✳ ✳ ✳

✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ ❦♥♦✇♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s s✐♥❝❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❣❛✈❡ t❤❡♠ t♦ ❋r ❘✉❛ ✐♥ ✶✽✻✸✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢

t❤❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s ❝❛♠❡ ♦✉t ✐♥ ✶✽✼✻✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❛❧✇❛②s ❦❡♣t t❤❡ s❛♠❡

r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛❧❜❡✐t ✐♥ s❧✐❣❤t❧② ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ✇♦r❞s✿ ✏❚r② t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ②♦✉rs❡❧❢ ❧♦✈❡❞ s♦♦♥❡r

t❤❛♥ ❢❡❛r❡❞✳✑ ✼✷ ❚❤❛t ♠❡❛♥s✿ s♦♦♥❡r t❤❛♥ ❛❝q✉✐r❡ ❛ s♦rt ♦❢ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✳

❚❤❡ ♥❡①t s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥♦t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ ▼❛r❝❤ ✾ r✉♥s ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿

✏❚❤❛t ✐s ❛❣❛✐♥st ♦✉r s♣✐r✐t ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st ❛❣❛✐♥st ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s♣✐r✐t✳✑ ❚❤❡ ♥♦t❡ ✐s ♥♦t ❞❡✈♦✐❞

♦❢ ❛♥② ✐r♦♥② ♦r s❛r❝❛s♠✳ ❲♦✉❧❞ ✐t ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ♠❡❛♥t t❤❡♥ t❤❛t t❤✐s tr✉❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st ♦♥❧② ♣❛rt❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠❄ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ❢♦r

t❤❡ ♠❛❧❛✐s❡ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② t❤❡ ❧♦ss ♦❢ ❧♦②❛❧t② t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s♣✐r✐t ❛♥❞ ❛s ❛

❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✭❝♦✲✮❝❛✉s❡✱ ✐t ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t

❞❛✇♥ ♦♥ t❤❡♠✳ ❚❤❡② ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♠❛♥❛❣❡ t♦ ✉♥r❛✈❡❧ t❤❡ ❦♥♦t✳ ❋♦rt✉♥❛t❡❧② s♦♠❡♦♥❡

❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ r❡♠✐♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❚❡♣♣❛✬s ♠❛♥✉❛❧ t❤❛t ✇♦✉❧❞ ♣r♦✈❡

t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❣✉✐❞❡❜♦♦❦✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✇♦r❦s ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛✉t❤♦r ✇♦✉❧❞

❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❛ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r② ❛♥❞ ❧✐❜❡r❛t✐♥❣ ✐♥s✐❣❤t✳ P❡r❤❛♣s t❤✐s s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❛ s✉❜t❧❡ ✉r❣❡

t♦ ✇♦r❦ ♦✉t ❛ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ t❛❦❡♥ ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❞❛②s ❜❡❢♦r❡✳✼✸ ■t ✇♦✉❧❞ st✐❧❧ t❛❦❡

♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❤❛❧❢ ♠♦♥t❤ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤✐s ❵❣✉✐❞❡❜♦♦❦✬ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❤❛♥❞❡❞ t♦ ❜♦t❤ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❛♥❞

t❡❛❝❤❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❛♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ st❛✛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛rt✐s❛♥s ♦♥ ✶✾ ❛♥❞ ✷✵ ❆♣r✐❧✳ ❖♥ t❤✐s ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥

t❤❡② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♦♠✐t ❡①♣❧❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❵❛♥❛❧♦❣♦✉s t❤♦✉❣❤ts✳✬✼✹ ❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s✐♥❣ ❵❛♥❛❧♦❣♦✉s✬

♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ♠❡❛♥t ❵s✐♠✐❧❛r✬✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s ♦❢ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✳

❆❢t❡r t❤✐s ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ♦♥❡ ✇♦♥❞❡rs ✇❤② ♥♦ ♠♦r❡ r❡♣♦rts ❝❛♥ ❜❡

❢♦✉♥❞ ✉♣ t♦ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ♦❢ ✶✽✽✸✲✶✽✽✹✳ ❉✐❞ t❤❡② ✐♥t❡♥❞ t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ♣❧❡♥t②

♦❢ t✐♠❡ t♦ ❣♦ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❆✳▼✳ ❚❡♣♣❛✬s ✻✾✲♣❛❣❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❄ ❍❛❞ t❤❡② ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t

t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡✭s✮❄ ❍❛❞ t❤❡② ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ s❡t ✉♣ ❛ str❛t❡❣②❄

✼✶❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✵✽❪ ❡♥ ❬✶✶✶❪✳ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✼✵✴✶✾✵✲✶✾✶ ❛♥❞ ✷✽✾✴✷✳ ❈♦♥st✐✲

t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✷✳

✼✷❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✾✴✶✺✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❋❛tt✐ ❛♠❛r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✽✲✶✾✳

▼❖❚❚❖✱ ❋r✳✱ ■ ✏❘✐❝♦r❞✐ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥③✐❛❧✐ ❛✐ ❞✐r❡tt♦r✐✑ ❞✐ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❘❙❙✱ ■■■✱ ♥r✳ ✶ ✭✹✮✱ ✶✾✽✹✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✶✳

❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❋❞❇ ✶✳✸✻✷ ❊ ✺✳ ❈❢✳ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✼✳

✼✸❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✻✻✳

✼✹P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✽✴✻✾✷✲✻✾✺✳

✸✸

4.4 Page 34

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✶✳✹ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥

❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✸ ❛♥❞ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✲✉♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ♦❢

❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦

❚❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ ✶✽✽✸

❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❣❡tt✐♥❣ ❛♥② ❛♥s✇❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✳ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❦❡♣t

s✐❧❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ✷✵ ❆♣r✐❧ ✉♥t✐❧ ✷✵ ❖❝t♦❜❡r✳ ■t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♠❡❛♥ t❤❡② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣

t❤♦✉❣❤ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♣r♦✈❡♥ ❜② ❉♦♠❡♥✐❝♦ ❈❛♥❡♣❛✬s r❡♣❧② t♦ ❋r ❇♦♥❡tt✐✱ ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡

❛♥ ❡♥q✉✐r② ♦♥ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t✳ ❖♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✽ ✶✽✽✹ ❈❛♥❡♣❛ st❛rt❡❞ ❤✐s ✜rst ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ t❤✐s

✇❛②✿ ✏✶✳ ▲❛st ②❡❛r ✐t ✇❛s s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ t♦ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤② t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r

❝❧❛ss❡s ❞✐❞ ♥♦t s❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ tr✉st ♥♦r ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ✐t s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡♥✳ ■ r❡♣❡❛t ♥♦✇ t❤❡

❛♥s✇❡r ■ ❣❛✈❡ ②♦✉ t❤❡♥✳✑ ✼✺ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st

♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❝♦✉♥❝✐❧ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❚❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ s✉♠♠♦♥❡❞ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ ✏❞✇❡❧❧ ♦♥

t♦♣✐❝s t❤❡② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ♠♦st ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❜r✐♥❣ ♦♥t♦ t❤❡ ❛❣❡♥❞❛✳✑ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ st✐♠✉❧❛t❡

❛♥❞ ❣✉✐❞❡ t❤❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥✱ ❤❡ s❡♥t t❤❡♠ ✏♦✉t❧✐♥❡s ♦❢ t❤❡♠❡s t❤❛t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞✳✑

❚❤❡✐r r❡❛❝t✐♦♥s ❤❛❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✏s❡♥t t♦ ❚✉r✐♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❧❛t❡st ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦♥t❤ ♦❢ ❆✉❣✉st✳✑ ✼✻ ■t ✐s

♥♦t ❝❧❡❛r ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡② ♣✉t ♠✉❝❤ ❡✛♦rt ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r t♦♦❦ ♣❧❛❝❡

✐♥ t❤❡ ❱❛❧s❛❧✐❝❡ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❢r♦♠ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✶ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✼✳ ■ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥

t✇♦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✐❣❤t s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ t❤❡♠❡s✱ t❤❡ ✜❢t❤ ♦♥❡✿ ✏●✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇♦r❦❡rs ✐♥ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥

❤♦✉s❡s ❛♥❞ ✇❛②s t♦ ❢♦st❡r ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❛rt✐s❛♥s✑ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡✐❣❤t❤✿ ✏❘❡✈✐s✐♥❣ ❛♥❞

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s ♠♦❞✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡

✳✑ ✼✼ ❚❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ t♦♣✐❝s ♠❛② s❤❡❞

❧✐❣❤t ♦♥ t❤❡ t❛❝❦❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✐ss✉❡s✳

❆ ❢❡✇ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧❛st s❡ss✐♦♥

❚❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✱ ✐t s❡❡♠s

✉s❡❢✉❧ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t t❤r❡❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❧♦♦❦ q✉✐t❡ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳

✶✳ ■t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❢♦r ✉s t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛♥ ❡✛♦rt t♦ ❞✐s❝❡r♥ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❛❞❛♣t ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s t♦ ♦✉r

t✐♠❡s❀ t❤❛t ✐s✱ ✇❡ ♠✉st r❡s♣❡❝t ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ✇❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s♣❡❛❦ ✇❡❧❧ ❛❜♦✉t

t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ✇❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ❝❛♥✬t✱ ❜❡ s✐❧❡♥t✳✳✳

✷✳ ❯♣ t♦ ♥♦✇ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❦❡❡♣ ♦✉r ❤❡❛❞s ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥ r❡❣❛r❞ t♦ ♠♦r❛❧✐t②✳ ◆♦✇ ✇❡

❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ s♦♠❡✇❤❛t ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s❡❞ ❜② ♦♥❡ ♦r ♦t❤❡r ✐♠♣r✉❞❡♥t ♣❡rs♦♥✳ ❖✉r ❣♦♦❞ ♥❛♠❡ ✐s

❜❡✐♥❣ r❡✲❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs✱ ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡②❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ♠✉st

❡①❡rt ❛❧❧ t❤❡✐r ❡✛♦rts t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ♠♦r❛❧✐t② ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞✳

♦♣♣♦rt✉♥❡ ❡ ✺✳ ❈♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✱ ✏✇❤❡t❤❡r ✐t ✐s ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t ♦r ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t✑ ❬

✐♠♣♦rt✉♥❡✱ ✷ ❚✐♠✳ ✹✿✷❪ ✐♥s✐sts t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ❜❡ ♣r❛❝t✐s❡❞✳ ■t ❤❛♣♣❡♥s t❤❛t

s♦♠❡ str✐❦❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♦r ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡♠ st❛♥❞ ✉♣ ❛t ♠❡❛❧s ❢♦r ❛♥ ❡♥t✐r❡ ✇❡❡❦✳ ▲❡t ✐t ❜❡

r❡♠❡♠❜❡r❡❞ t❤❛t ❛ t❡❛❝❤❡r ♠❛② s❝♦❧❞ ♦r r❡♣r✐♠❛♥❞✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ ✐s ♥❡✈❡r t♦ ✐♥✢✐❝t ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧

♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t✳ ❍❡ ✐s t♦ r❡❢❡r t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r✱ ✇❤♦ ✇✐❧❧ ❛♣♣❧② t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✳

✼✺

■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✷✴✺✲✼✳

✼✻

❈✐r❝✉❧❛r ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥ ❊ ■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✷✶✲✷✷✷✳

✼✼

▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✹✶✶❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✷✻✳

✸✹

4.5 Page 35

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■t ♦❢t❡♥ ❤❛♣♣❡♥s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛r❡ ❧❡ss ❣✉✐❧t② t❤❛♥ ✇❛s t❤♦✉❣❤t✱ ❛s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ t❡❛❝❤❡s

✉s✳ ❆r❡ t❤❡r❡ s♦♠❡ ✇❤♦ ✇❛♥t t♦ ♣✉♥✐s❤❄ ❚❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ✇✐❧❧ ❛❞♠♦♥✐s❤✱ ❜✉t ♥❡✈❡r ✐♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱

♥❡✈❡r ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❖♥❡✲t♦✲♦♥❡ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ♠❛❦❡s ✐t ✈❡r② ❡❛s② t♦ ❣❡t t❤❡♠ t♦ ②✐❡❧❞ t♦

t❤❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s t♦ ❜❡

❞❡r✐✈❡❞✿ ✭❛✮ ❤❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✇✐♥ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡❀ ✭❜✮ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐❧❧ ❣r♦✇❀

✭❝✮ ♦♥ ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣✱ t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♦✉r ❢r✐❡♥❞s✱ ♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡ t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♦✉r ❡♥❡♠✐❡s❀ ✭❞✮ t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧

♥❡✈❡r ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ✇♦rs❡❀ t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ❡✐t❤❡r ❜❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r② ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st ♥❡✈❡r ❣✐✈❡ ❜❛❞ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳✑

✼✽

❚❤❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧❧② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✺t❤ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ✜rst ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❞♦ ♥♦t s❤♦✇ ✉♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ✇❤✐❝❤

✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❛t ♣✉r♣♦s❡✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤♦✉❣❤ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ s❤♦rt

✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❵t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡✬✳ ❍❡r❡ ❛❧❧ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❢✉❧❧② t♦ t❤❡ ✜❢t❤

t♦♣✐❝✳ ❚❤❡ ✉♥r❡s♦❧✈❡❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❵♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✬ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡

❜❡❡♥ ❛ ❤♦t t♦♣✐❝ ❛t t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❥✉❞❣✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✱ ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡

❞✐❞ ♥♦t s✉✐t t❤❡ t❤❡♦r②✳ P❡r❤❛♣s t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝ ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ❛ ❤♦t ♣♦t❛t♦ ❛s ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡

♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❜❡✐♥❣ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✏❖♥ ■♠♣♦s✐♥❣ P✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❍♦✉s❡s✳✑ ❚❤❡

❧❛tt❡r ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♥❡❡❞s ❢✉rt❤❡r ❡①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✳

■♥ ❛♥② ❝❛s❡ t❤❡ q✉♦t❡❞ t❡①t ❝❧❡❛r❧② s❤♦✇s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ❤❛❞ ❤❡❛✈✐❧②

❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡❞ t❤❡ s❛❢❡❣✉❛r❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥t❡♥❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤❡② ✐♥s✐st❡❞

♦♥ t❤❛t ♣♦✐♥t ❛t ❧❡❛st t❤r❡❡ t✐♠❡s ❡✈❡♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡② ✉s❡❞ t❤❡

❝❧❡❛r ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏✇❤❡t❤❡r ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t ♦r ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t✑✳✼✾ ■♠♣♦s✐♥❣ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts s❡❡♠s t♦ ❜❡

t❤❡ ♠♦st ❞❛♥❣❡r♦✉s t❤r❡❛t ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❤❡❛r t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s

❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ t✐♠❡ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ r♦❧❡✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧② ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ ✐t ✐♥ t❤❡

❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ t❤❛t ❛ ❜♦② ✇❤♦ ❢❡❧❧ s❤♦rt ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ✇❛② ♦r ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡

❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❧② ♦r ❢❛❝❡ t♦ ❢❛❝❡✳

■♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t♦r② ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤s ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✭✶✽✽✸✮ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r

❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ✐s ♣❧❛❝❡❞✿ ✏■♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✇❡ ♠✉st ❛♣♣❧② ✐s t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡

s②st❡♠✳✑ ■t ❝❧❡❛r❧② ✉s❡s t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ❵♠✉st✬✳ ❚♦ s✉♣♣♦rt t❤✐s✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❘❡❣✉✲

❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ❙♦❝✐❡t② ✭✶✽✼✼✮ ❜② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ❛ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡

✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤✳ ■♥ t❤♦s❡ r✉❧❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❥✉st ❝♦♥❝✐s❡❧② ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡

❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡✳✑ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉✲

❧❛r ❧❡tt❡r ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✭✶✽✽✸✮ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✶✽✼✼ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❞❛♣t❡❞ ❛♥❞

❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ tr❡❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❛②✿ ✏❚❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐sts

♦❢ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠✐♥❞s ♦❢ ♦✉r ♣✉♣✐❧s ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② t❤❛t t❤❡② ②✐❡❧❞ t♦ ♦✉r ✇✐❧❧ ✇✐t❤

♥♦ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❢♦r❝❡ ♦♥ ♦✉r ♣❛rt✳✑ ✽✵ ■t ✐s ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ❵②✐❡❧❞ t♦✬ ❬✏ ♣✐❡❣❛rs✐✑ ❪

✼✽❆❙❈ ✶✳✽✻✹ ❇ ✷✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✶✻✲✹✶✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✸✵✲✸✸✶✳ P❛rt❧② r❡✲tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞✳ ❙❤♦rt✲

❡♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❈❊❘■❆✱ ❊✳✱ ❆♥♥❛❧✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ s♦❝✐❡tà ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥❛ ■✱ ♣✳ ✹✼✷✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱

❆ss✐st❡♥t✐❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✻ ❛♥❞ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣r❡t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✷✽✳

✼✾❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏♦♣♣♦rt✉♥❡ ❡❞ ✐♠♣♦rt✉♥❡ ✑ ❜② r❡❛❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❧❡tt❡r

t♦ ❚✐♠♦t❤② ✭✷ ❚✐♠✳ ✹✱✷✮ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ ②❡❛rs✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆ss✐st❡♥t✐❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✸✳ ❈❢✳

▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✺✶✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✸ ✭✏✇❡❧❝♦♠❡ ♦r ✉♥✇❡❧❝♦♠❡ ❛t t❤❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t✑✮✳

✽✵❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✷✺✴✶✻✲✶✼✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✹✸✾ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✹✶✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳

✸✻✽ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✸✸✶ ✭r❡✲tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞✮✳ ❙❡❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✾✼❪❀ ❬✾✾✲✶✵✵❪❀ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✹✻✲✷✹✼✳

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4.6 Page 36

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t✉r♥s ✉♣ ✐♥ t❤❛t ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❢❛✈♦✉r❛❜❧❡

♣✐❡❣❤✐♥♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ❛ ❢❛❝❡ t♦ ❢❛❝❡ t❛❧❦ ✐s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❬✏

❪✳ ■t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

✶✽✽✸ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❜❡✐♥❣ r❡❛❞✐❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛t t❤❛t t✐♠❡✱ ❝♦✉❧❞ ✐t ♥♦t❄

❚❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❵♥❡✈❡r ✐♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✬ ❛♥❞ ❵♥❡✈❡r ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❬✜❢t❤ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥❪

❛ ❞♦ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ s❡❡♠ t♦ ❧✐♥❦ ✉♣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❡①t ♦❢ ✶✽✽✸✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ❵♦♥❡✲♦♥✲♦♥❡✬ ✭■t❛❧✐❛♥ ❵

t✉ ♣❡r t✉ ✬✮✱ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✱ ♥❡✈❡r ❛♣♣❡❛rs ✐♥ ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛✬s ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞

✐♥ ❝❛♠❡r❛ ❝❤❛r✐t❛t✐s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ♥♦r ❞♦❡s t❤❡ ▲❛t✐♥ ♣❤r❛s❡ ❵

✬ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❛♣♣❡❛r ✐♥

t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✬s r❡♣♦rt✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❵♥❡✈❡r ✐♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✬ ❛♥❞ t❤❡

t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢ ❵❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✉s❡❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❡✛♦rts ♦❢

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❦♥♦✇♥ ✇✐❞❡❧② ❜② t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ t❤❡s❡ ♣❤r❛s❡s ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

▲✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✭t❡♥✮ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆rt✐❝❧❡s✳ ✽✶ ❚❤❡② s❡❡♠

t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳

❧❛ ❝♦rr❡③✐♦♥❡ ♣r✐✈❛t❛ P❡rs♦♥❛❧ r❡♣r♦❛❝❤ ♦r ♣r✐✈❛t❡ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t ✭✏

✑✮ ✐s t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r✬s t❛s❦

❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❋r ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ✭❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✸✮✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ❛❧s♦ ❤❛s t♦ s❡❡ t♦ ✐t t❤❛t t❤❡

♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ✐s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❛♥❞ s❛❢❡❣✉❛r❞❡❞ ❛s ✐s st❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

t❤✐r❞ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❨❡t t❤❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❦❡② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ✐s ♥♦t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❧② ❞✉❡

❚❤❡ ❘✉❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ♦❢ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✸✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞❡❞✳

♦❢ ✶✽✽✼ st✐♣✉❧❛t❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ✏✇❤♦ ❢❡❧t ❢♦r❝❡❞ t♦ ✐♠♣♦s❡ ❛ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ♦❢

t❤❡ ❝❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ♦r t❛❦❡ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✱ ❤❛❞ t♦ r❡♣♦rt ✐t ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛✈❡ ✐t t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r

♦❢ st✉❞✐❡s ♦r t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥t ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❝♦✉❧❞ ✏t❤r❡❛t❡♥ t♦ ✐♠♣♦s❡ ❛

♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t✱ ❜✉t ✐ts ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❤❡ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡❝t ♦r t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r✳✑ ✽✷ ❆t

❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ P✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t

t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❜✉t ❞❡❧✐❝❛t❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥

❢♦r t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ✐s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❝❧❡❛r ❛♥❞ ♥✉❛♥❝❡❞ ✇❛②✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

❚❤✐r❞ ❈❤❛♣t❡r s♦❢t❡♥s ✐t ❞♦✇♥ t♦ ❛ r❛t❤❡r ✇❡❛❦❡r ✏✐♥s✐st t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ❜❡

♣r❛❝t✐s❡❞✳✑

❆ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ s✐♠✐❧❛r ♣♦✐♥t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s t❤❡ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✏t❛❜❧❡ ✐s♦❧❛t✐♦♥✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❢❡❝t♦r②✳

■t ✐s ♥♦t ✉♥✉s✉❛❧ t❤✐s ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ✇❛s ❧✐st❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✲ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

str✐❝t❡r ♦♥❡s ✲ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧❧② ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ♦♥ ✐♠♣♦s✐♥❣ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t

❝♦♥s✐st❡❞ ♦❢ ❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦② st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✉♣✱ ❡✐t❤❡r ✐♥ ❤✐s ✉s✉❛❧ s♣♦t ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❢❡❝t♦r② ♦r ❛t

t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ t❛❜❧❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♦♥❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ r❛t❤❡r ♥♦t ❡①♣❡❝t t❤❡ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t t♦ ❜❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞

♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❙t✐❧❧✱ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥ ✶✽✽✻ ✐t

✇❛s ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ t♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❧❡✈❡❧s✿ ✏❞❡♥②✐♥❣ ❛ ❞✐s❤ ✕ ❞❡♥②✐♥❣ ✇✐♥❡ ✕ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡♠

❡❛t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞❞❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❢❡❝t♦r② ✕ ❡❛t ♥❡❛r t❤❡ ❞♦♦r✇❛② ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❢❡❝t♦r② ✕ ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❦♥❡❡s

✕ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣♦rt✐❝♦✳✑ ✽✸ ▼❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ❛ r❡❢❡❝t♦r② ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♦r❞❡r ❤❛s ♥❡✈❡r ❜❡❡♥ ❛♥ ❡❛s②

t❛s❦✳ ◆❡✐t❤❡r ✐s ✐♠♣♦s✐♥❣ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ❛s ✐s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✳ ■t ✐s ♥♦t ❡❛s② t♦

✐♠♣♦s❡ t❤❡s❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ✐♥ ❛ r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ✇❛②✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ✐s ❢❡❧t t♦

✽✶●✳ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❡❞✉❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ✱ ❣✐♦✈❡♥tù ❘♦♠❡✱ ▲❆❙✱ ✶✾✽✺✱ ♣✳ ✾✶✴■■■❀ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱

P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✱ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✾✶❀ ❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✶✸❪❀ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✱ ❆ss✐st❡♥t✐❡✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✺ ❛♥❞

❛❧s♦ ♣✳ ✽✸✳

❋♦r ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦♥

t❤❛t ♣♦✐♥t ❝❢✳✿ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡ ♥♦♥ ✱ r❡♣r✐♠❡r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✹✻✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✾ ❛♥❞ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱

✶✽✻✻✲✶✽✼✻ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❡tr♦✉✇❜❛r❡ ✱ ✇❡❣✇✐❥③❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✹✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✭✶✮✳

✽✷❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✸✵✴✼❪ ❡♥ ❬✶✸✻✲✶✸✼❪✳

✽✸P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✼✴✹✻✲✹✽✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✶✽✻✻✲✶✽✼✻ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❡tr♦✉✇❜❛r❡

✱ ✇❡❣✇✐❥③❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ♣♣✳ ✸✸✲✸✹✳

✸✻

4.7 Page 37

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❣♦ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤✐s t♦♣✐❝ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❧②✳

❆ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✱

✐s ❤✐tt✐♥❣ ♦r ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t ❛❧r❡❛❞② t✉r♥s ✉♣ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧②

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

tr❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✼✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❤❛❞ t❤❡s❡ r❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s r❡❛❞

♦✉t ❛❣❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s✐①t❤ ❝❤❛♣t❡r

✐t ✇❛s ❝❧❡❛r❧② st✐♣✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✿ ✏■t ✐s str✐❝t❧② ❢♦r❜✐❞❞❡♥ t♦ ❤✐t ♦r t♦ ✐♠♣♦s❡

❞❡❢❛♠❛t♦r② ♦r ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t ✐♥❥✉r✐♦✉s t♦ ❤❡❛❧t❤✳✑ ✽✹ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥s✐st❡❞ ♦♥ ♥♦t str✐❦✐♥❣

t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✽✽✶ t♦ ❋r ❘♦♥❝❤❛✐❧✱ r❡❝t♦r ✐♥ ◆✐❝❡✳✽✺ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛♠❡♥t❛❧

t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs t❡♥❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❤❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡t t❤❛t ❧❛s❤ ♦✉t q✉✐❝❦❧②✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs ♦❢

t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡s ❤❛❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✇❛t❝❤❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❤❛❞ t♦ ❝❛❧❧ t♦ ♦r❞❡r ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡✱

♥♦t ♦♥❝❡ ❜✉t r❡❣✉❧❛r❧②✳

❇✉t t❤❡♥ ❛❣❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✏✐t ♦❢t❡♥ ♦❝❝✉rs t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛r❡ ❧❡ss ❣✉✐❧t② t❤❛♥

♣r❡s✉♠❡❞✱ ❛s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❤❛s s❤♦✇♥✑ ❧✐♥❦s ✉♣ ❝❧♦s❡❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢

✶✽✽✸✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ✜♥❞✿ ✏▲❛t❡r ■ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❛❞♠✐t✱ ❛ ❝❛❧♠✱ ✉♥❜✐❛s❡❞ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r

r❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡✐r ❣✉✐❧t ✇❛s ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛❜❧② ❞✐♠✐♥✐s❤❡❞ ❛♥❞ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ✇❛s t♦t❛❧❧② ✇✐♣❡❞

❛✇❛②✳✑ ✽✻

■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ✜❢t❤ t❤❡♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧

❈❤❛♣t❡r t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ r❡s❡♠❜❧❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝✐s❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡

s②st❡♠ t❤❛♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✶✽✽✸✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r t❤✐♥❣s ✐t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ t❤❛t

t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✏✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞s ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❧❡❛✈❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r s❝❤♦♦❧✐♥❣

♦r s❝❤♦♦❧ t✐♠❡✳✑ ■t ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♠❡s ❞♦✇♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✏✇✐❧❧ ♥❡✈❡r ❡♥❞ ✉♣ ✇♦rs❡

✐❢ t❤❛t s②st❡♠ ✐s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞✳✑ ■♥ t❤❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ✇❡ r❡❛❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞✿

✏❚❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧ ✇✐❧❧ ❛❧✇❛②s r❡♠❛✐♥ ❢r✐❡♥❞s ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✑ ❛♥❞✿ ✏P❛r❡♥ts ❝❛♥ r❡st ❛ss✉r❡❞

t❤❛t t❤❡✐r s♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ✇♦rs❡❀ ✐♥❞❡❡❞✱ ✐t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❤❡❧❞ ❛s ❝❡rt❛✐♥ t❤❛t ❤❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❛❧✇❛②s

♠❛❦❡ s♦♠❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t✳✑ ✽✼ ■t s❡❡♠s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ♠❡ t♦ ❞r❛✇ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

♥❡❛r❧② ❛❧✇❛②s t❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✬ st❛♥❞ ❛s ❛ st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t✿ ❵❚❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧ ✇✐❧❧ r❡♠❛✐♥

✳ ✳ ✳ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞✳✑ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇✐❧❧ tr✉st ❛♥❞ ❜❡❢r✐❡♥❞ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❛♥❞

❛ss✐st❛♥ts✳ ❚❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❞♦ s♦✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧②✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t♦♦ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ tr②

t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❜♦t❤ ❜② ✇❤❛t t❤❡② ❞♦ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤❡② ❞♦

s♦✱ t❤❛t ✐s ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r t❤✐♥❣s ❜② ✏❧❡tt✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ t❛❧❦ ♥✐♥❡t❡❡♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❞♦③❡♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❜❡✐♥❣

❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❣❡t ❛ ✇♦r❞ ✐♥ ❡❞❣❡✇❛②s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳✑ ✽✽ ❚❤❛t ❝♦✉❧❞ ♦♥❧② ❤❛♣♣❡♥ ✐❢ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❛♥❞

t❡❛❝❤❡rs ♠✐①❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❧✐st❡♥❡❞ t♦ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✉♥❢♦r❝❡❞✱ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ❛♥❞

✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✇❛②✳ ❖♥❧② t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛♥❞ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞s✳

❚❤❡ ✜❢t❤ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❣✐✈❡s ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞

❛s ❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r t♦ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛s❦❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ▼❛r❝❤ ✾✿ ✏❲❤② ❞♦ t❤❡

✽✹❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✸✵✴❛rt✳ ✻❪✳ ●✳ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✾✶✴■■ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ✐♥ ❖❊ ❳❳■❳✱ ♣✳

✶✵✽✴■❱✳ ❈❢✳ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡ ♥♦♥ r❡♣r✐♠❡r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✻✳

✽✺▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣✳✶✸✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✺❀ ❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✽✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱

❆ss✐st❡♥t✐❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✸❀ ■❞✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✽✲✺✾✳

✽✻❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✷✾✴✽✻✲✽✾✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✶❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✵✳

✽✼❇♦t❤ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥s✿ ●✳ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✾✵✴✺✶✶✲✺✶✸❀ ✽✹✴✹✶✽❀ ✾✵✴✺✶✻✲✺✶✽❀ ❈♦♥st✐t✉✲

t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳✷✺✶ ✭♣❛rt❧② r❡✲tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞✮✳

✽✽❈❢✳ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆rt✐❝❧❡s ✐♥ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✾✴✷✺❀ ❊❡♥

♦♣✈♦❡❞✐♥❣s♣r♦❥❡❝t✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✴✻✳

✸✼

4.8 Page 38

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❜♦②s ❢❡❛r ✉s ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ✉s❄✑ ✽✾ ❚❤❛t ❛♥s✇❡r ✐s✿ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❣❛✐♥ t❤❡

tr✉st ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ s✉s♣✐❝✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐str✉st ❛s ❛ ✜rst r❡s✉❧t

♦❢ ✐♠♣♦s✐♥❣ ❢❡✇❡r ♦r ♥♦ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✱ ♦❢ ♣✉♥✐s❤✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ✇❛②✱ ♦❢

t❛❦✐♥❣ ❛s ❛ st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❛❧✇❛②s t❤❛t ♠✉❝❤ t♦ ❜❡ ❜❧❛♠❡❞ ❛s ♦♥❡

❤❛❞ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❛t ✜rst ❛♥❞ ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❧②✱ ❞❡❧✐❝❛t❡❧② ❛♥❞ r❡s♣❡❝t❢✉❧❧②✳

❚❤❛t ✐s ❤♦✇ t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❜r✐❞❣❡ t❤❡ ❣❛♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❡❛st ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ s❛② ✐s t❤❛t t❤✐s r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥

✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠❛❧❛✐s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✱ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛s ✇❡❧❧✱

✇❛s ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❢♦r ❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡ ♣❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡✳ ❚❤❡

❜♦②s ❛r❡ ❛❝q✉✐tt❡❞ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② t♦ ❛ ❣r❡❛t❡r ❡①t❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❛❧✇❛②s t♦ ❜❡ ❜❧❛♠❡❞ ❛s

♦♥❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡❛s✐❧② ❞♦✳

❖♥ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♦♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ✈✐❡✇ ✐t ❛s q✉✐t❡ str✐❦✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝ ♦❢ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✇❛s ♣✉t

♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡ s♣❛❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛✲

t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ✐t ✐s ❡♥✐❣♠❛t✐❝ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s s✉♣♣♦s❡❞ t♦

❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ s❡♥t t♦ ❛❧❧ r❡❝t♦rs ♦♥❧② ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠♦♥t❤s ❜❡❢♦r❡✱ ✇❛s ♥♦t ♦♣❡♥❧② r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ❞✉r✐♥❣

t❤❛t ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ♠❡♠❜❡rs✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r ✐t ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ t♦

❜❡ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ♦✉t s②st❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧② ❛♥❞

s②♥t❤❡t✐❝❛❧❧②✳ ■t ❛♣♣❡❛rs ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❡♥✐❣♠❛t✐❝ t❤❛t ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ♦t❤❡r t❡①ts ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❤❛❞ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s t♦ s✉❝❤ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❞❡❣r❡❡✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡ ✐t ✐s str❛♥❣❡

t❤❛t ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② t❤❛t ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦♣✐❝ ✇❛s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❧❛②❡❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✬s ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s✳ ❖♥❡ ♠✐❣❤t ✇♦♥❞❡r ✐❢ ✐t ✇❛s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r t❤❛t ✉r❣❡♥t✳ ❖r ✇❛s

✐t ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❞✐s❧✐❦❡ ♦❢ ❛ttr✐❜✉t✐♥❣ s✉❝❤ ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝❄

■t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ♠❛tt❡r ♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❡①ts t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡

❝❧♦s✐♥❣ s♣❡❡❝❤✳ ❆t ❛♥② r❛t❡ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ♣r✐♦r✐t②

t♦ ✇♦r❦ ♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ♦❢ ✶✽✽✸✲✶✽✽✹✳

❋♦❧❧♦✇✲✉♣ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✿ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ r❡♠❛✐♥s ❧♦②❛❧

t♦ ❤✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦❢ ❣✉✐❞✐♥❣ ❤✐s ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧

❆♥♦t❤❡r ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✈❡r② s❡r✐♦✉s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✱

❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ♣✉t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❡①t❡♥❞ t❤❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r

❈❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣♦✐♥t ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❝♦✉♥❝✐❧❧♦r ♦❢ st✉❞✐❡s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r

❛❧❧ ♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ s❝❤♦♦❧s✳ ❚❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♣r❡s❡♥t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ♥♦❜♦❞② ❜❡tt❡r s✉✐t❡❞

t❤❛♥ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡② ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❡♥tr✉st t❤❡ ❥♦❜ t♦ ❤✐♠ ❛♥❞ ♣✉t ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ✐♥

❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❬❡♥t✐r❡❪ ❖r❛t♦r②✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ✐♥ ❢❛✈♦✉r✳ ❨❡t ♦t❤❡rs ❞♦✉❜t❡❞ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤✐s

✇❛s t❤❡ ❜❡st s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳✾✵ ■t ❧♦♦❦s ❛s ✐❢ t❤✐s s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❧❡❢t ✐♥ s✉s♣❡♥s❡

✽✾❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✻✾✳

✾✵❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❝❤r♦♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ♥♦t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ❝❧❡❛r ✐♥ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✵✵✲✷✵✶❀

❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✼✼✲✶✼✽✳ ❚❤❡ ✏ ❉✐③✐♦♥❛r✐♦ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝♦ ❞❡✐ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ✑✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱ ✶✾✻✾ ✭♣✳ ✶✻✺❆✮ r❡❝♦r❞s t❤❡

❛♣♣♦✐♥t♠❡♥t t♦ ❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ s❝❤♦♦❧s ✐♥ ✶✽✸✸ ❬♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ✶✽✽✸❪✳ ❖♥ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r

✶✷t❤ ✶✽✽✹ t❤❡② ❞✐s❝✉ss t❤❡ ❛♣♣♦✐♥t♠❡♥t ♦❢ t✇♦ r❡❝t♦rs ✐♥ ❛ s❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤✐❡❢ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧✳ ✭▼❇ ❳❱■■✱

♣♣✳ ✷✵✶✲✷✵✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳✶✼✼✲✶✽✵✳ ❆❧s♦ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✻❀ ▼❇◆ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳✶✽✷✲✶✽✸✮✳ P ❇r❛✐❞♦

♠❡♥t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ●✳ ▲❛③③❡r♦ ✇❛s ❛ ♠❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤✐❡❢ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧ ❢r♦♠ ✶✽✼✺ t♦ ✶✽✾✽ ❛♥❞ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r ♦❢ t❤❡

♦r❛t♦r② ❢r♦♠ ✶✽✼✾ t♦ ✶✽✽✻✳ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✽✮✳ ❍✐s st✐❧❧ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r

✐♥ ✶✽✽✹ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ♦❢ ❘✳ ❇✐❡s♠❛♥s✬s ✏❞❡ ❇r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s ✐♥

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4.9 Page 39

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❛t t❤❛t ♠♦♠❡♥t✳

■♥ ❛♥② ❝❛s❡ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ❢♦✉r ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛♥❞ t❤r❡❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s

❢♦r ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡✱ ✏t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✱ ♣r✐❡sts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✑✱ ✇✐t❤ r❡♥❡✇❡❞

❞❡❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❞❛②s✬ ❧❛t❡r ✐♥ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ❛♥❞ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✸✳

❖♥ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✵ ❤❡ ♥♦t❡❞✿ ✏❆♥♦t❤❡r ✉r❣❡♥t ✐ss✉❡ ✇❛s ❢♦r ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ t♦ ❣♦ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s t♦ r❡❛❞ t❤❡♠ ❛❣❛✐♥ t♦❣❡t❤❡r✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t ❤♦✇ ✇❡

❝❛♥ t❛❝❦❧❡ t❤✐s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❝❛✉s✐♥❣ ❝❧❛s❤❡s✳✑ ❍✐s ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤✐♥❣s r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ t❤❡

s❛♠❡ ❜♦t❤ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛s ✐t s❡❡♠s✳ ■t ✏✇❛s ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ t♦ r❡❛❞ ♦✉t

t❤❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❙✉♥❞❛②✱ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛②

♦❢ t❤❡ ✉s✉❛❧ ❵tr✐❞✉✉♠✬ ❬❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r❪✳✑ ✾✶

❚❤❡ ✜rst ❡❧❡♠❡♥t✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ♣r♦♠♦t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ t❤❡

s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡✱ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡❞ ❧♦②❛❧t② t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❤❛❞ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳

❚❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ❛❧s♦ r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞✿ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ✉♥✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝❧❛r✐t② ❢♦r t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳ ❨❡s✱ ❡✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❈❧❡❛r s✉❜st❛♥t✐❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s

❛♥❞ ✇❤❛t ✇❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡♠✱ ✇❛s ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡❧② ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ t❤❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡

♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❢r❡s❤❡♥✐♥❣ ✉♣

t❤✐♥❣s✳ ❚❤❛t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛❞ ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡❡♥ ❣✐✈❡♥ t♦ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛st✳✾✷

✏❚❤❡② r❡❛❞ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✑ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡

♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ t✇♦ ❞❛②s ❧❛t❡r✳ ❚❤❡② ✏♠❛❞❡ ❛♥❛❧♦❣♦✉s r❡♠❛r❦s✑ ✇❤✐❧❡ r❡❛❞✐♥❣✳ P✉tt✐♥❣ t❤✐s ♦♥

t❤❡ ❛❣❡♥❞❛✱ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞ t❤❡ tr❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡❞ t♦

t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧♠♦st ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦

♣✐♥♣♦✐♥t t❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❛t ♠❡❡t✐♥❣✳ ■t ♠❛② ✇❡❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡

tr❡❛t✐s❡ ❛s ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ✐♥ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✽✽✶✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ✉♣ q✉✐t❡ s♠♦♦t❤❧② ✇✐t❤

t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r✳✾✸

❆♥♦t❤❡r ♣♦✐♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❝❧❛r✐✜❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✇❛s t❤❡ t❛s❦

♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s✬ ❝♦✉♥❝✐❧❧♦r ♦❢ st✉❞✐❡s✳ ■t t♦♦❦ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❧♦s❡❞ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡

❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦♥❧② t✇♦ ❞❛②s ❧❛t❡r✳ ■t s❤♦✇❡❞ q✉✐t❡ s♦♠❡ ✢❛✐r ♦❢ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✿ ✏❲❡

❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s②st❡♠ t❤❛t ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛ ❢❡✇ ②❡❛rs

❜❡❢♦r❡✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ✇❡✐❣❤t ♦❢ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s t♦ ❜❡ ♣✉t ♦♥ t❤❡

s❤♦✉❧❞❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦✉♥❝✐❧❧♦r ♦❢ st✉❞✐❡s✳ ◆♦✇ t❤❡② ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❣♦ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s

s②st❡♠✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❡❛♥t t❤❛t ❛ ❣r❡❛t❡r ♣❛rt✱ ♥♦t t♦ s❛② ❛❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t② ✇❛s t♦ ❣♦ t♦

t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛ ❤❡❧♣ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t ❛s ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ✐♥ ❤❛r♠♦♥② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✑✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✵✴❝♦❧✉♠♥s ❉ ❛♥❞ ❑✱ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ❙✉ss✐❞✐♦ ♦r ❆✉①✐❧✐❛r② ❇♦♦❦❧❡t ♣✳ ✸✹ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦

❢r♦♠ ❛ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤✐❡❢ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧ ♦♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✺ ✶✽✽✹✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤❡r❡ ❋r ❇♦♥❡tt✐ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ s❛✐❞✿

✏❆s ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ●✳ ▲❛③③❡r♦ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❦❡♣t ❛❜r❡❛st ❜❡tt❡r t❤❛♥ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢

t❤❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✵✮✳ ■♥ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✹ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥

♦❢ t❛s❦s ✇❛s ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ ♦♥✳ ❈❢✳ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✽ ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✐♥ ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ✷✱ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✾✸✳

✾✶P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✽✴✼✵✷✲✼✵✺✳ ❈❢✳ ❋♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✹✹ ❛♥❞ ✹✻ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✾✷❇❖❙❈❖✱●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✽✸✴✸✽✾✲✸✾✸ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✾✶✴✺✹✸✲✺✹✺❀ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✼✳

❚❤❛t ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥ ✶✽✼✶ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✶✽✼✼✲✶✽✼✽✳ ✭P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱

❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✻✴✹✶❀ ♣✳ ✻✵✴✺✷✵✲✺✷✷✮✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✶❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✼✲✸✹✽❀ ▼❇ ❱■✱

♣✳ ✼✼✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳✹✺✶✲✹✺✷❀ ▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✸✾✼❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✸✳

✾✸❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✻✳

✸✾

4.10 Page 40

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t❡❛❝❤❡r✳ ❆❢t❡r ✇❡ ❤❛❞ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡❞ s♦♠❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s✱ ✇❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ t♦ tr② ✐t ♦✉t✳✑ ✾✹

❍❛r❞❧② ❛ ✇❡❡❦ ❧❛t❡r ✏t❤❛t ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ✇❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ♦r r❛t❤❡r ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡❞✑ ✐♥ ❛ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣

✏✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s t♦♦❦ ♣❛rt✳ ❆❢t❡r ❛✐r✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐♦♥s✱

t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❛❝❝❡♣t❡❞ ✉♥❛♥✐♠♦✉s❧② ❜② ❜♦t❤ ♣❛rt✐❡s✳✑ ✾✺

❚❤❡② ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ t❛❦❡ ❛✇❛② s♦♠❡ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦✉♥❝✐❧❧♦r ♦❢ st✉❞✐❡s

❛♥❞✴♦r ❡①♣r❡ss ♠♦r❡ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✭②♦✉♥❣✮ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❜② ❣✐✈✐♥❣

t❤❡♠ ♠♦r❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ s❤❛r❡ ✐♥ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✳

❆❧❧ ♦❢ t❤✐s s❡❡♠❡❞ t♦ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❛ ✢②✐♥❣ st❛rt ❢♦r t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣r♦s♣❡r♦✉s ♣❛st♦r❛❧

❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ②❡❛r ♦❢ ♠✉t✉❛❧ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❛❝❡✳ ❖♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r t❤❡r❡

♣r♦✈❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ♠❛♥② ❛ s❧✐♣ ✬t✇✐①t t❤❡ ❝✉♣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧✐♣✳ ❇② ❤❛❧❢✇❛② t❤r♦✉❣❤ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r

❛ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡♠❛r❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥❝✐❡s ✇❛s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✳ ❆❣❛✐♥ t❤❡②

r❡s♦rt❡❞ t♦ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦✉t t❤❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡❝t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝❛t❡❝❤✐st✳

✭❚❤❡ ❝❛t❡❝❤✐st ❛❧s♦ t❛❦❡s ❝❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐❝❦ ❜❛② ❢♦r ❜♦②s✳✮ ❇✉t ♦♥ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✻ t❤❡② ❝♦✉❧❞♥✬t

✏❛❣r❡❡ ♦♥ t❤✐♥❣s ♦r t❛❦❡ ❛ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ❝❛t❡❝❤✐st r❡❢✉s❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✳✑ ✾✻

❍♦✇ t❤✐♥❣s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞ r❡♠❛✐♥s ❛ s❡❝r❡t✳ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❞✐❞ r❡♣♦rt t❤♦✉❣❤ ♦♥❧② ♦♥ t✇♦

♠♦r❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s✳ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ✐♥ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r t♦ s❛❢❡❣✉❛r❞ t❤❡ s♠♦♦t❤ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤r✐st♠❛s

❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❇❛s✐❧✐❝❛ ♦❢ ▼❛r② ❍❡❧♣ ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s✳ ❍❡ ♥♦t❡❞ t❤♦s❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ✐♥

❛♥♦t❤❡r ❝♦♣②✲❜♦♦❦✱ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✏❉✐❛r②✑✳ ◆❡①t✱ ❛❜♦✉t ❤❛❧❢✇❛② t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✹ ❤❡

♥♦t❡❞ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❛ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❛❦❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✇❡r❡ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞

t♦ ❣♦ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ t♦ t❡❛❝❤ ❝❛t❡❝❤✐s♠ ♦r ❞♦ ❛♥② ♦t❤❡r s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❬✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛r✐s❤❪✳✑ ✾✼ ❇✉t t❤❡

q✉❡st✐♦♥ r❡♠❛✐♥s ✇❤❡t❤❡r ●✳ ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❧✐❦❡❞ ✐t✳ ❚❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛r✐s❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝✐s❡♥❡ss

♦❢ ❤✐s ♥♦t❡s ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❇✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ ❳❱■■✳ ❆t

t❤❡ ✐♥s✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❥✉❞❣❡❞ t❤❛t ♦r❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ s♣✐r✐t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ s✉✛❡r❡❞ t♦♦ ♠✉❝❤ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

❤♦✉s❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❜✉s❡s t❤❡② ❡♥t❛✐❧❡❞✳ ◆♦t ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ✇♦r❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥

♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳

■♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❵❉✐❛r②✬ ▲❛③③❡r♦ ✇r♦t❡ ❞♦✇♥ ❧❛r❣❡❧② t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥

♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✳ ❖♥ ✷✾ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✹ ❤❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❤✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r s❛t✐s❢❛❝t✐♦♥✿

✏❆❝t✉❛❧❧② ✐t ✇❛s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥✐❝❡st✱ ♥♦t t♦ s❛② t❤❡ ♥✐❝❡st ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ t❤♦s❡ t❤❛t t♦♦❦

♣❧❛❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛st✳✑ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ❞✉❡ t♦ ✏❜♦t❤ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ t❛❦✐♥❣

♣❛rt ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t t✐♠❡ s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛② ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ str✐❝t❧② ❛❧❧ ❞❛② ❧♦♥❣

✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❤❡❛tr❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳ ■t ❢❡❛t✉r❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❍✐s ❊♠✐♥❡♥❝❡ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧

❆❧✐♠♦♥❞❛ ❬t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❛r❝❤❜✐s❤♦♣ ♦❢ ❚✉r✐♥❪ ❛♥❞ ✐t ❡♥❞❡❞ ♣✉♥❝t✉❛❧❧② ❛t ✽ ♣✳♠✳ ❚❤❡ t❤❡❛tr❡

♣❧❛② ❚♦♥✐✱ t❤❡ s✐♥❣✐♥❣ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❚❤❡ ❈❤♦✐r ♦❢ t❤❡ Pr✐s♦♥❡rs ♦❢ ❊❞✐♥❜✉r❣❤ ✜♥✐s❤✐♥❣

✾✹■♥ ❛ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ✶✽✺✷ ❛ ❙t✉❞② ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧❧♦r ✇❛s ♥♦t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛t ❛❧❧ ✭▼❇ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✺✹✸ ❡♥

♣♣✳ ✼✸✺✲✼✺✺❀ ❊▼❇ ■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✼✼✲✸✼✽ ❛♥❞ ♣♣✳ ✺✹✷✲✺✺✾✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✶✽✼✼ t❤❡ ❙t✉❞② ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧♦r✬s

t❛s❦ ✇❛s ✏❚♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡ ❛♥❞ t❛❦❡ ❝❛r❡ ♦❢ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧❡ss♦♥s ❛♥❞

st✉❞②✳✑ ✭❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✷✼✴✶✳❪✮ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❛t t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ r❡❝t♦rs ✐♥ ❏❛♥✉❛r②

♦r ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✽✼✽ ✇❡♥t ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❉✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ❛t s❝❤♦♦❧✱ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞

✇✐t❤ ❣♦♦❞ ♦r❞❡r✱ t❤❡ ✇❛❧❦ ❛♥❞ s✐♠✐❧❛r t❤✐♥❣s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧❧♦r✳✑ ✭P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱

❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✾✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ❣♦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡s ✼✶✸✲✼✶✹✮✳

✾✺P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✾✴✼✶✽✲✼✷✶✳

✾✻■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✾✴✼✸✵✲✼✸✸✳

✾✼■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✵ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✽✻✴✶✷✺✾✲✶✷✽✶✳❋♦r♠❡r❧② s✐♠✐❧❛r ♠✐ss✐♦♥s ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ✇❡r❡ q✉✐t❡ ✉s✉❛❧✳

❙❡❡ ✐❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳

✷✹✵✴✷✵✼ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✷✺✻✴✻✺✶✳ ❆♥ ❡❝❤♦ ✐♥ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳✶✻✸✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✸✶✳

✹✵

5 Pages 41-50

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5.1 Page 41

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❚❤❡ ❈❤♦✐r ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✉♥❛t✐❝s ✇✐t❤

✇❡r❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❡❞✳✑ ✾✽ ❊✈❡r②❜♦❞② ❢❡❧t ✐t ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛ ❥♦②❢✉❧

❛♥❞ r❡❧❛①❡❞ ❞❛②✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✇❡r❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡❛s♦♥s ❢♦r ✐ts s✉❝❝❡ss✱ ❜✉t ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t t❤❡ ❝❤✐❡❢ ♦♥❡

✇❛s t❤❡ ❡♥❥♦②❛❜❧❡ s❤♦✇ ♦❢ ❛ t❡rr✐✜❝ ❝♦✲♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✲❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs t♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✇♦✉❧❞ st✐❝❦ ✐♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✬s ♠❡♠♦r✐❡s ❢♦r ❛ ❧♦♥❣ t✐♠❡✳

❆❢t❡r t❤♦s❡ ♥♦t❡s ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❛❞❞ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡

t❤❛t s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r✱ ♥❡✐t❤❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❵❉✐❛r②✬ ♥♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♣②✲❜♦♦❦ ✇✐t❤ r❡♣♦rts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s✳

❍❡ ♣✐❝❦❡❞ ✉♣ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❛❣❛✐♥ ♦♥❧② ✐♥ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✶✽✽✹✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s q✉✐t❡ s♦♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r

♦❢ ▼❛② ✶✵✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❜♦②s✳ ❙♦ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦

❛❝t✉❛❧❧② st❛rt❡❞ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✶✽✽✹✲✶✽✽✺✳

❲❡ ❛r❡ ❧❡❢t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❛r❦ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥s ♦❢ ❤✐s ✐♥❛❝t✐✈✐t②✳ ◆♦t ♦♥❧② ❞✐❞ ❤❡ ❤❛✈❡

♠✉❝❤ ✇♦r❦ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ ♠❛② ❛❧s♦

❤❛✈❡ s♣❡♥t ❛ ❧♦t ♦❢ ❤✐s t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❡r❣② ♦♥ ❤✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs❤✐♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r

❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞ t♦ ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣② t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✐♥ ❚✉r✐♥✳

❆♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠ t❤❡r❡ ✇❛s t❤❡ ❛❧❛r♠✐♥❣ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ❛♥❞

❋❡❜r✉❛r②✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ t♦✉❣❤ ❥♦✉r♥❡② t❤r♦✉❣❤ ▲✐❣✉r✐❛ t♦ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❡①❤❛✉st✐♥❣

❝♦♥t❛❝ts ❛♥❞ s❡r♠♦♥s ❜② t❤❡ s✐❝❦ ❛♥❞ s✉✛❡r✐♥❣ ❢♦✉♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥②

st♦♣ ♦r r❡st ❤❡ ✇❡♥t ♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ ▲✐❣✉r✐❛ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t♦ ❘♦♠❡ ✐♥ ❙♣r✐♥❣ ✶✽✽✹✳✾✾

▼♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ ❡❧s❡ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ♠✐ss❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ s✉♣♣♦rt ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ❧♦♥❣ ♠♦♥t❤s✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ st❛②✐♥❣ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✇❡❡❦s ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✱ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ♦♥❧② s❡❧❞♦♠ ✇r♦t❡ ❛♥❞ ❛s ❛ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t ♦♥❧② ♦♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❤✐s ♦✇♥ ❤❛♥❞✇r✐t✐♥❣ t♦

❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦✳ ❚❤❛t s❤♦rt ❧❡tt❡r ✐s ❞❛t❡❞ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✸✱ ✶✽✽✹✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r✬s ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✇❡ ❝❛♥

❞❡r✐✈❡ ❛ ❢❡✇ ✐ss✉❡s ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ♣❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ t❤❛t ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣✐❡❞

❤✐♠ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✿ ✏❑✐♥❞❧② t❡❧❧ ♦✉r ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ t❤❛t ♠②

❤❡❛❧t❤ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧②✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st t✇♦ ❞❛②s✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤②

✉♣♦♥ ♠② r❡t✉r♥ ■ ✇✐s❤ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♥✐❝❡ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❤✉r❝❤ t♦ t❤❛♥❦ ♦✉r ▼❛❞♦♥♥❛

❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥♥✉♠❡r❛❜❧❡ ❣r❛❝❡s s❤❡ ❤❛s ❜❡st♦✇❡❞ ♦♥ ✉s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❢❡❝t♦r② t♦ ❞r✐✈❡

❛✇❛② ❛❧❧ ♠❡❧❛♥❝❤♦❧② ❛♥❞ t♦ r❡❥♦✐❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲♦r❞✳✑ ✶✵✵ ❚❤✐s ✇❛s ❤✐s ♦✇♥ ✇❛② ♦❢ ♣✉tt✐♥❣

t❤❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ r❡❝t♦r ❛t ❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ❤✐♠ ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s

❢♦r ❛ ♥✐❝❡ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ▼❛② ✷✹✱ t❤❡ ❢❡st✐✈❡ ❞❛② ♦❢ ▼❛r② ❍❡❧♣ ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s✳ ❆t t❤❛t

♠♦♠❡♥t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❛❧❧✉❞❡ ❛t ❛❧❧ t♦ ❤✐s ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s

♦r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ■t s✉✣❝❡❞ ❢♦r ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ t♦ ❜r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♥❡✇s ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

❤❡❛❧t❤ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t♦ t❛❦❡ ❝❛r❡ ♦❢ ♦r❣❛♥✐③✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❢❡❝t♦r② s♦ ❛s t♦

✏❞r✐✈❡ ❛✇❛② ❛❧❧ ♠❡❧❛♥❝❤♦❧②✑✳ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ❵♠❡❧❛♥❝❤♦❧②✬ s❡❡♠s t♦ ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✜rst ❧✐♥❡ ♦❢

❇ t❤❡ ♥♦t❡s ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r r✉♥s ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❲❤② s♦ ♠✉❝❤ ❜♦r❡❞♦♠ ❛♥❞ s♦

♠✉❝❤ ❧✐st❧❡ss♥❡ss❄✑ ✶✵✶

■♥ ❛♥② ❝❛s❡ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ s❤♦✇s ❤✐s ❣r❡❛t ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s

✾✽

P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱

❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳

✽✻✴✶✷✽✷ ❡♥

♣✳

✽✾✴✶✸✺✼✲✶✸✻✷✳

❙❡❡ ❛❧s♦ ▼❇

❳❱■■✱

♣♣✳

✷✷✲✷✹❀

❊▼❇

❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✲✶✵✳ ❆t t❤❛t ❞❛② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❝❧♦s❡st ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ❝♦✉❧❞ r❡❥♦✐❝❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❛t t❤❡

❣♦♦❞ ✇✐❧❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛r❝❤❜✐s❤♦♣✬s ✐♥t❡r❡st ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♥❡❡❞s ❛❢t❡r s♦ ♠❛♥② ②❡❛rs ❞✉r✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤

t❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ♦♥ str❛✐♥❡❞ t❡r♠s ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ♣r❡❞❡❝❡ss♦r✱ ▼♦♥s✐❣♥♦r ●❛st❛❧❞✐✳

✾✾

❈❢✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r ✐t❡♠s ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✵✻✲✷✵✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✽✸✲✶✽✹✳

✶✵✵

❊

■❱✱

♣✳

✷✺✻✳

▼❇

❳❱■■✱

♣✳

✶✶✺❀

❊▼❇

❳❱■■✱

♣✳

✾✺

✭r❡✲tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞✮✳

❈❢✳

❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱

♣✳

✷✻✹✳

✶✵✶

▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❇

✐♥ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳✽✼✳

❙✉ss✐❞✐♦

♦r ❆✉①✐❧✐❛r②

❜♦♦❦❧❡t ♣✳ ✽✳

✹✶

5.2 Page 42

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❢❛✈♦✉r✐t❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ ❚✉r✐♥✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ✇❤❛ts♦❡✈❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

♠✐♥❞ ✇❛s ♠❛✐♥❧② ❜✉s② ✇✐t❤ ✇❤❛t ✇❛s ❣♦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s ❞❛②s ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✳

❍✐s ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥ ♠✉st ❡✈❡♥ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❛❢t❡r ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤❛❞ ❛rr✐✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❛❞

t❛❧❦❡❞ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳✶✵✷ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♠❛♥❛❣❡ t♦ ♦✛❡r ❛♥② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ❤❡❧♣

❢♦r ❋r ▲❛③❡rr♦ t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ♦r t♦ ✐♥❝✐t❡ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣

✇✐t❤ t❤✐♥❣s ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ str✐❝t❡r ✇❛②✳

❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❦❡♣t ❤✐s ♠✐♥❞ s♦ ✐♥t❡♥s❡❧②

❜✉s② t❤❛t ❤✐s s❡❝r❡t❛r②✱ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✱ ♦♥ ❤✐s ✇❛② t♦ ❘♦♠❡ ✇r♦t❡ t♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡ ✐♥ ❚✉r✐♥ ♦♥

❆♣r✐❧ ✽ ✶✽✽✹✿ ✏❖✉r ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ ❢❛t❤❡r ❝❛♥♥♦t s♣❡❛❦ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤❡r♦✐❝ t✐♠❡s ♦❢

t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳✑ ✶✵✸ ❆t t❤❛t ♠♦♠❡♥t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ♣❧❡♥t② ♦❢ t✐♠❡ t♦ ❞✐s❝✉ss t❤✐♥❣s ✇✐t❤

❤✐s s❡❝r❡t❛r②✱ ♣❡r❤❛♣s ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❤❡ ❧✐❦❡❞ t♦✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ t♦ ✇❛✐t ❢♦r ❞❛②s ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❤❡

✇❛s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❛♥ ❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣♦♣❡✳ ❍❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♣❛② ♦♥❧② ❢❡✇ ✈✐s✐ts ❛s ✇❛❧❦✐♥❣ ✇❛s

♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ✇❛s s✉❜❥❡❝t t♦ s✉❞❞❡♥ ♥❛✉s❡❛s✳ ❍❡ s✉✛❡r❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧✐✈❡r ❛♥❞ ❤✐s

❡②❡ ✇❛s ✐♥✢❛♠❡❞✳ ■❢ ❛t ♥✐❣❤t ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ t❛❦❡ ❛ ❜r❡❛t❤ ♦❢ ❢r❡s❤ ❛✐r✱ ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♦♥❧② ❣♦ ♦✉t

❧❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ❛r♠✳✶✵✹ ■♥ t❤♦s❡ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ✐t ✐s ❡❛s✐❧② ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ❤❡

❡♥tr✉st❡❞ t♦ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ s♦♠❡ ♣❛ss✐♥❣ t❤♦✉❣❤ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♠♦✉❧❞ ✐♥t♦ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦

t❤❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❜♦②s ❧❛t❡r✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ♥♦t❡s ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆✱ ✇❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❡❞✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱

t❤r❡❡ ✐t❡♠s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✭✶✮ t❤❡ ❵s❡♥s❡ ♦❢ ♠♦r❛❧ ❞✉t②✬✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

♠❡❛♥s ♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ r❡♣♦rt s♦♠❡ ✇❡❧❧✲❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♠❛tt❡rs t♦ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ✭✷✮ ❥❡❛❧♦✉s②✳✶✵✺ ■t

s❤♦✇s ✐♠♣❡r❢❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✇❡✐❣❤❡❞ ♦♥ ❤✐♠✳ ▼❛②❜❡ ❤❡ ✇❛s t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝❛❧❧✐♥❣

t❤❡♠ t♦ ♦r❞❡r ❛♥❞ r❡♠✐♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❢♦✉rt❤ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞

●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❛t s❡❡♠❡❞ ❧❡ss ✉r❣❡♥t t♦ ❤✐♠ t❤❛♥ ❛ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❝♦♥t❛❝t ✇✐t❤

t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳

❈♦♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ s✉♠♠❛r②

❆t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ❤♦✉s❡s✱ ✏♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧s✑ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❤✐♠s❡❧❢✱ ❞❛✐❧② ❧✐❢❡ ✇❛s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐♥❣ ✐ts ✉♣s ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r✲

❖❝t♦❜❡r ✶✽✼✾ ✉♥t✐❧ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✳ ■t ✐s ❛ ❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❥♦②✱ ❡♥t❤✉s✐❛s♠✱ ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss✱

s❛❞♥❡ss✱ ♠❡❧❛♥❝❤♦❧② ❛♥❞ ❞✐ss❛t✐s❢❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚✉r❜✉❧❡♥t ❞❛②s ♦❢ ✉♥r❡st✱ ✐rr✐t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✉♥✇✐❧❧✐♥❣✲

♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ q✉✐❡t✱ ♣❡❛❝❡❢✉❧✱ ❛❧♠♦st r♦✉t✐♥❡✲❧✐❦❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞s✳ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦rs

❛♥❞ ❜♦②s ❧✐✈❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❜♦t❤ s✉♥✲❝❧❛❞✱ ✉♥❢♦r❣❡tt❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❞❛②s ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡s ♦❢

s❤❛❞♦✇✱ ♠✐s❢♦rt✉♥❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❧❛✐s❡✳ ❚❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❡♥❥♦② ❜r✐❧❧✐❛♥t s❝❤♦♦❧ r❡s✉❧ts✱ ♠❛ss✐✈❡ ❛t✲

t❡♥❞❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡❛tr❡ s❤♦✇s ❛♥❞ ♠❛❣♥✐✜❝❡♥t r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥s✱ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ t❤❡ ♠♦st

✶✵✷❙❡❡ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✶✹✱ ✶✺ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛♥❞ ✹✽ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳

✶✵✸❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✺✹❀ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱

♣✳ ✸✾✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✐t ❛♣♣❡❛rs ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s♣♦❦❡ ❡❛s✐❧② ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣❛st✳ ■t ❛❧s♦ s❤♦✇s ❢r♦♠ t❤✐s

♥♦t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❇✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡✿ ✏❉✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s s♣❛r❡ t✐♠❡✱ t❤❡ s❡r✈❛♥t ♦❢ ●♦❞ s♦✉❣❤t r❡❧❛①❛t✐♦♥ ❜②

r❡♠✐♥✐s❝✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r ♦❧❞ t✐♠❡s✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ✽t❤ ❬♦❢ ❆♣r✐❧❪ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇r♦t❡ t♦ ●✳ ❇♦♥❡tt✐✿ ✏❖✉r ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞

❢❛t❤❡r ❝❛♥♥♦t t❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉t ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡❝❛❧❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤❡r♦✐❝ ❞❛②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✑ ✭▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳

✻✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✻✮✳

✶✵✹▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✵✱ ✽✹✱ ✽✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✾✲✻✵✱ ✻✸✱ ✻✼✲✻✽✳

✶✵✺❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ▲❛ ❧❡tt❡r❛ ❞✐ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞❛ ❘♦♠❛ ❞❡❧ ✶✵ ♠❛❣❣✐♦ ✶✽✽✹✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ ▲❆❙✱ ✶✽✽✹✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✳

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✸ ❛♥❞ ✶✵✼✳ ❙✉ss✐❞✐♦ ♦r ❆✉①✐❧✐❛r②

❜♦♦❦❧❡t ♣✳ ✷✸ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✷✶ ✭❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❆✮✳

✹✷

5.3 Page 43

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❡♥❝❤❛♥t✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ❡✈❡r✳ ❚❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❡♥❥♦② ❛♥❞ t❛❦❡ ♣r✐❞❡ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐❞✐♦s②♥❝r❛t✐❝ st②❧❡ ♦❢ ❣♦♦❞

s♣✐r✐t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡② ♦✇❡ t♦ ✏t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡✑✱ ✐✳❡✳ t♦ ✏♦✉r

❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s②st❡♠✳✑ ✶✵✻ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡② ♠✉st ❤❡❛r ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

♦✇♥ ❧✐♣s t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r s♣✐r✐t✱ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ❛♥❞ ♦❢ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✱ ✐s

✇❡❛❦❡♥✐♥❣✱ t❛r♥✐s❤❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❢❛❞✐♥❣ ❛✇❛② ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② t❤❛t t❤❡✐r ❤♦✉s❡s✱ ♠♦r❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧②

t❤❡✐r s❝❤♦♦❧s✱ ❤❛r❞❧② ❛♣♣❡❛r ❛♥② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ♠♦st ♦t❤❡r s❝❤♦♦❧s✳ ❚♦ t❤❡✐r ✈❡r② ♦✇♥

s❤❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❣r❛❝❡ t❤❡② ❡✈❡♥ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❞♠✐t s♦ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳

❚❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❜❧❛♠❡❞ ✐♥ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❛r❡❛s ❢♦r

t❤❡ ❧♦ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ s♣✐r✐t

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ■♥ s♣✐t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❛s❦ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡

✱ ❧❛✐❞ ❞♦✇♥ ❜② ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✱ ❝❧❛s❤❡s ❛r❡

❢r❡q✉❡♥t ✇✐t❤ r❡❣❛r❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✳ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s

♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs✱ ♠❛♥② ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❣♦ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ ✇❛②✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡

✐♥ s♦❧✐❞✉♠ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ✉♥✐t② ✐♥ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❵

✬ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛❞✈✐s❡❞ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥

♦♥❝❡✱ ♥♦t ♠❛♥② ❦❡❡♣ s✐♥❣✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❤②♠♥ s❤❡❡t✳ ❙♦❧✐❞❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥

❤❛✈❡ ✈❛♥✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤✐♥ ❛✐r✳ ❊✈❡r②♦♥❡ ♣❧❛②s t❤❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❡♠♣❡r♦r ✐♥ ❤✐s ♦✇♥ ❧✐tt❧❡

❡♠♣✐r❡✳ ◆♦ ♠❛tt❡r ❤♦✇ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❛♥❞ str♦♥❣❧② t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✐♥s✐st ♦♥ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡ ❛s ❛

♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐✈❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞✱

♠❛♥② ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♥❡❣❧❡❝t ✐t✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♦❢t❡♥ t♦❧❞ t❤❛t ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧②

❤❡❛✈② ❛♥❞ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✱ ❝❛♥♥♦t ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ❜❡ ❥✉st✐✜❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r② t♦

t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ❝❛♥♥♦t ❤❡❧♣ ❜✉t t♦ r❡s♦rt ♦✈❡r ❛♥❞ ♦✈❡r ❛❣❛✐♥

t♦ t❤❡s❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s✳

❚❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛r❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❣✉✐❧t② ♦❢ ❝r✐t✐❝✐s♠ ❛♥❞ ♠✐s❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ❛♥❞ s♦ ❤❛r♠ ❛ ❣♦♦❞

✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts

❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡❛t ❵♠❡❛ ❝✉❧♣❛✬✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♥♦t t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡s t♦ ❞r♦♣

st✐t❝❤❡s✳ ❙♦ ❞♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❜❡✐♥❣

❞✐s♦❜❡❞✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ♦❜st✐♥❛t❡✳ ❙♦♠❡t✐♠❡s t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❢❛❝❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✈❡r② s❡r✐♦✉s ❞✐s♦r❞❡r ♦❢

❛ ❦✐♥❞ t❤❡② ❧❛❜❡❧ ✈❛♥❞❛❧✐s♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛r❡ ♥♦t s❛t✐s✜❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❝❛r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡✐r

❝❧♦t❤❡s✳✶✵✼ ▼♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❡①♣r❡ss ❝r✐t✐❝✐s♠ ♦♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❢r❡❡❞♦♠

✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧②✳ ❖t❤❡rs ❣❡t ❛♥♥♦②❡❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ✐❣♥♦r❡❞✳

❚❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❛ss❡ss t❤❡♠❀ ♥❡✐t❤❡r ❞✐❞ t❤❡② ❝♦rr❡❝t t❤❡✐r t❛s❦s✳ ❖t❤❡r ❜♦②s ♠✐ss❡❞

t❤❡ ✐♥s♣✐r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡❛s② ❛❝❝❡ss✐❜❧❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡②

❞✐❞ ♥♦t s❡❡♠ t♦ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡ t❤❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❡♥t❡rt❛✐♥♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡② ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❧✐❦❡❞

t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡s✳ ❆ ❢❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ t✉r♥❡❞ ❜✐tt❡r ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥

❜❡❛t✐♥❣s✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❞❛t❡❞ ✶✵ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❵❣r✉♠❜❧✐♥❣✬ ♦r

❞❡str✉❝t✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥ts✳ ◗✉✐t❡ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❜♦②s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r tr✉st❡❞ t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✿ t❤❡

r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ ✾ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✽✽✸ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❞♦❡s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ ❵t❤❡✬ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡✐r ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t

✶✵✻

❊ ■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✽✷ ❡♥ ✹✾✾✳

✶✵✼

■r✐s❤ ❜♦②s ✇❡r❡ ❞✐s❝♦♥t❡♥t❡❞ t♦♦ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❤②❣✐❡♥✐❝ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s✱ t❤❡ ❢♦♦❞✱ t❤❡ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡✲

s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥✳ ❈❢✳ ❉■❈❑❙❖◆✱ ❲✳❏✳✱ ❚❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s

♦❢ ❣r♦✇t❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✺✱ ✹✾✱ ✺✷✱ ✺✸✲✺✹✳

✹✸

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t❤❡② ❵❢❡❛r❡❞✬ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❧✐❦❡❞ t❤❡♠✳ ❚❤❡② ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞

t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳

❇❡s✐❞❡s t❤✐s✱ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥s t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ♣❡❛❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ●♦❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥

❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛❧❛✐s❡✳ ❚❤❡✐r r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r ♦♥❡✱

✏t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✉♥t✐❧ ✶✽✻✵ ♦r ✶✽✼✵✳✑

❚❤❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❖r❛t♦r② ✉♥❞❡♥✐❛❜❧② ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐ts❡❧❢ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞❞❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝r✐s✐s✳ ❚❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧

❞r✐✈❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❜r♦❦❡♥✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐t ✐s ✈✐rt✉❛❧❧② ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❛ss❡ss t❤❡ s❡r✐♦✉s♥❡ss ❛♥❞

t❤❡ r❡❛❧ s✐③❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t t❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❣♦t t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ✐♥t♦ ❛ ❞❡❛❞❧♦❝❦✳✶✵✽

❚❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs t♦♦❦ t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛s s✉❝❤ s❡❡♠❡❞ ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤✱ ❜✉t ❞✐❞ ♥♦t

♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❛♥② ♦r ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡st ♦♥❧② t❡♠♣♦r❛r② r❡s✉❧ts✳ ❚❤❡② tr✐❡❞ t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡s ❜✉t

❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ✜♥❞ ❛♥②✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ❡✐❣❤t✐❡s t❤❡ ♠❛❧❛✐s❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❛ ❵❜❛rr✐❡r✬ ❤❛❞

❛r✐s❡♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ♦♥

t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❞❡r✐✈❡ t❤❛t ●✳ ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s

❞✐r❡❝t ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❣♦♥❡ ♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉s✉❛❧ ✇❛② ❢♦r ❛ ❧♦♥❣ t✐♠❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ st♦♣

t❤❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ s♣✐r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣✉t t❤✐♥❣s ❜❛❝❦ ♦♥ tr❛❝❦ ❛❣❛✐♥✳ ❇✉t ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞♦

s♦✱ s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ t♦t❛❧❧② ✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞✳

❆♥ ✉♥❢♦r❡s❡❡♥ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❤❡❧♣ s✉✛❡r✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝❛r✐♦✉s s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✱ t❤❡

❵❛♣♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❡②❡✬✱ ♠♦st ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♣♦✐❧t s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡

❤❛❞ ✇❛t❝❤❡❞ s♦ ♠❛♥② ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✳ ❚❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ❤❛❞ ❣♦♥❡ ❞♦✇♥

♦✈❡r t❤❡ ②❡❛rs✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ✇♦rr✐❡s ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ♦❝❝✉♣✐❡❞ ❤✐s ♠✐♥❞ ✇❤❡r❡✈❡r ❤❡ ✇❛s ♦r ✇❡♥t✳

❚❤✐s ✇❛s t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ✐♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ❛♥❞ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❛♠♣❧❡ t✐♠❡ t♦ r❡✢❡❝t

❛♥❞ t❛❧❦ ✇✐t❤ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛♥❞ s♦♠❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ✇✐t❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✳ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ r❡q✉❡st❡❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ t♦ ❥♦✐♥ ❤✐♠ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✳

❚♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❆♣r✐❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ▼❛② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐✈❡❞ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢

✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❛ ✈❡r② s❡r✐♦✉s ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ❤✐s ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ✐t✱ ♣❡r❤❛♣s✱ ❛ str✐♥❣❡♥t ❧❡tt❡r ❢♦r t❤❡

s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❚❤✐s ❧❛tt❡r ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ❜♦t❤ ♦♥

❆ ❇ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✳ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❇ ❆ ✐s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❲❤② s♦ ♠✉❝❤ ❜♦r❡❞♦♠ ❛♥❞ ❧✐st❧❡ss♥❡ss❄✶✵✾ ✭♠s

❇ ♣❡r❝❤é ✷✹❀ ♠s ✾✮ ❊✈❡♥ ❥✉sst t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ❵

✬ ❬✇❤②❄❪ ❛❧r❡❛❞② s❡❡♠s t♦ ❡❝❤♦ t❤❡ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ♦❢

✐❧ ♣❡r❝❤é t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ▼❛r❝❤ ✾ ✶✽✽✸✳ ■t ♠❡❛♥t✿ ✏❋✐♥❞✐♥❣ ♦✉t ✇❤② ✭❵

✬✮✑ ♦r s❡❛r❝❤✐♥❣ ❢♦r

✐t✳✶✶✵ ■t ❣✐✈❡s t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦

✶✵✽❲❡ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ s♦♠❡ ❤❡❧♣ ❢♦r ❛ r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❋r ❆✳ ❆♠❛❞❡✐✳ ■♥ ✶✾✸✶ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤✐s

♣❡r✐♦❞ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝❛✉s❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ tr♦✉❜❧❡ t❤❡♥✳ ❊✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉♥✐t❡s

♠✐♥❞s ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤❡s ♠✐r❛❝❧❡s ♦❢ ❈❤❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❛r❞♦✉r✱ ✇❛s ♠✐ss✐♥❣✳ ❚❤♦s❡ ❞❛②s ✇❡r❡ tr♦✉❜❧❡s♦♠❡✱

✇❡ s❛✐❞✳✑ ❆♥❞ s♦♠❡✇❤❛t ♠♦r❡ ❝❛✉t✐♦✉s❧②✿ ✏■♥ t❤♦s❡ ②❡❛rs t❤❡ ♣❡r❢❡❝t ❤❛r♠♦♥② ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s

❛♥❞ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s✱ ♦♥❝❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st str✐❦✐♥❣ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✱ ❣♦t ♣♦✐s♦♥❡❞ ❛ ❧✐tt❧❡✳ ■t ✇❛s

❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② s♠❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ ✈❡r② s♠❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ♣✉t ✐t t❤❛t ✇❛②✱ ❜✉t t❤♦s❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ t❤✐♥❣s ❝❛✉s❡

❞❛♠❛❣❡ ✐♥ ❡✈❡r② ✐♥st✐t✉t❡✱ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦t❤❡r ❤♦✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❢❛♠✐❧②✳✑✭❆▼❆❉❊■✱ ❆✳✱

■❧ s❡r✈♦ ❞✐ ❉✐♦ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❡ ❘✉❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✸✺✱ ✸✸✻ ❡♥ ✸✷✹✮✳

✶✵✾❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ▲❛ ❧❡tt❡r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✹ ❡♥ ✸✺✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳

✶✵✸✱✶✵✼ ❡♥ ✽✼✳

✶✶✵❈❢✳❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✻✾✳

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❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ ❛♥s✇❡r✐♥❣ t❤❛t q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s❤♦✇ ❛ ✇❛② ♦❢ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛❧❛✐s❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣

t❤❡✐r st❛② ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ❛ ❢❡✇ t❤♦✉❣❤ts t♦ ❤✐s s❡❝r❡t❛r② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❲❡

❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ t❤♦s❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆✳ ◆♦t❡s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❛r❡

r❛t❤❡r s❝❛tt❡r❡❞✿ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆ ❛s ✇❡❧❧

❛s s♦♠❡ ❝❧❡✈❡r r❡♠❛r❦s ❛♥❞ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❇ ✳

■♥ t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t s♦♠❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❛r❡ r❛t❤❡r ❝♦♥❝✐s❡✱ ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❵t❡❧❡❣r❛♣❤❡s❡✬✱ ♦t❤❡r

♣✐❡❝❡s ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ❛tt❡♠♣ts ❛t ❡❞✐t✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡② ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ s♦♠❡ ✉r❣❡♥t q✉❡st✐♦♥s s✉❝❤

❛s✿ ✏❇✉t ❤♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❜r✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs t♦ ❧✐❢❡ ❛❣❛✐♥✱ s♦ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❝❛♥ r❡❣❛✐♥ t❤❡

❧✐✈❡❧✐♥❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt✐♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ❞❛②s❄✑ ❬✶✶❪ ❚❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❦❡② q✉❡st✐♦♥✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t s✉r❡ ❛t ❛❧❧ t❤❛t t❤❡s❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❛♥❞ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ❜② ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✳

▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈ ✐s ❛ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇✳ ■t ✐s ❛♥ ❡❞✐t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss t❤❛t t♦♦❦ ♣❧❛❝❡ ✐♥

❘♦♠❡✱ ❜✉t ✇❛s ♦r ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤❡❞✳ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❉ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ❜♦t❤ ♣✐❡❝❡s ❛❧♠♦st

❧✐t❡r❛❧❧② ❝♦♥✈❡r❣✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❈ ♦r ❑ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rts ♦❢ ❈ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ r❡✇r✐tt❡♥✱ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞

♦r r❡✜♥❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥s✱ ♥❡✇ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❝♦♣✐❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳

▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❉ ✐s ❛ ✜♥❛❧ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤❡❞ ♦♥❧② ❧❛t❡r✳ ■ s❤❛❧❧ tr② t♦ ❜❛❝❦

✉♣ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ❣r❛❞✉❛❧❧② ✐♥ ♣❛ss✐♥❣✳

▼❡❛♥✇❤✐❧❡ ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❢✉❧❧② ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ♦r

❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❡❞✐t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t✳ ❋♦r

②❡❛rs t❤❛t ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ t✐t❧❡ ▲❡tt❡r ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡

✶✵ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✳ ❚❤✐s t✐t❧❡ ✇❛s ❦❡♣t ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❧✐tt❧❡ r❡s❡r✈❡ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❉✉t❝❤

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❙t✉❞✐❡s s❡r✐❡s

✳ ❆✉t❤♦rs ✇❤♦ tr② t♦ s❝r✉t✐♥✐③❡ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛♥❞

s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❤❛✈❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ✉s❡ ✏t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✑ ❢♦r ❛ ❧♦♥❣ t✐♠❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞②

♥♦✇✳ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ♦♣t❡❞✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❢♦r ❛ ♥❡✇ ♥❛♠❡✿ ✏❲r✐tt❡♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦r ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞

❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✭✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✮✑ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦✱ ❛s t♦ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❉ ✱

✏❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✑✳

❲❤❡t❤❡r ❛♥❞ t♦ ✇❤❛t ❡①t❡♥t t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛❞ ❛♥②

❡✛❡❝t✱ ❛r❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s t❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ ✜♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♣r♦♣❡r ❝♦♥t❡①t ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✳

■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦r t❤❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧ t❡①t tr❡❛t♠❡♥t✱ ✐t ✇✐❧❧ ♣r♦✈❡

✉s❡❢✉❧ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ r❡❣✉❧❛r❧② ❛ ❧♦♦❦ ❛t t❤❡ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ ❞♦ss✐❡r ✐♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛ ❙✉ss✐❞✐♦ ♦r

❆✉①✐❧✐❛r② ❇♦♦❦❧❡t✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s②♥♦♣t✐❝ ❝♦❧✉♠♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❛♥❞✇r✐t✐♥❣s ✉s❡❞✳

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5.6 Page 46

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✷ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥

❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳

■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✱ ❛❧s♦ ♥❛♠❡❞ t❤❡ ✏❧♦♥❣✑ ♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ ✐t s❡❡♠s ✉s❡❢✉❧ t♦ ♠❡

t♦ ✜rst ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ str✉❝t✉r❡✳ ■❢ ♥❡❡❞❡❞✱ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥s✉❧t ✐t ❛❣❛✐♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❢r❛♠❡

♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t ✐s ♥♦t ❛❧✇❛②s ❝❧❡❛r❧② ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ str❛✐❣❤t ❛✇❛② s♦ t❤❛t ♦♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❝❧❛✐♠ ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t

str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ✇❛② ♦r ❛♥♦t❤❡r✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ✐s ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤

tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ■ ❤❛✈❡ r❡t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ❙✉ss✐❞✐♦ ♦r ❆✉①✐❧✐❛r② ❇♦♦❦❧❡t ✐♥

❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❉ ✭♣❛❣❡s ✸✲✷✺✮✳

✶✳ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ✉♥✐t ✭♠s✳ ❉✮

✶✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss✿ ✏▼② ❞❡❛r s♦♥s ✐♥ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✑

✶✳✷ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❧❛st✐♥❣ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠

t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②

✶✳✸ ❊①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♥♦t ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❡❛r❧✐❡r

✶✳✹ ❙❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥s ✉r❣✐♥❣ ❤✐♠ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❤✐s ❞❡♣❛rt✉r❡ ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡

✶✳✺ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✐♠♣✉❧s❡s✿ ❝❛❧❧ ❢♦r ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐s✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛s t♦ s❛②

✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱

t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❖r❛t♦r②

✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st✐♥❣ s❝❡♥❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣

r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡

✷✳✶✳✶ ❘❡✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ t❤❛t ❤❡ ✐s ✏❛❧✇❛②s✑ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡♠

✷✳✶✳✷ ❍✐s ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡r✿ ✏❚❤❡ ♣r❛②❡rs ❤✐s ❣♦♦❞ ♠♦t❤❡r ❤❛❞ t❛✉❣❤t ❤✐♠✑

✷✳✶✳✸ ❙❧❡❡♣✐♥❡ss ♦r ❛❜s❡♥t✲♠✐♥❞❡❞♥❡ss ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡rs

✷✳✶✳✹ ❚❤❡ ✏s✐❣❤t✑ t❤❛t ❞✐str❛❝t❡❞ ❤✐♠

✷✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵

✷✳✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❱❛❧❢rè

✷✳✷✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❥♦②❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ✈✐❜r❛♥t r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡

♣❡r✐♦❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵

✷✳✷✳✸ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛❞❡ ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

✷✳✷✳✹ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ✐ts ♠❛✐♥ t❤♦✉❣❤t ❢♦❝✉ss✐♥❣ ♦♥✿ ✏❋❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✭❝❧♦s❡♥❡ss✮

❧❡❛❞s t♦ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜r✐♥❣s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳✑

✷✳✷✳✹✳✶ ❋❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛s ❛ st②❧❡ ♦❢ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❝♦✉rs❡

✯ ❚❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢ ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑✿ t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥

✷✳✷✳✹✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❢r✉✐t ♦❢ ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✿ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡

✷✳✷✳✹✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❢❛✈♦✉r❛❜❧❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ tr✉st ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss

✷✳✸ ❚❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ✶✽✽✹ ✉♥❞❡r ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡

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❆✮ ❚❤❡ ❢✐rst ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❛t r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r

✷✳✸✳✶ ▼❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❝q✉❛✐♥t❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐

✷✳✸✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐st❧❡ss r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r

✷✳✸✳✷✳✶ ❆ ❢❡✇ ❜♦②s ♣❧❛②❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❝❛r❡❢r❡❡ ✇❛② ✭✏✐♥ ❧✐❣❤t✲❤❡❛rt❡❞ ❥♦②✑✮

✷✳✸✳✷✳✷ ◗✉✐t❡ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♦t❤❡rs ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥

✷✳✷✳✸✳✸ ❙♦♠❡ ❜♦②s t❛❦❡ ♣❛rt ✐♥ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❧✐st❧❡ss ✇❛②

✷✳✸✳✸ ❆❢t❡rt❤♦✉❣❤ts ✐♥ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡

✷✳✸✳✸✳✶ ❙♦♠❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❛t ❧✐st❧❡ss♥❡ss ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs

❼ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❛♣❛t❤② ✐♥ r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤♦❧② s❛❝r❛♠❡♥ts

❼ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡✿ ♥❡❣❧❡❝t ♦❢ ❞❡✈♦t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①❡r❝✐s❡s

❼ ❚❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦t ❧✐❦❡ st❛②✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛♥②♠♦r❡

❼ ❚❤❡ ✜r❡ ♦❢ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐s ❞②✐♥❣

❼ ✏■♥❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡✑ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs

❼ ✏❙❡❝r❡t✐✈❡♥❡ss✑

❼ ✏●r✉♠❜❧✐♥❣✑ ❛♥❞ ❝r✐t✐❝✐s♠

✷✳✸✳✸✳✷ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t❛r② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣s ❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r t♦ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♦❢

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✿ ✏❍♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ r❡✲❛♥✐♠❛t❡ ♠② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s ❛❣❛✐♥❄✑

❼ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ r❡♠❡❞② ✐s ✏ ❧✬❛♠♦r❡ ✑ ❬❧♦✈❡✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❪

❼ ❈❧❛r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ❜② ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ✏❛♠♦r❡✑ ✐s ♥♦t

✕ P♦✇❡r❢✉❧ ♣❧❡❛ ♣r♦ ❞♦♠♦ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ♦♥ ❛ ✇r♦♥❣ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛✲

t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏❛♠♦r❡✑

✕ ❘❡♣❧② ❜② ❇✉③③❡tt✐

✕ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣❧❡❛❞s ✐♥ ❢❛✈♦✉r ♦❢ ❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs

❼ ❈❧❛r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✿ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s ❜② ✏ ❛♠♦r❡ ✑✱ t❤❡ ✈❡r②

♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡ ✑

❼ ■♥s✐st❡♥❝❡ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✿ ✏P❧❡❛s❡✱ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤✐s ❢✉rt❤❡r✦✑

❇✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐st❧❡ss r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹

♣✉tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐♠❡❧✐❣❤t

✷✳✹ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❝❡♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞✱ ♥♦✇ ❢♦❝✉ss❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s

✷✳✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✿ ✉r❣❡♥t r❡q✉❡st t♦ ❧♦♦❦ ♠♦r❡ ❝❧♦s❡❧②

✷✳✹✳✷ ❙❤♦rt❝♦♠✐♥❣s ♦❢ ♣r✐❡sts ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ❛t t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡✿

❼ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs

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✕ ❋❡✇ ♣r✐❡sts ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s

✕ ❲❤❡r❡ t❤❡② ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ✇❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❛t t❤❡② ❞✐❞

✕ ❙♦♠❡✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r✐t②✱ ✇❡r❡ ✇❛❧❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛tt✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r

✕ ❖t❤❡rs ✇❡r❡ ✇❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤♦✉t s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ♠✉❝❤ ✐♥t❡r❡st

✕ ❖t❤❡rs ✇❡r❡ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♥❣ ❛t ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡

✕ ❆ r❛r❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✇❛s ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ✇❛r♥✐♥❣s✱ ❜✉t ✐♥ ❛ r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ ✇❛②

✕ ❯♥s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❛tt❡♠♣ts ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts

✷✳✹✳✸ ❑❡② ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✿ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ❛s ✏ ❛♠♦r❡ ✑✱ ❬❛✛❡❝✲

t✐♦♥❛t❡ ❧♦✈❡❪

❼ ❊✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ✈✐❝❡

✈❡rs❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵

✕ ❚❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❦❡② ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✿ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡ ✑ ♠❡❛♥s ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✳

■t ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛♥❞ st✐❧❧ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞✳

✕ ❆♣♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

✕ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦✉t t❤❡ ❧❛st✐♥❣ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

✕ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛r❞❡♥t ❝♦✉♥t❡r✲♣❧❡❛ ❛♥❞ ❜✐tt❡r ❞✐s❛♣♣♦✐♥t♠❡♥t

✕ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❜② ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇

✷✳✹✳✹ ■♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣t✐♥❣ t❤❡ tr❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t

❼ ❚❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ♠❛❧❛✐s❡ ✐s t♦ ❜❡ s✐t✉❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs

❼ ❚❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r ❛s ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs

❼ ✏❯♥✐t② ♦❢ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧✑ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜r❡❛❦❞♦✇♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐str✉st ❜❛rr✐❡r

❼ ❘❡st♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡

✷✳✹✳✺ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❣♦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡

✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑✱ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❦❡②✲✇♦r❞✱ ✐s ✇♦r❦❡❞ ♦✉t

❼ ▼❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②

❼ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st ✏♠❛st❡r ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑

❼ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s ✐❧❧✉str❛t✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❵❜❡✐♥❣ ❧✐tt❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s✬ ❝♦♥s✐st

♦❢

✕ ❚❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡❛❝❤❡r ✇❤♦ ❛❝ts ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

✕ ❚❤❡ t②♣✐❝❛❧ ✏✇♦r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r✑ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❼ P♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ tr✉st

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❼ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡st♦r❡❞ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ str❡♥❣t❤ ❬r❡s✐❧✐❡♥❝❡❪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡✲

s✐❛♥s

✕ ✏②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r s❡❡ ❛♥②♦♥❡ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❤✐s ♦✇♥ ❣❧♦r②✑

✕ ✏②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r s❡❡ ❛♥②♦♥❡ ♣✉♥✐s❤✐♥❣ ♦✉t ✇♦✉♥❞❡❞ s❡❧❢✲❧♦✈❡✑

✕ ✏②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t s❡❡ ❛♥②♦♥❡ ♥❡❣❧❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❥❡❛❧♦✉s②✑

✕ ✏❨♦✉ ✇♦♥✬t ❤❡❛r ♣❡♦♣❧❡ r✉♥♥✐♥❣ ♦t❤❡rs ❞♦✇♥✑

✕ ◆♦❜♦❞② ✏✇✐❧❧ ❧❡t ❤✐s ❤❡❛rt ❜❡ ❝♦♥q✉❡r❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❝r❡❛t✉r❡✑

✕ ✏◆♦ ♦♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥❡❣❧❡❝t ❤✐s ❞✉t②✑ t♦ s❡❡❦ ❤✐s ✏♦✇♥ ❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠❢♦rt✑

✕ ◆♦ ♦♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❢❛✐❧ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❤✉♠❛♥ r❡s♣❡❝t

❼ ❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ r❡✈✐✈❛❧ ♣✉ts t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❜❛❝❦ ♦♥ t❤❡ tr❛❝❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉❧t✐♠❛t❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s

♦❢ t❤❡✐r ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✐t♠❡♥t

✷✳✹✳✻ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❡

♥❡❡❞ t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ✐t ❛❣❛✐♥

❼ ❈♦♠♣❧❛✐♥t ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ❬❜❡tr❛②❛❧❪ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s②st❡♠

✕ ❈♦❧❞ r✉❧❡s ❝❤✐❧❧ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡

✕ ✏❚❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ♠♦✈❡ ❛✇❛② ❢r♦♠✑ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r✉❧❡s

✕ ❚❤❡② ❜❡tr❛② t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✿ ✇❛t❝❤❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡

♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥

❼ ▼♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛rt t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❬r❡❝t♦r❪ ♣❧❛②s ✐♥ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡

♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠

❼ ❇❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t

❼ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts

✕ ❆❜♦✉t ❵s❡❝r❡t✐✈❡♥❡ss✬

✷✳✹✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❦❡②✇♦r❞✿ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ●✳

❇✉③③❡tt✐✬ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t

❼ ✏❚❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡✑

❼ ❆ ✇❡❧❝♦♠✐♥❣✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t❡✱ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧②✱ ✇❛r♠✲❤❡❛rt❡❞✱ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ✐s t❤❡ ❜❡st

❞✐s❤ ❢♦r ❞✐♥♥❡r✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥

✕ ❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦

✕ ✏❚❤❡ ❜❡st ❞✐s❤✑ ✐s ✏ ❤❡❛rt② ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡✑✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡

❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡

✕ ❆ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ❤❛♣♣② ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ r❡✐❣♥

✹✾

5.10 Page 50

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✷✳✺ ❈❧♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏❧♦♥❣✑ ♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ♠❡❛♥t

❢♦r t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts

❼ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❝❧♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥

❈ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝❧♦s❡ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs

✺✵

6 Pages 51-60

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6.1 Page 51

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✸ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ❧❛r❣❡ ♣❛rt

♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❉ ❬✸✲✷✺❪

❉✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✱ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ t♦♣✐❝s

✸✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ✏t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣✑ ♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥

❉ ✭♠s✳ ✮✶❬✸❪

▲♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r② ❜♦♦❦❧❡t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ s②♥♦♣t✐❝ t❛❜❧❡s✱ ♦♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❛t t❤❡

✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✐♥ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❉ ✐s ❛❧♠♦st ✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r

s❡♥t t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ✭❚❡①t ✐♥ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❑✮✳✷ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇r♦t❡ t❤❛t ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧②

❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ■t ✐s ♠✐ss✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❇ ❛♥❞ ❈✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦✈✐s✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦t❡s ❛♥❞

❛ ✜rst ❛tt❡♠♣t ❛t ❡❞✐t✐♥❣ ✭❇✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛tt❡♠♣t ❛t ❡❞✐t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ✭❈ ✮

♠❡❛♥t ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛t t❤❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❖r❛t♦r②✳ ❨❡t ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ r❡❛❝t

❡①t❡♥❞❡❞❧② t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧②

t♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ❤♦✇ ✐t ✇❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r t♦ ❝♦♣② t❤❡♠ ✐♥❛❞✈❡rt❡♥t❧② ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ♦r

❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳

✸✳✶✳✶ ❚❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss✿ ✏▼② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s ✭♦r s♦♥s✮ ✐♥ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✑ ❬✸❪

❘❡❛❞✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❛❞❞r❡ss ❛s ✐t r✉♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ t❤❡

✐♥♥♦❝❡♥t r❡❛❞❡r ♠✐❣❤t s✐♠♣❧② ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ✐t t❤❛t ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ✐t t♦ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✇❡r❡ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❛s ♠✉❝❤ ❵❤✐s s♦♥s✬ ❛s t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❆❝t✉❛❧❧②

t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✇❡r❡ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❤✐s s♦♥s ✐♥ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✳ ■t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛ss✐♥❣

t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐s ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❞❛t❡ ❛s t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡

❜♦②s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ r❡❛❧❧② ❜❡❡♥ s❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡✱ ❞❛t❡❞ ✶✵ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✳ P✳ ❇r❛✐❞♦ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r

t❤♦✉❣❤t ✐t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ✇r✐t❡ t❤❛t t✇♦ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❵❧♦♥❣ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✬ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ❡①✐st✿

❛♥ ✉♥✜♥✐s❤❡❞ ♦♥❡ ✭♠s✳ ❈ ✮ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢✉❧❧② ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t❡ ♦♥❡ ✭♠s✳ ❉✮✳ ❚❤♦s❡ t✇♦ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❤❡

❣♦❡s ♦♥✱ ✇❡r❡ ✈❡r② ❧✐❦❡❧② ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ t✐♠❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✐♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡♠✳✸ ■ s❤❛❧❧

r❡t✉r♥ t♦ t❤✐s ❝❛✉t✐♦✉s❧② ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s✳

✶❚❤❡ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✏s♦♥s✑❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ ❊❞✐tr✐❝❡ ❙✳❉✳❇✳✱

✶✾✾✼✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✺✹✲✷✻✹✳ ❈❢✳ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✺✲✾✹✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s t❤✐s tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ✏▼② ♠♦st

❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ✐♥ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✳✑

✷❚❤❡ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ ❙✉ss✐❞✐♦ ♦r ❆✉①✐❧✐❛r② ❇♦♦❦❧❡t ✐s ❡❞✐t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ■♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ■ r❡❢❡r t♦

t❤❡ t❡①ts ✐♥ t❤✐s ❙✉ss✐❞✐♦ ❜② ✜❣✉r❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❜r❛❝❦❡ts✿ ❡✳❣✳ ❬✼❪✳

✸❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ▲❛ ❧❡tt❡r❛✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✼✳

✺✶

6.2 Page 52

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❇✉t ❛s ✐t ❤❛♣♣❡♥s ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❛s s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛s ✐t ❛♣♣❡❛rs✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❣♦❡s ❜❛❝❦

t♦ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ♦♥❡✿ ✏▼✐❡✐ ❝❛r✐ss✐♠✐ ✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ ✐♥ ●❡sù ❈r✐st♦✑ ✭❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✮ r❡s♣❡❝✲

t✐✈❡❧② ✏▼✐❡✐ ❝❛r✐ss✐♠✐ ✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ ✐♥ ●❡sù ❈✳✑ ✭❧♦♥❣❡r ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✮✳ ❵❋✐❣❧✐✉♦❧♦✬♦r

❵✜❣❧✉♦❧♦✬ ❛r❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉t✐✈❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ✇♦r❞ ❵✜❣❧✐♦✬✳ ■t ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss ♠♦r❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✲

✐❛r✐t②✱ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ♦✉r ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❝✉❧t✉r❡ ✐t ✐s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s

t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉t✐✈❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❧❡tt❡r ✐s tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ❜② ❵s♦♥s✬ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥

❜② ❵❜♦②s✬ t♦ s✉❣❣❡st t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss✳ ❚❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❤✐s ❥♦✈✐❛❧

❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✱ ♦♥❡ ♠❛② ❡✈❡♥ ❡①♣❡❝t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦ ❜❡ ❦❡❡♥

♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❛❞❞r❡ss t♦ ❵❤✐s ❜♦②s✬✱ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ t♦ ❤✐s ❣r♦✇♥✲✉♣ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱

t❤✐s ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ❝❛s❡✳ ❋♦r ②❡❛rs ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥t✐❡s✱ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s

✐♥ ❧❡tt❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐♥st✐t✉t❡s✿ ✏✈♦✐ t✉tt✐ ♠✐❡✐ ❝❛r✐ ✜❣❧✐ ❞✐ ❙✳ ▼❛rt✐♥♦✑✱ ✭t♦

❛❧❧ ♠② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s ♦❢ ❙t ▼❛rt✐♥✮✱ ✏ ❈❛r✳♠✐ ♠✐❡✐ ❛rt✐❣✐❛♥✐ ✑ ✭✏▼② ✈❡r② ❞❡❛r ❛rt✐s❛♥s✑✮✱ ✏ ▼✐❡✐

❝❛r✐ ❛♠✐❝✐ ❉✐r❡tt♦r❡✱ ▼❛❡str✐✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r✐✱ ❆❧❧✐❡✈✐ ✑ ✭▼② ❞❡❛r ❢r✐❡♥❞s ❉✐r❡❝t♦r✱ ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧

t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ♣✉♣✐❧s✑✮ ❛♥❞ ✏▼✐❡✐ ❝❛r✐ ✜❣❧✐ ❞✐ ❙✳ ◆✐❝♦❧❛s✳✑✹

❚❤❡r❡ ✇❛s ❛♥ ❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡s❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s✱ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ t❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ❱✐❧❧❛ ❈♦❧ó♥

✭❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛✮ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✽✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉t✐✈❡✿ ✏❋✐❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ ♠✐❡✐ ❛♠❛t✐ss✐♠✐ ✑

✭✏▼② ✈❡r② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s✑✮✺ ■t ✐s s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ ❤❡r❡ t♦ q✉♦t❡ ❛ q✉✐t❡ r❡❝❡♥t ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P✳ ❇r❛✐❞♦✿

✜❣❧✐ ✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ ✏❚❤❡ t❡r♠s ✏ ✑✱ ✏

✑✱ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ♣❧❛✐♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

✜❡✉❥ r❛❣❛③③✐ P✐❡♠♦♥t❡s❡ ❞✐❛❧❡❝t ✇♦r❞ ✏

✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ s✐♠♣❧② ♠❡❛♥s ✏

✑ ✭❜♦②s✮ ✐♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❝♦♥t❡①ts✳

■♥ t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r② r❡❝t♦r t❤❡s❡ ✇♦r❞s ❛r❡ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ ❜② ❛ ✈❡r②

s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♥✉❛♥❝❡✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ♦❢ ❛ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❢❛t❤❡r❤♦♦❞

✈✐s✲à✲✈✐s t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✑ ✻

■♥ t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥t✐❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❛②✳ ■♥ ✶✽✼✹

✜❣❧✐ ❤❡ ✉s❡❞ ✏❚♦ t❤❡ ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ s♦♥s ✭❵ ✬✮ ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✑✱ ❜✉t ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡①t ✐ts❡❧❢✿ ✏❉❡❛r

✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ s♦♥s ✭

✮✳✑ ◆❡①t✿ ✏❚♦ ♠② ❞❡❛r s♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ♦❢✳ ✳ ✳ ✑✱ ✏▼② ❞❡❛r ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥

s♦♥s✑✱ ✏▼♦st ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ s♦♥s ✐♥ ❏✳❈✳✑ ❍✐s ✏▼❡♠♦✐rs✑ ✭▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬ ❖r❛t♦r✐♦✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡

♣r♦❜❛❜❧② st❛rt❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✸✱ ✇❡r❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ❛♥❞ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r ❤✐s ✏✈❡r② ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ s♦♥s ✭✏♣❡✬ ♠✐❡✐ ❝❛r✐ss✐♠✐ ✜❣❧✐ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥✐ ✑✮✳✑ ❆ ❢❡✇ ❧✐♥❡s ❞♦✇♥ ✐t s✐♠♣❧② s❛②s ✏♠✐❡✐

✜❣❧✐ ✑✱ ♠② s♦♥s✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ✇❛s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✳ ❙t✐❧❧ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✽ ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲❛t✐♥ ❧❡tt❡r

✜❣❧✐ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❋✐rst ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✱ ✐t s❛②s✿ ✏▼♦st ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ s♦♥s✑ ✭✏

✑✮✳✼ ❈♦♥tr❛r② t♦ t❤✐s✱

✹❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ ◗✉❛rt♦✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✾✻✱✷✵✽ ❛♥❞ ❊ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✺❀ ❊ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✾✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡

❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✹✲✸✳

✺❊ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✵✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s ✇❡❧❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ✏❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ❢r♦♠

✶✽✼✼✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❝❤✉r❝❤✱ ❞❡❛r s♦♥s ✭✏ ♦ ❝❛r✐ ✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐✑✮ ✐s t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ♦❢ ●♦❞✳✑ ❈❢✳

❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✻✵❪✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦♥❣ st♦r② ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ✐♥ ▼❛② ✶✽✻✽ ✇❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ❛s❦❡❞

t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❲❤❛t ❛♠ ■ s✉♣♣♦s❡❞ t♦ t❡❧❧ ♠② ❜♦②s ✭❛✐ ♠✐❡✐ ✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐✮ t♦ ✐♥st✐❧ r❡✈✉❧s✐♦♥ ❢♦r ✐t ✐♥t♦

t❤❡♠❄✑ ✭❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ ♣r✐♠♦✱ ♣✳ ✹✺✷✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✹❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✽✸ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✏s♦♥s✑✳ ■t

✐s ❛ ♣✐t② ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ♠✐ss✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✶✽✽✹ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇r♦t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡ t♦ ❋r ❋❡❜r❛r♦

❛♥❞ ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✹t❤ ❛♥❞ ✺t❤ ②❡❛r ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧✱ ♣✉♣✐❧s ✇❤♦ ✇❡r❡ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛♣♣❧❡s

♦❢ ❤✐s ❡②❡✳ ✭▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✼✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ✺✼✱ t❡①t ❛♥❞ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✹✳✮

✻❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✷✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✼✳

✼❚❤❡ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈❡❧② ❝♦♠❡ ❢r♦♠✿ ❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✶✸❀ ✶✼✽❀ ✷✶✺❀ ✷✺✺✳

❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱

▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦ ❞✐ ❙✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s♦ ❞✐ ❙❛❧❡s ❞❛❧ ✶✽✶✺ ❛❧ ✶✽✺✺✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ ▲❆❙✱ ✶✾✾✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✵✴✶✸ ❛♥❞ ♣✳

✸✵✴✶✽✲✶✾✳ ❊ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✹✳ ❈❢✳ ❇❖❙❈❖ ●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦✐rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ♦❢ ❙❛✐♥t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ❢r♦♠

✶✽✶✺ t♦ ✶✽✺✺✱ tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ❜② ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ▲②♦♥s✱ ❙❉❇✱ ◆❡✇ ❘♦❝❤❡❧❧❡✱ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✱ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ P✉❜❧✐s❤❡rs✱ ✷✵✵✼✱

♣✳ ✸✵✳

✺✷

6.3 Page 53

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✐❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ ✐t ❛❧r❡❛❞② s❛②s ✐♥ ✶✽✼✹ ✏❚♦ ♠② ♠♦st ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ s♦♥s ✭✏❢

✑✮ r❡❝t♦rs ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ✽

❆s ❧❛t❡ ❛s t❤❡ ❡✐❣❤t✐❡s t❤❡ s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ✇❛s r❡❛❧❧② ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t✳ ❙♦ ✐t s❛②s ✐♥ t❤❡

✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ ♥❡✇ ②❡❛r✬s ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✻ ✶✽✽✹✿ ✏▼② ❞❡❛r ❛♥❞ ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ s♦♥s✑ ✭❵

✬✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s

r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❧❡tt❡r✳ ❲❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s ✐♥ ❛ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢

❤✐s ✏▼❡♠♦✐rs✑✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✏s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ t❡st❛♠❡♥t✑ ✭✶✽✽✹✲✺✲✻✮✳ ❚✇✐❝❡ ✐♥ s✉❝❝❡ss✐♦♥ ✐t

✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ s❛②s✿ ✏❚♦ ❛❧❧ ♠② ❞❡❛r s♦♥s ✭❵

✬✮ ✐♥ ●✳❈✳✑ ❛♥❞ ✏▼② ❞❡❛r ❛♥❞ ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ s♦♥s ✐♥ ●✳❈✳✑ ✾

❋❛✐r ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s t♦ st❛t❡ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ t❡st❛♠❡♥t ❤❛❞ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ②❡t

✐♥ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✳

❚♦ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t❤✐s ❛❞❞r❡ss ✇❛s ♥♦t ✉♥✉s✉❛❧ ❛t ❛❧❧✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ♥♦t ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦♥✲

❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❍❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡✱ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♦❢ ▲❛♥③♦

❝❛r✐ ✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ ♦♥ ✶✽ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✻✽✿ ✏▼② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s ✭❵

✬✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲❛♥③♦ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡✳✑ ❍❡ ❛❧s♦ ✉s❡❞ ✐t ✐♥

❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ❋r ❘✉❛ ♦♥ ✷✸ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✽✹✿ ✏❍❡ ✭❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✮ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♥❣r❡❣❛✲

t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❛tt❡rs✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ ❛♥② t✐♠❡ ❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ❤❡ ❧♦✈❡s ✉s ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ♠❛♥② s❛❝r✐✜❝❡s ❛♥❞

✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ ❤✉♠✐❧✐❛t✐♦♥s ❤❡ ❜❡❛rs ❢♦r ❤✐s s♦♥s ✭❵

✬✮✳✑ ✶✵ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ❤❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡

♠❡❛♥t ❤✐s ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ❛t t❤❛t t✐♠❡✳ ❙♦ t❤✐s ❛❞❞r❡ss ✇❛s ♣❡r❢❡❝t❧②

❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜❧❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛s ✇❡❧❧✱ ❡✈❡♥ t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐t ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ ♦♥❧② ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ◆❡✇ ❨❡❛r✬s

❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✶✽✽✹ ❛♥❞ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ❧❡tt❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❧❡tt❡rs ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥❡✈❡r

❜❡ ✉♥❞❡r❡st✐♠❛t❡❞✳

❚♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ✐t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s❡♥t ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❧② ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❧❡tt❡r

❞❛t❡❞ ✷✸ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✽✹ t♦ ●✳ ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s st❛② ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✳ ❍❡ ❣❛✈❡ ❤✐♠ t❤❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✿

✏t♦ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡ t♦ ♦✉r ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✭❵❛♠❛t✐ ❝♦♥❢r❛t❡❧❧✐ ✬✮ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡

✭❵❝❛r✐ ✜❣❧✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❝❛s❛✬✮✳✑ ✶✶ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤♦s❡ r❛t❤❡r s✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t t✇✐❝❡

❝♦♥❢r❛t❡❧❧✐ ♠❡❛♥ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱ ❜✉t ❜♦t❤ ❣r♦✉♣s✿ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ✭

✮ ❛♥❞ ♦♥

✜❣❧✐ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✭ ✮✳

❆♥②✇❛②✱ ❝♦♣②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥

✐t❡♠ ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❝♦♠❡ ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❧✉❡✳ ❊✈❡♥ ❛ ❞❡t❛✐❧ s✉❝❤ ❛s

t❤❡ ❛❜❜r❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ❵✐♥ ●✳❈✳✬ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s s❡❡♠s ✈❡r②

✉s✉❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❛❞❞r❡ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ♠❛② ❧♦♦❦

❛ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❧❡ss ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r❞✐♥❛r②✱ ❜✉t ✐s ♥♦t r❡❛❧❧② ❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡

s♦ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤

❝♦♥t❡①t t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✇❛s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t

✽❊ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✷✷✳ ■t ❣♦❡s ❡✈❡♥ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❜❛❝❦ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♣❛st✱ ❡✳❣✳ ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✷✸ ❏✉❧② ✶✽✻✶✿ ✏ ●✐♦✈❛♥✐ ♠✐❡✐ ❡

✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ ❝❛r✐ss✐♠✐✑✱ r❛t❤❡r ❛❞❞r❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✇✐t❤ ✏ ✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐✑ ✭▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✾✾✵✲✾✾✶❀ ❊▼❇

❱■✱ ♣✳ ✺✾✺ ✭✏▼② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ s♦♥s✳✑✮

✾❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ ◗✉❛rt♦✱ ♣✳ ✸✺✽✳ ✏❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❍♦✉s❡s✑ ✐♥ ❊ ■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✵✶✲✷✵✷✳ ▼❇

❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✸✾✲✹✹✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✻✽✲✸✻✾ ✭❜♦t❤ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ❛♥❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✮✳ ❚❤❡ ◆❡✇

❨❡❛r✬s ❧❡tt❡r ✐♥ ❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✽❀ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳✶✺✲✶✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶ ✭✏❉❡❛r ❛♥❞ ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥✑ ✐s

♥♦ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛s t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ✐s ❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ♦♥❧②✳✮ ❚❤❡ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ t❡st❛♠❡♥t ✐♥

❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✾✴✶✽✼ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✹✶✵✴✶✾✵✳ ❈❢✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✼✱ ♦♥❧②

♦♥❝❡✳

✶✵❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ▲❛ ❧❡tt❡r❛✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✸❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳✻✽✿ ✏▼② ❞❡❛r s♦♥s✑ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡✿

✏▼② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ✐♥ ▲❛♥③♦✑✳ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ ✐t ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ✶✽✼✺

✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✲❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘❖●❊▲■❖✱ ❉♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛ttr❛✈❡rs♦ ✷✵ ❧❡tt❡r❡ ❛

❉♦♥ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❡ ❘✉❛✱ ❘❙❙✳✱ ❆♥♥♦ ❱■■✱ ♥♦ ✶ ✭✶✷✮ ✶✾✽✽✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✼✴✸✼✮

✶✶❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✻✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✺✲✶✶✻✳ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✾✺✳

✺✸

6.4 Page 54

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❛s♣❡❝t✳ ❚❤♦s❡ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ❛r❡ t❛♥❣✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ♠❡❛♥t

❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛❝❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❛② t❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡

♦❢ ❞❡t❛✐❧ ❬●❡sù ❈✳ ✈❡rs✉s ●❡sù ❈r✐st♦❪ s✉✐t❡❞ ❜♦t❤ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳

✸✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❧❛st✐♥❣

❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❬✸❪

❉❡s♣✐t❡ ❤✐s ✇♦rr②✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ♣✐t✐❢✉❧ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧t❤✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❧❡❢t ❢♦r ❋r❛♥❝❡ ♦♥

▼❛r❝❤ ✶ ✶✽✽✹ ❛♥❞ tr❛✈❡❧❧❡❞ ♦♥ t♦ ❘♦♠❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❆♣r✐❧✳ ❙♦ ❜② ❤❛❧❢✇❛② t❤r♦✉❣❤

▼❛② ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜s❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❢♦r ❛❜♦✉t t✇♦ ♠♦♥t❤s✳

❚❤❛t ✇❛s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ❧♦♥❣ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ ❢❡❡❧ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤r♦✉❣❤

❛ ❧❡tt❡r ❛♥❞ t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss t❤❡ ❞❡s✐r❡ t♦ ❜❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ r❡❛❧✐t② ❛s ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❞♦♥❡ ♦♥ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s

♣❡r✐♦❞s ♦❢ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡✱ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ s♦ t❤❛♥ ♦♥ ♦t❤❡r ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥s✳ ■t ✇❛s ✏❛ ❧♦♥❣ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t✐♠❡

♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛✇❛② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡♠✑ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛♥ ❛❧❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✐ts ❧♦♥❣ ❧❛st✐♥❣✱ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✱ ❛s

❤❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞♦ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ❧❡tt❡rs ❛♥❞ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤ts✱ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❛ss✉r❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❤❡ ✇❛s ♦❢t❡♥✱

❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ✏❛❧✇❛②s t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣✑ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❛s ❤❡ st❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❙♦ ❤❛❞ ❤❡

❜❡❡♥ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♥❣ ✐t ❢♦r ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ②❡❛rs t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✇❤♦ st❛②❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥

✶✽✼✵✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡ t♦ ❋r ❘✉❛✿ ✏❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ■ ❛♠

❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ❬♥♦t❪ ♦♥❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❛♥❞ ♦✉r ❜♦②s ❤❡r❡ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✱ ♠② t❤♦✉❣❤ts st✐❧❧ ❦❡❡♣

✢②✐♥❣ t♦ ✇❤❡r❡ ■ ❝❤❡r✐s❤ ♠② tr❡❛s✉r❡ ✐♥ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✱ ♠② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳✑ ✶✷ ■t

✐s s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛❞ ❞♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✇❛s r❡❝t♦r ❛t ▲❛♥③♦✳✶✸

❋♦r t❤❛t t❤♦✉❣❤t ❛♥❞ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❡✈❡♥ ♥❡❡❞ t❤❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ♦r t❤❡ ✇✐s❤ ♦❢ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✳ ❍❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ✐♠♣❡rs♦♥❛t❡ ❡✛♦rt❧❡ss❧② t❤❡ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✉s✐♥❣

t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❡rs♦♥✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❤❛r♠♦♥② ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ♦✇♥ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s ✐♥

s✉❝❤ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s✳

❙✐♠✐❧❛r ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ❛❜♦✉t ❧♦♥❣ ❧❛st✐♥❣ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛rs t♦ t❤❡

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛❜♦✉t ✏❛❧✇❛②s t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢

✷✸ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✽✹ ✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏❊✈❡r② ♠♦♠❡♥t ✇❡ ♠❛② ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ❤❡

❧♦✈❡s ✉s✳✑ ✶✹ ✏❊✈❡r② ♠♦♠❡♥t✑ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s♦✉♥❞ ❧❡ss ✐♥t❡♥s❡ t❤❛♥ ✏❛❧✇❛②s✑ ✐♥ ❤✐s

♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❞❛②s ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✭✶✻ ❆♣r✐❧✮✿ ✏❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝❤❡r✐s❤❡s ❛❧❧ ♦❢

t❤❡♠ ❬t❤❡ ❜♦②s❪ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ✐s ❛❧✇❛②s ♣r❛②✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡♠✳✑ ✶✺ ✏■ ❛♠ ❛❧✇❛②s t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣

✶✷❊ ✭♠✮ ✈♦❧✳ t❡r③♦✱ ♣✳✶✻✾✴✸✲✺✳ ❈❢✳ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ❢r♦♠ ✭♣r♦❜❛❜❧②✮ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✽✼✷✿ ✏❚❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t ♠② ✐❧❧♥❡ss

❬✐♥ ❱❛r❛③③❡❪ ■ ✇❛s ❛❧✇❛②s ❤❡r❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ ②♦✉ ✐♥ ♠② t❤♦✉❣❤ts✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤❡r❡ ■ t❛❧❦❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t ②♦✉ ❞❛② ❛♥❞

♥✐❣❤t✱ ❛t ❛❧❧ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t✐♠❡s✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❛❧❧ ♠② ❤❡❛rt ✇❛s ❤❡r❡ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉✳ ❊✈❡♥ ✇❤❡♥ ■ ❞r❡❛♠❡❞✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳✱

♣♣✳ ✹✺✲✹✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✮ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡ ✐♥ ❛ s❤♦rt t❛❧❦ ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✼✽✿ ✏❇✉t t❤♦✉❣❤ ■

❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝♦♠❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❧②✱ ♠② ♠✐♥❞ ✇❛s ❛❧✇❛②s ❤❡r❡ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✼✺✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✼✼✱

r❡✲tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞✮✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s❡♠❜❧❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s ♣❛ss❛❣❡ ✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② str✐❦✐♥❣✳

✶✸❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ▲❛ ❧❡tt❡r❛✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✳ ❙❡❡ ❛❧s♦ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳

✷✼✲✷✾❀ ✸✹❀ ✸✼✲✸✽ ❛♥❞ ❏✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✭■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✮ ❛❜♦✉t s✐♠✐❧❛r ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❧❡tt❡rs ❛♥❞

❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ t❛❧❦s✳

✶✹❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✵✳ ❙❡❡ ❛❧s♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛❞❞r❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❛♥❞ ♥♦✈✐❝❡s t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣

♦❢ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✼✽✿ ✏❚❤♦✉❣❤ ■ r❡❧❡♥t❧❡ss❧② ❬❞❛② ❛♥❞ ♥✐❣❤t❪ ❢♦st❡r ②♦✉r ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣✱ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤✐s r❡tr❡❛t ■ ✇✐❧❧

❣✐✈❡ ♠②s❡❧❢ t♦t❛❧❧② t♦ ②♦✉r s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❣♦♦❞✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✼✺✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✼✽✮

✶✺❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✲❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱ ❉♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✵✴✷✸✲✷✹✳

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6.5 Page 55

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♦❢ ②♦✉✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❛♣♣❡❛r ❛♥ ❡①❛❣❣❡r❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡

❛❞✉❧ts ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ✇❛s q✉✐t❡ ❛❝❝❡♣t❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❡♠♣❧♦②✳

❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ r❡❛s♦♥s ✇❤② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❦❡♣t t❤❡ ❜♦②s s♦ ✐♥t❡♥s❡❧② ✐♥ ❤✐s t❤♦✉❣❤ts ✐s

❤✐s ❞❡❡♣ ✏✇✐s❤ t♦ s❡❡ t❤❡♠ ❤❛♣♣②✳✑ ❍✐s ❧✐❢❡ ✇❛s ❞❡✈♦t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss ✏❜♦t❤ ✐♥ t❤✐s

✇♦r❧❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t✳✑ ■t ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ❞❡s✐r❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡❡♥ ♦♣❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❢r❛♥❦

❛❜♦✉t s✐♥❝❡ ✶✽✹✼ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ♦❢ ♣r❛②❡rs ❛♥❞ ♠❡❞✐t❛t✐♦♥s✿ ■❧ ❣✐♦✈❛♥❡

♣r♦✈✈❡❞✉t♦✳ ■♥ ❤✐s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏■ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ s❤♦rt ❛♥❞ ❡❛s② ✇❛② ♦❢ ❧✐❢❡ t♦ ②♦✉✱

❜✉t ✐t ✇✐❧❧ s✉✣❝❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❝♦♠❢♦rt ❢♦r ②♦✉r ♣❛r❡♥ts ❛♥❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ❤♦♥♦✉r ❢♦r ②♦✉r ❝♦✉♥tr②✱

✭❛♥❞✮ t♦ ❜❡ ❣♦♦❞ ❝✐t✐③❡♥s ♦♥ ❡❛rt❤ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ t✐♠❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❤❛♣♣② r❡s✐❞❡♥ts ♦❢ ❤❡❛✈❡♥✑ ✶✻✱ ✐♥

♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s t♦ ❜❡ ❢♦r❡✈❡r ❤❛♣♣② ✏✐♥ t❤✐s t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❡t❡r♥✐t②✑✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ✇♦✉❧❞ r❡s✉❧t

✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠♦tt♦✿ ✏❋♦r♠ ❣♦♦❞ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s ❛♥❞ ✉♣r✐❣❤t ❝✐t✐③❡♥s✳✑ ✶✼

❚❤❡ t❛♥❣✐❜❧❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡t❡r♥❛❧ ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss ✐♥ ❡✈❡r②❞❛② ❧✐❢❡ ✐s ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ✐♥

❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✶✽✻✹✿ ✏❆❧❧ t❤✐s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s t❤❡ s♦✉❧✳ ■s t❤❡r❡ ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ t❤❡♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦❞②❄✳ ✳ ✳ ❙♦

♥♦✇ ■ ❛s❦ ❋❛t❤❡r Pr❡❢❡❝t t♦ s❡❡ t♦ ✐t t❤❛t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♥✐❝❡ ❞❛② ❛♥❞✱ ✇❡❛t❤❡r ♣❡r♠✐tt✐♥❣✱ ✇❡

s❤❛❧❧ t❛❦❡ ❛ ✇❛❧❦ t♦❣❡t❤❡r✳✑ ✶✽ ■❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡❝t ❣♦t ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ t❤❡♥✱ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❤❛✈❡

t❛❦❡♥ ❤✐s t❛s❦ t♦ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ ✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛ ❢❡st✐✈❡ t❛❜❧❡✳

❖♥❧② ❛s r❡❝❡♥t❧② ❛s ✐♥ ❛ ♥❡✇ ②❡❛r✬s ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ❤✐s ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❞❛t❡❞ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✻ ✶✽✽✹ ❤❛❞ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏♥♦✇ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❡t❡r♥✐t②✑ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡♠♣❤❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ✇❛②✿ ✏❑❡❡♣

♦✉r ❘✉❧❡s✱ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s t❤❛t ❍♦❧② ▼♦t❤❡r ❈❤✉r❝❤ ❞❡✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ❛♣♣r♦✈❡ ❢♦r ♦✉r ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞

t❤❡ ✇❡❧❢❛r❡ ♦❢ ♦✉r s♦✉❧s✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✇❡❧❢❛r❡ ♦❢ ♦✉r ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ ♣✉♣✐❧s✳✑ ✶✾

■t ✇❛s ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❣r❡❛t❧② ✐♠♣r❡ss❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❝❧♦s❡st ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t♦rs✱

✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳ ❙t✐❧❧✱ t❤❡ ❞✐st✐♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❞❡♥✐❡❞✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❜♦t❤ ❛s♣❡❝ts

❛r❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞❀ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ♦♥❧② ✏t❤❡ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✉❧✳✑

■♥ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ❡②❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❞❡s✐r❡ t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss ✏♥♦✇

❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❡t❡r♥✐t②✑ ✕ ❛❧s♦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✕ ✇❛s ♥♦ ❧❡ss str♦♥❣ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ❢♦r ❤✐s ✇r✐tt❡♥

❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤✐s t❤♦✉❣❤t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡

✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳

✸✳✶✳✸ ❊①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♥♦t ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❡❛r❧✐❡r ❬✸❪

✏❇✉t✱✑ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ t❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡✱ ♠✐❣❤t ♦❜❥❡❝t✱ ✏❞✐❞ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ t♦

✇r✐t❡ ❥✉st ❜❡❢♦r❡ ②♦✉r r❡t✉r♥❄ ❈♦✉❧❞♥✬t ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ s❛✐❞ t❤✐♥❣s ❜❡tt❡r ✉♣♦♥ ②♦✉r ❛rr✐✈❛❧

❜❛❝❦ ❤♦♠❡❄✑ ❚❤❡ ✇r✐t❡r ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❛♥t✐❝✐♣❛t❡ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ■♥

❛♥② ❝❛s❡ ✐t ✐s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❧✐❦❡❞ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ ✏❛ ✇❡❡❦ ❛❣♦✑✱

❜✉t ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ❣♦t ❞♦✇♥ t♦ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✏♣r❡✈❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✇♦r❦✳✑

❋r♦♠ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ t♦ ❋r ❘✉❛ ♦♥ ▼❛② ✻ ✶✽✽✹ ✐t ❜❡❝♦♠❡s q✉✐t❡ ❝❧❡❛r t❤❛t ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ✏✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❧✐❦❡❞ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ t❤❡s❡ ❢❡✇ ❧✐♥❡s✑ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✏❛ ✇❡❡❦ ❛❣♦✑✳ ❆s ❛ ✜❢t❤

✐t❡♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❧❡tt❡r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏❋✐♥❛❧❧② ■ ✐♥❢♦r♠ ②♦✉ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐s ♣r❡♣❛r✐♥❣ ❛

✶✻❖❊ ■■ ❬✶✽✼❪

✶✼❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✽✹ ❉♦❡❧st❡❧❧✐♥❣❡♥ ✈❛♥ ♦♣✈♦❡❞✐♥❣ ❡♥ ♦♣❧❡✐❞✐♥❣ ❣❡✈❛t ✐♥ ❡❡♥ ❦❡r♥❛❝❤t✐❣ ♠♦tt♦✱

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✱ ♥r✳ ✶✶✱ ✶✾✾✽✳

✶✽❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ s❡❝♦♥❞♦✱ ♣✳ ✺✾✳ ▼❇ ❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✼✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✷✳ ❙❡❡ ❛❧s♦ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢

❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✳

✶✾❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✾✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✳

✺✺

6.6 Page 56

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❧❡tt❡r ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ t♦ ❤✐s ❜♦②s✳ ❍❡ ✇❛♥ts t♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♥✐❝❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ts

❣✐♦✈❛♥✐ t♦ ❤✐s ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ s♦♥s✳✷✵ ■t ✐s ✇♦rt❤✇❤✐❧❡ ♥♦t✐❝✐♥❣ ✏❜♦②s✑ ❬✏

✑ ❪ ❛♥❞ ✏❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ s♦♥s✑

❬✏ ❛♠❛t✐ss✐♠✐ ✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐✑ ❪ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡ t❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❤❡❞s ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥

✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏

✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✳ ■t

♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ♦✛❡rs t❤❡ ❜❡st ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐ts ✉s❡ ✐♥ t❤❛t ❧❡tt❡r✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ✇❛s

♠♦st ❧✐❦❡❧② ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❜② t❤❡ s❡❝r❡t❛r②✱ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ✐t ❧❡❛✈❡s ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❛s

t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✇✐s❤ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ❤✐s ❜♦②s ♦♥❧②✳

❚❤❡r❡ ✐s t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② t♦♦✱ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡❛❧✐③❡❞ t❤❛t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣♦♦r

❤❡❛❧t❤ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✉♣♦♥ ❤✐s ❛rr✐✈❛❧ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥

♦r❛❧❧② ✇❤❛t ✇❡♥t ♦♥ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ ♠✐♥❞✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛❞❡ ❤✐♠ ❞❡s♣❡r❛t❡❧② ✇❛♥t t♦ ✇r✐t❡✳

❋r ❈❡r✐❛ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ r❡❧❛t❡s t❤❛t ✏❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r t❛❧❦❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛❢t❡r

❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡rs❀ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❦❡♣t ♦♥ t❛❧❦✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ❤✐♠✳✑ ✷✶

❇ ❈ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛♥❞ ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ✇❡r❡ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦r ❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r st❛② ✐♥

❘♦♠❡✳ ❆♥ ✐♥t❡r✈✐❡✇ ❜② t❤❡ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❘♦♠❡ ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ tr✐❣❣❡r❡❞ ✐t

♦✛✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✈✐❡✇ ✇❛s ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ♦♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✺ ✶✽✽✹✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❥♦✉r♥❛❧✐st✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥s ✇❛s✿

✏❲♦✉❧❞ ②♦✉ ♣❧❡❛s❡ t❡❧❧ ♠❡ ✇❤❛t ②♦✉r ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s②st❡♠ ✐s❄✑ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❛♥s✇❡r❡❞✿

✏■t ✐s ✈❡r② s✐♠♣❧❡✿ ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❡♥t✐r❡ ❢r❡❡❞♦♠ t♦ ❞♦ ✇❤❛t❡✈❡r t❤❡② ♠♦st ❧✐❦❡ ❞♦✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡

s❡❝r❡t ❧✐❡s ✐♥ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❡❞s ♦❢ t❤❡✐r t❛❧❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ t❤❡♠✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛r❡

❤❛♣♣② ❞♦✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t t❤❡② ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❞♦✱ ■ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ t❤✐s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ s♦ t❤❛t ❛❧❧ ♠② ♣✉♣✐❧s

❛r❡ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❞✉str✐♦✉s♥❡ss✱ ❜✉t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❧♦✈❡✳ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t

✐♥✢✐❝t❡❞ ❛♥② ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❢♦rt②✲s✐① ②❡❛rs ❛♥❞ ■ ❞❛r❡ s❛② t❤❛t ♠② ♣✉♣✐❧s ❛r❡ ❛❧❧ ✈❡r② ❢♦♥❞

♦❢ ♠❡✳✑ ✷✷ ■t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s t❤♦✉❣❤ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ ❛ s❧✐❣❤t❧② ❛❞❛♣t❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❡❛r ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt

♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✐♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t ✐s ✐♥t❡r✇♦✈❡♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

✜rst ❛❢t❡r ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❛rr✐✈❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤✉s ♦✛❡rs ❛ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ t♦ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳ ❆t ❛♥②

r❛t❡ ❤❡ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♣❛♣❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ✜rst ♥♦t❡s ❛♥❞ ❛ ✜rst ❞r❛❢t ♦❢ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦

❆ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❛s ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ❢♦r ❤✐s ❜r✐❡❢ ♥♦t❡s ✭♠s✳ ✮

❑ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ tr❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥② ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢

✇r✐t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✉s② ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛♥❞

❋r ❘✉❛ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ❞❛②s✳

❚❤❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✏❝♦♥st❛♥t ✇♦r❦✑ ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛t❤❡r ❧❛t❡ ❧❡tt❡r✳

❏✉st❧② s♦✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t t❤❛t t✇♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦tt❡r② ❛♥❞

♦❜t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❈❤✉r❝❤ ❢♦r ❤✐s ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣✐❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❜♦t❤❡r❡❞

❤✐♠✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ❤✐s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❛rr✐✈❡❞ ♦♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✹✱ ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞

t♦ s♣❡❡❞ ✉♣ ♠❛tt❡rs ❛♥❞ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ s♣♦t✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛❢t❡r ❤✐s ❛rr✐✈❛❧ t❤✐♥❣s

❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♣r♦❝❡❡❞ s♠♦♦t❤❧②✳

❇❡❢♦r❡ ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❝♦♠♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ s❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r

✷✵❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✲❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱ ❉♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ✱ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✳✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✹✴✶✸✲✶✺✳

✷✶▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✳

✷✷▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✺✲✽✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✹✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣❛♣❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❛♥❞

♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤✱ s❡❡ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ▲❛ ✱ ❧❡tt❡r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ♣♣✳ ✶✺✲✶✻ ❛♥❞ ♣♣✳ ✷✷✲✷✸✳ ❚❤❡

t❡①ts t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ✐❜✐❞❡♠✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✺✲✸✻❀ ✸✼✲✹✵✳ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❇ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❢r♦♠ ♣✳

✶✵ ✉♣ t♦ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ♣✳ ✷✵ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❢r♦♠ ♣✳ ✸ ✉♣ t♦ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ♣✳

✷✺✱ ❜♦t❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙✉ss✐❞✐♦ ♦r ❆✉①✐❧✐❛r② ✳ ❇♦♦❦❧❡t

✺✻

6.7 Page 57

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❈❤❛♣t❡r✿ ✏❚❤✐s ❧♦tt❡r② ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♠② s❝♦✉r❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t t♦r♠❡♥t ♦♥ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ♦❢

t❤❡ ❧❛③✐♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥ ❝❤❛r❣❡ ❬✐♥ ❘♦♠❡❪✳✑ ❆♥❞ ✏✐❢ t❤❡ ❛❞✈♦❝❛t❡s r❡❛❧❧② t♦♦❦ t❤❡

♠❛tt❡r s❡r✐♦✉s❧② t♦ ❤❡❛rt✱ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ t❤♦✉❣❤t ❤✐s ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❣❡t t❤✐♥❣s ❣♦✐♥❣ ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛

✇❛② ❛s t♦ ❞r❛✇ ♣r♦✜t ❜② s❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✶✵✵✱✵✵✵ t✐❝❦❡ts✳✑ ✷✸ ❯♣♦♥ ❤✐s ❛rr✐✈❛❧ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✱ ❤❡ r✉s❤❡❞

✏t♦ ❣❡t t❤✐♥❣s ❣♦✐♥❣✑ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ t✇♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ❆s ❢❛r ❛s t❤❡ ❧♦tt❡r② ✇❛s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✱

❤❡ q✉✐❝❦❧② ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ✇❡r❡ t♦♦ ❜✉s②✱ ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ✉♣ t♦ ✐t ❛♥❞ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t

❡①♣❡❝t ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧♦tt❡r② ❡✐t❤❡r✳ ❚❤❡② t♦❧❞ ❤✐♠✱ ❛s ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇r✐t❡s t♦ ❋r

❘✉❛ ♦♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✻ ✏t❤❛t t❤❡ s❛❧❡s ♦❢ ❧♦tt❡r② t✐❝❦❡ts ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ②✐❡❧❞ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣✳ ■t

❞r♦✈❡ ❤✐♠ ♠❛❞✳✑ ✷✹ ❆❢t❡r s♦♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢♦✉♥❞ ♥♦ ❜❡tt❡r s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t❤❛♥ ❝❛❧❧✐♥❣ ♦♥

t❤❡ ❝♦❛❞❥✉t♦r ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❢r♦♠ ❚✉r✐♥ t♦ ❝♦♠❡ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ t❛❦❡ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧

s✐❞❡ ♦❢ t❤✐♥❣s✳

■♥ s♣✐t❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡❞ ❋r ❘✉❛ ♦♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✹ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❧♦tt❡r② ♠❛tt❡r

✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛ ❧♦♥❣ t❡r♠ ❛✛❛✐r✳ ❆ ❢❡✇ ❞❛②s ❧❛t❡r ❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❈❛t❤♦❧✐❝s ♦♥ t❤❡

❜♦❛r❞ ✇❡r❡ t❤✇❛rt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✳ ❍❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ ❜✐tt❡r❧② ❛♥❞ ✐r♦♥✐❝❛❧❧②✿ ✏❆s ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡

t❤❡ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ♦❢ ❞❛r❦♥❡ss ♠❛② ❣✐✈❡ ✉s t❤❡ ❤❡❧♣ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ♦❢ ❧✐❣❤t r❡❢✉s❡ ✉s✳✑

❊✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧② ♦♥ ▼❛② ✾ ✏t❤❡ ♦✣❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✑ ❝❛♠❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❛t ✏t❤❡ ♠❛②♦r ♦❢

❘♦♠❡ ❤❛❞ ❢♦r♠❛❧❧② s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ t❤❡ r❡q✉❡st t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡ ❛ ❧♦tt❡r② t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡❝t✳✑ ✷✺ ❚❤❛t

❧♦♦❦❡❞ ❧✐❦❡ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t st❡♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣❡s ✇❛s t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❛♥ ❡t❡r♥❛❧ ♦♥❡ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣

t♦ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ t♦✉❣❤ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♠❛tt❡r✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢

t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♦♣♣♦♥❡♥ts ✇❛s ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧ ❋❡rr✐❡r✐✳ ❖♥❡ ❞❛② t❤❡ ✜❧❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ♠❛✐❧❡❞

✐♥ ❏❛♥✉❛r②✱ ✇❛s ♥♦✇❤❡r❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♦♥❧② t❤✐♥❣ ❧❡❢t t♦ ❞♦ ✇❛s t♦ ❞r❛✇

✉♣ ❛♥❞ s✉❜♠✐t ❛ ♥❡✇ t❡①t✱ ♥♦ s✐♥❡❝✉r❡ ✐♥ ❤✐s s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆s s♦♦♥ ❛s ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❧♦♦❦❡❞ ❛t

t❤❡ r❡q✉❡st✱ t❤❡ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ t❡①t ✇❛s ♥♦t ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐t②

✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s✱ t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ r❡❛❝t❡❞ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏▼② ❤❡❛❞ ❝❛♥

♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r st❛♥❞ ✐t✳ ■ s❤❛❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❢♦r❡❣♦ t❤❡ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣❡s✳ ■ ✇✐❧❧ ♦♥❧② ❛s❦ ❢♦r ♦♥❡ ♦r t✇♦

♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦♥❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❣♦ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ ❚✉r✐♥✳✑ ✷✻ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ t❤✐s ♦♣♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞

❞❡❡♣ ❞✐s❛♣♣♦✐♥t♠❡♥t t❤❡② tr✐❡❞ t♦ ♠❡❡t t❤❡ s❡t r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t

✐♥st❛♥t❧② s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ s✐♥❝❡ ❡✈❡♥ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ♦r❛❧❧② ❣r❛♥t❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦♣❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡

❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✾ ▼❛②✱ ♥❡✇ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐♦♥s t✉r♥❡❞ ✉♣✳✷✼

❚❤❡ ❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✇❛s ♣r❡❝❡❞❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❤❡❛✈② ❈❛❧✈❛r② ❛t ❧❡❛st ❛s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞

✐t✳ ❍❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ ❧✐❦❡❞ t♦ s♣❡❛❦ t♦ P♦♣❡ ▲❡♦ ❳■■■ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ t❤♦✉❣❤t ❤❡

✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♠❡❡t ❤✐♠ ❛s ❡❛s✐❧② ❛s ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♠❡t ❤✐s ♣r❡❞❡❝❡ss♦r P♦♣❡ P✐✉s ■❳✳ ❇✉t

t❤❛t ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ✇♦r❦ ♦✉t✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ r❡s♣❡❝t t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ s✉❜♠✐t ❛ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳

❍❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❝♦♣❡ ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡rs ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛rr✐✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ❛❢t❡r ❤✐♠ ✇❡r❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡

❤✐♠✳ ❖♥ ▼❛② ✺ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ②❡t r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r ❢r♦♠ ▼♦♥s✳ ▼❛❝❝❤✐ ❛❢t❡r ❛ ✇❡❡❦

✷✸▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✼✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✹✳

✷✹❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✲❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱ ❉♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ✱ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✳✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✵✴✸✵✲✸✷ ❛♥❞ ♣✳

✶✹✻✴✾✲✶✺✳

✷✺■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✶✴✺✲✶✷❀ ♣✳ ✶✺✺✴✶✶✲✶✸✳

✷✻▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✷✳

✷✼▼♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s ✐♥ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ❧❡tt❡r ❞❛t❡❞ ✶✷ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹ ✐♥ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳ ✕❆❘❊◆❆▲ ❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱ ❉♦♥

●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ✱ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✳✳ ✶✺✼✴✶✵✲✶✺✳

✺✼

6.8 Page 58

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❛♥❞ ❛ ❤❛❧❢✳ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇❛s t❡♠♣t❡❞ t♦ r❡❛❝t✿ ✏■t ✐s ❜✐tt❡r✱ ❜✉t ❤❛✈❡ ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡✳✑ ✷✽ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉❧s♦r② ✇❛✐t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❜❡

❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞✱ ❛s ❛ ❤✉♠✐❧✐❛t✐♦♥✳ ■t ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ❤✐s ♥❡r✈❡s ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ✇❤♦❧❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❡♥❞

♦❢ ❆♣r✐❧ ❤❡ s✉✛❡r❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❢r♦♠ ❛ t❤r❡❡✲❞❛② ❢❡✈❡r ❛tt❛❝❦✳✷✾

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥ s✐♥❝❡ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✾✳ ❍✐s ♣❤②s✐❝✐❛♥ ❆❧❜❡rt♦tt✐

✈❛✐♥❧② tr✐❡❞ t♦ ❞✐s❝♦✉r❛❣❡ ❤✐♠ ❢r♦♠ tr❛✈❡❧❧✐♥❣ t♦ ❋r❛♥❝❡✳ ❇✉t ❜② ▼❛r❝❤ ✶ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❧❡❢t

❢♦r ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❛♥②✇❛②✳ ■❢ ♥♦t t❤❡ ❧✐✈❡r✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❧❡❣s✱ t❤❡ st♦♠❛❝❤ ♦r t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞ ✇❡r❡ ❝❛✉s✐♥❣

♣❛✐♥✳ ❆t t❤❡ r❡q✉❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ▼❛rs❡✐❧❧❡✱ ❛ ❞♦❝t♦r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❢❛❝✉❧t②

✐♥ ▼♦♥t♣❡❧❧✐❡r ❝❛♠❡ t♦ s❡❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♦♥ ▼❛r❝❤ ✷✺✳ ❍✐s ❞✐❛❣♥♦s✐s ✇❛s ❝r②st❛❧ ❝❧❡❛r✳

❚❤✐s ❞♦❝t♦r ♠❛❞❡ ❛♥ ✉♥❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❤✐s st❛t❡ ♦❢ ♠✐♥❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐rr✐t❛t❡❞

♦r❣❛♥s✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✐♥ ❛ r❡❛❧❧② ♣✐t✐❢✉❧ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✳✸✵ ❍❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥❡✈❡r r❡❝♦✈❡r

❢✉❧❧② ❢r♦♠ ✐t✳ ❍✐s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ r❡❧❛♣s❡❞ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❣❛✐♥✳ ■t ✇❡♥t

t❤❛t ✇❛② ✉♥t✐❧ ❤❡ ❛rr✐✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✱ ❢r♦♠ ✇❤❡r❡ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛t s♦♠❡ ♣♦✐♥t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡

t❤❛t ✏❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢❡❧t ❜❡tt❡r✱ t❤❡ ♣❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐✈❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥✢❛♠❡❞ ❡②❡ ❤❛❞ s✉❜s✐❞❡❞✑ ❛♥❞

t❤❡ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✏r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r②✑✱ t❤❡♥ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❣♦ ❜❛❝❦

t♦ ❛ st❛t❡♠❡♥t t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ✏❢❛r t♦♦ t✐r❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ♦❝❝✉♣② ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✇✐t❤

❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ ❛s ❤✐s ❤❡❛❞ ❢❛✐❧❡❞ t♦ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✑ ♦r ✏❢❡✈❡r ❛tt❛❝❦s ❤❛❞ r❡t✉r♥❡❞✳✑ ✸✶

■t ✐s ❡❛s✐❧② ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞❛❜❧❡ t❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ st❛② ✐♥ ❜❡❞ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ❛♥❞ ❛s ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡

♦❢ s✇♦❧❧❡♥ ❧❡❣s ❛♥❞ s✉❞❞❡♥ ❞✐s❝♦♠❢♦rts ❝♦✉❧❞ ♣❛② ❢❛r ❢❡✇❡r ✈✐s✐ts t❤❛♥ ❤❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐♥

❘♦♠❡✳ ❆s ❤❡ ✇❛s ♥♦t ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❣♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✱ ♠❛♥② tr✐❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠❡ t♦ ❤✐♠✳✸✷ ■❢ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❛♥②

✇❛②✱ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ t❛❧❦ t♦ t❤❡♠✳ ❆❧s♦ t❤✐s ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❣♦✐♥❣ ❜❡❧♦♥❣❡❞ t♦

❤✐s ✏❝♦♥st❛♥t ✇♦r❦✑✳

❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ❤❡ ❦♥❡✇ t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇❡❧❧ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥s✐❞❡r✱ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❛s ❛ r❡❛s♦♥ ❢♦r ♥♦t ✇r✐t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱ ✐♥ ❤✐s ♦✇♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦

t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ❆s ❛ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❛t ❛❧❧✿ ✐t ✇❛s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♦♥❡ ❜♦t❤ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳

❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ❞✐r❡❝t ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ♥♦t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❤❡❛❧t❤✳

❉ ◆❡✐t❤❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♥♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✭♠s✳ ✮✳ P❡r❤❛♣s ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t

❧✐❦❡ t♦ r❡♠✐♥❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ♠✐s❡r②✱ ❛s t❤❡r❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ s♦♠❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t

❢♦r ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❞❛②s✳✸✸ ❆❜♦✈❡ ❛❧❧ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ✇❛♥t❡❞ ❛♥② ❛❧❧✉s✐♦♥ t♦ ❤✐s

✷✽■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✷✴✶✶✲✶✷ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✶✺✸✴✶✶✳

✷✾■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✾✴✷✼ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✶✺✶✴✸✲✹✳ ❉❊❙❘❆▼❆❯❚✱ ❋r✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡♥ s♦♥ t❡♠♣s ✭✶✽✹✶✲✶✽✽✽✮✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱

❙❊■✱ ✶✾✾✻✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✷✺✽✲✶✷✺✾✳

✸✵❉❊❙❘❆▼❆❯❚✱ ❋r✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡♥ s♦♥ t❡♠♣s✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✷✹✷✱ ✶✷✹✻❀ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r t❤✐♥❣s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛♥✲

♥♦t❛t✐♦♥✿ ✏ét❛t ♥❡r✈❡✉① ❡♥tr❛î♥❛♥t ✉♥❡ ✐rr✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s ♦r❣❛♥s✳✑ ❉♦❝t♦r ❈♦♠❜❛❧✬s r❡♣♦rt ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞

✐♥ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✼✲✺✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✽✲✸✾✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❇✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ ❊✳ ❈❡r✐❛ ♠❛❞❡ t❤❛t

❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ t♦♦✿ ✏❙♦ ♠❛♥② ❤❛r❞s❤✐♣s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜✉r❞❡♥ ♦❢ ❜✐tt❡r ❞✐s❛♣♣♦✐♥t♠❡♥ts ❛❣❣r❛✈❛t❡s

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ✐♥✜r♠✐t✐❡s✑ ✭▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✼✮✳

✸✶❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✲❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱ ❉♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✹✷✴✸✲✹✱ ✶✹✺✴✺✱

✶✹✻✴✶✻✲✶✽✱ ✶✹✼✴✷✾✲✸✵✱ ✶✺✶✴✸✲✹✳

✸✷▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✵✲✽✶❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✵✲✻✶✳ ▼❛♥② ♣❡rs♦♥s ❞✐❞ ♥♦t r❡❛❧❧② s♣❛r❡ t❤❡ ✐❧❧ ❛♥❞ ♦✈❡r✇♦r❦❡❞

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ✉s❡ ❤✐♠✿ ✏❚❤❡ r❡q✉❡sts ❢♦r ❤♦♥♦✉r ♦r ❞✐st✐♥❝t✐♦♥ ✇❡r❡ ♥✉♠❡r♦✉s✳ ❖♥❡

❝❛✈❛❧✐❡r❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❦♥✐❣❤t ✭

✮✱ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ♦♥❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ▼♦♥s✐❣♥♦r✱ ❛ t❤✐r❞ ♦♥❡ ❜✐s❤♦♣ ❛♥❞

❛❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ t♦ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞ t❤❡♠✳ ■t ✐s ❛ ✇♦r❧❞✱ ❛❧s♦ ✇✐t❤ ♣r✐❡sts✦ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳ ✕

❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱ ❉♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✻✴✶✼✲✷✵✮

✸✸❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✲❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘♦❣❡❧✐♦✱ ❉♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✺✸✴✸✱ ✶✺✹✴✶✻✱

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6.9 Page 59

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❤❡❛❧t❤✳ ❖♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✸✱ t❤❡ ✈❡r② ❞❛② ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡❞ ❋r ❘✉❛ t❤❛t ✏❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝♦✉❧❞

♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ♦❝❝✉♣② ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✇r♦t❡ t♦ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ✐♥ ♦♥❡

♦❢ ❤✐s ✈❡r② ❢❡✇ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❧❡tt❡rs ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡✿ ✏❚❡❧❧ ♦✉r ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❡❛r ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥

✭❜♦②s✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ t❤❛t ♠② ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❤❛s ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st t✇♦ ❞❛②s✳✑ ✸✹ ■t

❣♦❡s ✇✐t❤♦✉t s❛②✐♥❣ ❤✐s ♣♦♦r ❛♥❞ ❛t t✐♠❡s r❡❛❧❧② ❜❛❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ♣✉t ❤✐s ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡

✉♥❞❡r ❤❡❛✈② ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♦❢t❡♥ ♠❛❞❡ t❤❡♠ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t✐♠❡ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s

✐♥ ❚✉r✐♥ ✇❡r❡ ❦❡♣t ❛❜r❡❛st q✉✐t❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧② ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦✉t

❜② ❋r ❘✉❛ t❤❡② ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ✇♦♥❞❡r❡❞ ✇❤② t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❦❡♣t s✐❧❡♥t✳

▲❛t❡r t❤❡② ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❛st♦♥✐s❤❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❣♦t ❞♦✇♥ t♦ r❡❛❞✐♥❣

t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t♦ t❤❡♠✳

❲❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❞✇❡❧❧ ✉♣♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇r♦t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡

❛❢t❡r ❛❧❧✳ ❍❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡ ✇❛s ✇♦rr✐❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛rt t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ♣❧❛②❡❞ ✐♥ ✐t✳ ◆❡✐t❤❡r ❤❛s t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ r❡❛s♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥

✐t❡♠ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ❜❡❡♥ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s✳ ❆♥❞ s♦ t❤❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ st✉❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ✈❛❣✉❡

✏❝♦♥st❛♥t ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t❡❞ ♠❡✳✑

✸✳✶✳✹ ❙❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ♠♦t✐✈❡s ♣✉s❤✐♥❣ ❤✐♠ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ ②❡t ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❞❡♣❛rt✉r❡

❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡ ❬✸❪

■♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❡①♣❧❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤✐♥❣s✱ t❤❡ t❡①t s✇✐t❝❤❡s t♦ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❞❡❡♣✱ ♣❡r✲

s♦♥❛❧ ♠♦t✐✈❡s✳ ❚❤✐s s♦rt ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❡❛❧❡❞ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r ✐s q✉✐t❡ ❛❝❝❡♣t❛❜❧❡

✇✐t❤ r❡❣❛r❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❲❤❡♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ✐♥ ✇r✐t✲

✐♥❣✱ t❤✐s ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤✐♥❣s ✐s ♣❡r❤❛♣s ❧❡ss ❝♦rr❡❝t✱ ❜✉t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡

♠♦t✐✈❡s ✇❡r❡ ❛❧s♦ ✈❛❧✐❞ ❢♦r t❤❡♠✳ ❲❤❛t ♠❛❞❡ ❤✐♠ ✇r✐t❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❛t ♠❛② ❜❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧

♠♦t✐✈❡s ♠✉st s❡❡♠ ❧✐❦❡ str♦♥❣ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s ❢♦r t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛s ✇❡❧❧✱ ✐✳❡✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✏❧♦✈❡s t❤❡♠ ✈❡r② ❞❡❛r❧② ✐♥ ❈❤r✐st ❏❡s✉s✑ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❛❧s♦ ❢❡❧t ✐t ✏❤✐s ❞✉t② t♦ s♣❡❛❦

✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢r❡❡❞♦♠ ♦❢ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✳✑ ❚❤❡s❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❛♥❞ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡s ❝♦✉❧❞ r❡❛❧❧② ❜❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ❛s

s✉❝❤✱ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② ♦❜❥❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧②

✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ■t ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❞✐✛❡rs ✐♥ ✐ts

♦✇♥ r✐❣❤t ❢r♦♠ ❛♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss❧✐❦❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❧❡❢t ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ♦❢ ❤✐s ❧♦✈❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st ✐♥

❛ st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ✶✽✹✼ ✐♥ ■❧ ❣✐♦✈❛♥❡ ♣r♦✈✈❡❞✉t♦✿ ✏▼② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s✱ ■ ❧♦✈❡ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ ②♦✉ ❞❡❛r❧② ❛♥❞

t❤❛t ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ②♦✉♥❣ ✐s ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ♠❡ ❧♦✈❡ ②♦✉ ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ❛♥❞ ■ ❝❛♥ ❛ss✉r❡ ②♦✉ t❤❛t

②♦✉ ♠❛② ✜♥❞ ❜♦♦❦s ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ❜② ♣❡rs♦♥s ❢❛r ♠♦r❡ ✈✐rt✉♦✉s ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛r♥❡❞

t❤❛♥ ■✱ ❜✉t ②♦✉ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛r❞❧② ✜♥❞ ❛♥②♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ❧♦✈❡s ②♦✉ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡❛r❧② ✐♥ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st t❤❛♥

■ ❞♦ ❛♥❞ ✇❤♦ ✐s ♠♦r❡ ❞❡s✐r♦✉s ❢♦r ②♦✉r tr✉❡ ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss✳✑ ✸✺ ❍❡ st♦♦❞ ❜② t❤✐s ❧✐♥❡ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡

✶✵✶st ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✺ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ r❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❤✐s ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s t♦ t❤❡ ✜rst s❡♥t❡♥❝❡✳

◆♦t ♦♥❧② ❞✐❞ ❤❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❤✐s ✇❤♦❧❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡✐r t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞

❡t❡r♥❛❧ ✇❡❧❢❛r❡✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ ❛❧s♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♦♥ ❤✐s ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s t♦ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs

✶✺✺✴✶✹✲✶✺✳

✸✹

❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✻✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✶✺✲✶✶✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✾✺✳

✸✺

❖❊ ■■ ❬✶✽✼❪❀ ❖❊ ❳❳❳❱ ❬✶✸✺❪✳

✺✾

6.10 Page 60

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✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② t❤❛t t❤❡② ❝♦✉❧❞ ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ r❡s♣❡❝t❢✉❧❧② ❢❡❛r t❤❡♠✳✸✻

❲❛s ✐t ♥♦t ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② t❤❡ r❡✈❡rs❛❧ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ❛s♣❡❝ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s r❡❣r❡tt❡❞ ✐♥ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✽✽✸ ❛♥❞

❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ ♥♦ ❝❛✉s❡ ♥♦r r❡❛s♦♥ ❤❛❞ ②❡t ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦✉♥❞❄✸✼ ■♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t✐♠❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞

❛♥ ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ ✐t ❛♥❞ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ✉s❡ ✐t t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❍❡ ❞✐❞ s♦ ✲ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜②

❧♦✈❡ ✐♥ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st ✲ ❜② ❛❞❞r❡ss✐♥❣ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs t♦ ❜♦t❤ t❤❡

❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❧✐st❡♥✐♥❣ t♦ ❋r ❘✉❛ ♦r ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ✐t ♦✉t✳

❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♠♦t✐✈❡ ✐s t❤❡ ✐♥❡r❛❞✐❝❛❜❧❡ ❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss ♦❢ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❛s❦ ❤❡ ❤❛❞

❛s ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❍❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥✈✐t❡❞ t❤❡♠ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❤✐♠ ❛s ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r

✇❤❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ✐t t♦ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦

✇❛s ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛ ❤❛r❞ t✐♠❡ ❛t ❤♦♠❡✳ ✏❘❡♠❡♠❜❡r✑✱ ❤❡ s❛✐❞✱ ✏t❤❛t ♥♦ ♠❛tt❡r ✇❤❛t ❤❛♣♣❡♥s✱

■✬❧❧ ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r t♦ ②♦✉✳ ❆♥❞ ✐❢ t❤✐♥❣s ❣❡t r❡❛❧❧② ❜❛❞✱ ✢❡❡ t♦ ♠② ❤♦✉s❡✳✑ ✸✽

▲❛t❡r ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✶✽✻✹ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛t t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ✐♥ ▼✐r❛❜❡❧❧♦ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏■ ❛♠ ❝♦♠✐♥❣

t♦ ②♦✉ ❛s ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❜r♦t❤❡r✳✑ ✸✾ ■t ❧♦♦❦❡❞ ❛s ✐❢ ❤❡ ✇❛s ♥♦t ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡ ✐t

❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧②✱ ❜✉t ✏❢❛t❤❡r✑ ❝♦♠❡s ✜rst ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✳

❚❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss✐✈❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛❧s♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡❞ ❤✐♠

❛s s✉❝❤✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❜❛❝❦ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✷ ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣❛tr♦♥ s❛✐♥t✬s ♥❛♠❡ ♠❛♥②

♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠ t❤❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙t ❆❧♦②s✐✉s s♦❞❛❧✐t②✱ st♦♦❞ ✉♣ ❛♥❞ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❆❧❧♦✇

✉s t♦ ❞r♦♣ ❛❧❧ t✐t❧❡s ❢r♦♠ t♦❞❛② ♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❞r❡ss ②♦✉ ❜② t❤❡ s✇❡❡t ♥❛♠❡ ♦❢ ❋❛t❤❡r✳✑ ✹✵ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❜② t❤❡ s♦❞❛❧✐t② ♠❡♠❜❡rs t♦ ♣❧❡❛s❡ ❤✐♠ ❛t ❛ ♠♦♠❡♥t ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡

❤❛❞ ❥✉st r❡❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ❢r♦♠ s❡r✐♦✉s ✐❧❧♥❡ss ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜rst ♠♦♥t❤s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✽✼✶✲✶✽✼✷ s❝❤♦♦❧

②❡❛r✳

❚❤❡s❡ q✉♦t❡s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ s❤♦✇ ❤♦✇ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r

❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛s s✉❝❤ t♦ t❤❡♠✳ ■t ❣♦❡s ✇✐t❤♦✉t s❛②✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✐t

✇❛s str❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ q✉♦t❡s ♠❛❦❡

✉s ❢❡❡❧ t❤✐s ❛❞❞r❡ss ✇❡♥t ❞♦✇♥ ✇❡❧❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t♦ s✉❝❤ ❛♥ ❡①t❡♥t t❤❛t t❤❡② ♥♦t ♦♥❧②

❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❤✐♠ t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡✐r ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❤✐♠ ❜② t❤❛t t✐t❧❡✳ ❚❤✐r❞❧②✱

t❤❡② ❝❧❡❛r❧② s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❤✐s r❡❝t♦rs t♦ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ t♦✇❛r❞s

♣✉♣✐❧s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✳

❲✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ♣❧❛♥♥❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱ t❤❡s❡ q✉♦t❡s

❛r❡ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② s✉♣♣♦s❡ t❤❛t ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❢❛t❤❡r❤♦♦❞ ✇❛s ❛ ❝♦♥✲

st❛♥t ❢❛❝t♦r ♣r❛❝t✐s❡❞ ✐♥ ❞❛✐❧② ❧✐❢❡ ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❧❛✐❞ ✐t ❞♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❚❤❡ ▲✐tt❧❡

❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✳

■♥ ✐t ❤❡ st❛t❡❞ t❤❛t ✐♥ ❤✐s s②st❡♠ ✏t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs ♦r t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ✳✳✳ ❧✐❦❡ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❢❛t❤❡rs✳ ✳ ✳

❝♦♥✈❡rs❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳✑ ❍❡ ✇❡♥t ♦♥ t♦ s❛② t❤❛t ✏❛ ♣✉♣✐❧✑✱ ❛s ❛ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧✱ ✏✇✐❧❧ ❧♦♦❦ ✉♣♦♥

❤✐s t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛s ❢❛t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❜r♦t❤❡rs✑ t❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

✸✻❙❡❡ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❋❛tt✐ ❛♠❛r❡✳✳✳✱ ❩♦r❣ ❡r✈♦♦r ❞❛t ③❡ ✈❛♥ ❥❡ ❤♦✉❞❡♥✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ♥r ✳ ✸✱ ✶✾✾✹✱

♣♣✳ ✻✹✲✻✾✳ ■❉✳✱ ✏❙t✉❞✐❛ ❞✐ ❢❛rt✐ ❛♠❛r❡✱✑ ◗✉❛❞❡r♥✐ ❞✐ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧✐tà s❛❧❡s✐❛♥❛✱ ■st✐t✉t♦ ❞✐ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧✐tà✱

❘♦♠❡✱ ❯P❙✱ ♥➦ ✽✱ ✶✾✾✻✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✼✲✸✹✳

✸✼❈❢✳ t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✺✾ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳

✸✽▼❇ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✶❀ ❊▼❇ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✷✳

✸✾❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✳ ▼❇ ❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✼✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✷✳

✹✵▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✸❀ ♦♠✐tt❡❞ ✐♥ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✸✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✾✳ ■♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② s✐♠✐❧❛r ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥ts

❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧ ●✳ ❈❛❣❧✐❡r♦ ✇♦✉❧❞ t❡st✐❢② s♦♠❡ t✐♠❡✿ ✏❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ✇❡ ❜♦②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❛s

❛♥ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡ ❢❛t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠ ✇✐t❤ ❛ tr✉st ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② t❤❛t ✇❛s ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥

✜❧✐❛❧✳✳✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✽✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✾✻✲✹✾✼✳✮

✻✵

7 Pages 61-70

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7.1 Page 61

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♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✳✹✶ ■t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛♥ ✉♥❢♦r❣✐✈❛❜❧❡ ♠✐st❛❦❡ ♥♦t t♦ r❡❢❡r ❤❡r❡ ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡

t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ✏t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣✑ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ✐♥

✶✽✽✷ ✇✐t❤ ✏✸✺ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✑✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❛rr✐✈❡❞ ❧❛t❡✳ ❆❢t❡r ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❧✐st❡♥❡❞ t♦ ✇❤❛t

❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞②✱ ❤❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❖♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♣❛② ♠✉❝❤ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤✐s✿ ❛ t❡❛❝❤❡r

♦r ❛♥ ❛ss✐st❛♥t ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❛s ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❖♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ❢✉❧✜❧❧❡❞✱ ❤❡

❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞✱ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✑ ✹✷

❚❤❛t ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✳

❚❤❡ ❯s❡ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ❜❛❝❦❡❞ ✉♣ ✜r♠❧② ❜② ❋r ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ✇❤❡♥ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❤✐s ✜rst ❞r❛❢t t❡①t ♦♥

♦❢ P✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✿ ✏❨♦✉ ♠✉st ♥❡✈❡r ❢♦r❣❡t t❤❛t ②♦✉ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ♣❛r❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❞❡❛r

②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳✳ ✳ ✳ ❆♥❞ s♦✱ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ t♦ ❜❡ tr✉❡ ❢❛t❤❡rs t♦ ②♦✉r ♣✉♣✐❧s✱ ②♦✉ t♦♦ ♠✉st

❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✬s ❤❡❛rt✳✑ ❋✉rt❤❡r✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r❧② ❤❡❛rt t❤❛t ✇❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥❞❡♠♥s s✉❝❤

❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♠❛♥♥❡r ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ♣r♦✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ tr✉❡ ❢❛t❤❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ ②♦✉r ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧

❜❡ ❣❡♥✉✐♥❡✳✑ ✹✸

■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t t❤❡s❡ t❡①ts ❛r❡ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✇❡ ♠❛② ❛❝❝❡♣t t❤❛t

▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❦♥❡✇ t❤❡♠ ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧ ♦r ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ✇❡❧❧ ❡♥♦✉❣❤✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ✇❡ ♠❛② s✉♣♣♦s❡ t❤❛t

t❤❡② ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡❞ ❤✐♠ t♦ ❦❡❡♣ t❤✐s t②♣✐❝❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t

❛❧❧✉s✐♦♥ t♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✉t② ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡

❢❛t❤❡rs ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ t✉r♥❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t t❤❡♠❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦r♣✉s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥♥❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✳

❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❧✐❦❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r t♦ ❤✐s ❝❧♦s❡st ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t♦rs✳ ❚❤❡ ◆❡✇

❨❡❛r ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✹ ❜❡❛rs t❤✐s ♦✉t✿ ✏■ tr❡❛s✉r❡ s✉❝❤ ♣r❡❝✐♦✉s ✇♦r❞s ❛♥❞ r❡♣❧② t♦

t❤❡♠ s✐♠♣❧② ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❜② s❛②✐♥❣ t❤❛t ■ ❛♠ ❣r❛t❡❢✉❧ t♦ ②♦✉ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜♦tt♦♠ ♦❢ ♠②

❤❡❛rt✳✑ ❆♥❞ ❤❡ ✇❡♥t ♦♥✿ ✏■❢ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ❜✉t ❤❡❧♣ ♠❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❣r❡❛t t❛s❦✱ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞♦✐♥❣

✇❤❛t ♠② ♣❛t❡r♥❛❧ ❤❡❛rt ✐s ❛s❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ②♦✉✳✑ ❆♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r✿ ✏✭❚❤♦s❡✮

❧❡tt❡rs ✇✐❧❧ ♦✛❡r ♠❡ ❛ s♣❧❡♥❞✐❞ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② t♦ ♦♣❡♥ ♠② ❤❡❛rt t♦ ②♦✉✳ ❚❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ❛❧s♦ s❡r✈❡

❛s ❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❛s ❛ ❣✉✐❞❡ ❢♦r t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦✱ ❢♦r s❛✐♥t❧② r❡❛s♦♥s✱ st❛② ✐♥ ❞✐st❛♥t

❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ❛r❡ ✉♥❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❧✐st❡♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ ✈♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ✇❤♦ ❧♦✈❡s

t❤❡♠ s♦ ❞❡❛r❧② ✐♥ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✳✑ ✹✹ ❚❤❡ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❧❡tt❡r ✐s str✐❦✐♥❣

❛♥❞ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② s♦ s❤♦rt ❛ t✐♠❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡

❈ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ✐♥ ♠❛✉s❝r✐♣t ✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t❤❛t ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛s s❡❝r❡t❛r②✱ ♠✉st

❤❛✈❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧✳

❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ ✐♥ ❋❛t❤❡r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ❡②❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ❛ ✏❞❡❛r❧② ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞ ❢❛t❤❡r✳✑ ❖♥ ❆♣r✐❧

✶✵ ✶✽✽✹✱ ♦♥❧② ❛ ❢❡✇ ✇❡❡❦s ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ t♦ ❋r ❘✉❛✿ ✏❲❤❡r❡✈❡r

♦♥❡ ❣♦❡s✱ ♦♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✜♥❞ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❤♦ ❛❧✇❛②s ❧✐❦❡ t♦ t❡❧❧ ✉s ♥❡✇ t❤✐♥❣s ❛❜♦✉t ♦✉r ✈❡r② ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞

❢❛t❤❡r✳✑ ✹✺

❯♥❞❡♥✐❛❜❧②✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡ ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r

✇❤♦ ❦♥❡✇ ❤♦✇ t♦ ❦❡❡♣ ❛♥ ❛❝❝❡♣t❡❞ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②❀ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞

✹✶❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✱ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳ ♣♣✳ ✷✺✹✴✹✷✺✲✹✷✻✱ ✷✻✵✴✺✺✻✲✺✺✽✳ ✱ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳ ♣✳ ✷✹✼ ❛♥❞ ♣✳

✷✺✶✳

✹✷❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✺✹ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳

✹✸❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✱ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳ ♣♣✳ ✸✷✻✴✸✶✲✸✷✱ ✸✸✷✴✶✺✵✱ ✸✸✷✴✶✻✻✳ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✻✽✲✸✻✾✱ ✸✼✷✳

✹✹❊ ■❱✱ ✷✹✾✲✷✺✵✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✲✸ ✭♣❛rt❧② r❡✲tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞✮✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✻ ✐♥ t❤❡

■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✳

✹✺❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✲❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱ ❉♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ✱ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✳✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✽✴✻✷✲✻✸✳ ■❞❡♠ ♦♥

❆♣r✐❧ ✷✷✱ ✐❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✺✴✺✳

✻✶

7.2 Page 62

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❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳ ❚❤❛t ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❤✐♠ t♦ ❛❝t ❛♥❞ ❛❞❥✉st ❛t t✐♠❡s ✇❤❡♥ t❤✐s ✇❛s

♥❡❡❞❡❞✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ t✐♠❡ ❤❛❞ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ❛rr✐✈❡❞✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✐t ✇❛s ❡✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✉t②

♦❢ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r t♦ s♣❡❛❦ ❛t s✉❝❤ ♠♦♠❡♥ts t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳

❚❤❡s❡ ✇♦r❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♠❛② r❡♠✐♥❞ ✉s ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣

t❛❧❦ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✶✽✻✸✲✶✽✻✹✳ ❖♥ t❤❛t ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥ ❤❡ s❛✐❞✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✇✐t❤

r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ ❛ ❣r❡❛t ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♥❡✇❝♦♠❡rs✿ ✏■ ❞♦ ♥♦t ✇❛♥t ②♦✉ t♦ ❧♦♦❦ ✉♣♦♥ ♠❡ ♠❛✐♥❧②

❛s ②♦✉r s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❜✉t r❛t❤❡r ❛s ②♦✉r ❢r✐❡♥❞✳ ❉♦♥✬t ❜❡ ❛❢r❛✐❞ ♦❢ ♠❡✳ ❋❛r ❢r♦♠ ✐t✦ ❖♥ t❤❡

❝♦♥tr❛r②✱ tr✉st ♠❡ ❢✉❧❧②✳ ■t✬s ❛❧❧ ■ ✇❛♥t✱ ❛❧❧ ■ ❡①♣❡❝t ♦❢ ②♦✉ ❧✐❦❡ tr✉❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞s✳✑ ❆♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r✿

✏▲❡t ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t♦ ❜❡ ♠♦r❡ ❤♦♥❡st✳ ▼② ❤❡❛rt ✐s ♦♣❡♥ ❢♦r ❛♥②♦♥❡ ♦❢ ②♦✉✳ ■❢ t❤❡r❡

✐s s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ■ ❞♦♥✬t ❧✐❦❡✱ ■ t❡❧❧ ②♦✉✳ ■❢ ■ ♠✉st ❛❞♠♦♥✐s❤ ②♦✉✱ ■ ❞♦ ✐t r✐❣❤t ❛✇❛②✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧②

♦r ♣r✐✈❛t❡❧②✳ ■ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❦❡❡♣ ②♦✉ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❛r❦❀ ♠② ❤❡❛rt ✐s ♦♥ ♠② ❧✐♣s✳ ■ ✇✐s❤ ②♦✉ t♦ ❞♦

t❤❡ s❛♠❡✱ ♠② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s ✭✏✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ ✑✮✳ ■❢ t❤❡r❡ ✐s s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ②♦✉ ❞♦♥✬t ❧✐❦❡✱ t❡❧❧ ♠❡ ❛❜♦✉t

✐t ❛♥❞ ✇❡ s❤❛❧❧ ❞♦ ♦✉r ❜❡st t♦ s❡t t❤✐♥❣s r✐❣❤t✳✑ ✹✻

❚❤❡s❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ s♦ ♦❢t❡♥ ✐♥ ❧❛t❡r ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤ts ♦r t❛❧❦s ❛♥❞ ❧❡tt❡rs✳ ❚❤❡②

❛r❡ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❛❧✇❛②s ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦♥ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❧✐❢❡❧♦♥❣ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s✱

❥♦✈✐❛❧✱ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❛♥❞ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s❀ ❢♦r ❢r✐❡♥❞❧②✱ ❝❛✉t✐♦✉s✱ s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣

❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❧♦s❡♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❝♦♥st❛♥t✱ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✱ ❢r❛♥❦ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❥✉st✐♥❣ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡✳

❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❤❡❛r ❤♦✇ ❤❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ ❤✐s ❝❧♦s❡st ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t♦rs ✐♥

❛ s♦rt ♦❢ s❡r♠♦♥ ✐♥ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✽✼✻ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧

❈❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥ ✶✽✽✵✳

■♥ t❤❛t s❡r♠♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t❛❧❦❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❜r♦t❤❡r❧② ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❲❡ ❛r❡ t♦

✉♣❤♦❧❞ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✱ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❝r✐t✐❝✐③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡❡❞s ♦❢ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡✱ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡✐♥❣

❛ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❥❡❛❧♦✉s ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✱ ❤✐s ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ s✉❝❝❡ss✳ ❲❤② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ♣❡rs♦♥ ❜❡

❣✐✈❡♥ t❤✐s t❛s❦ ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ♠❡❄ ❚❤❛t ♦t❤❡r ♣❡rs♦♥ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ❜♦♦❦s ❛♥❞ ■ ❛♠ ✐❣♥♦r❡❞✳✑ ✹✼

■♥ ❤✐s ✜rst ❛❞❞r❡ss ❛t t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t s✇❛❧❧♦✇ ❤✐s ❛♥♥♦②❛♥❝❡✳ ❖♥

t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r②✿ ✏❆ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐ss✉❡ ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ✜❣❤t t♦❣❡t❤❡r✱ ✐s t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❝❤❛r✐t②

❛♥❞ ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss ✭❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✱ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✮ ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✳ ■t ❬t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t❪ ✐s ✇❡❛❦❡♥✐♥❣

✇✐t❤ ✉s ❛♥❞ ❛s ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♥♦t✐❝❡✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧s✳✑ ✹✽

❙♦✱ t❤❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✏✇❤♦ ❤❛s t❤❡ ❞✉t② ♦❢ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ t♦ ②♦✉ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢r❡❡❞♦♠ ♦❢ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✑

❝♦✉❧❞ ❡❛s✐❧② ❛♥❞ ❥✉st✐✜❛❜❧② ❜❡ ❦❡♣t ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ✏❧♦♥❣✑ ♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞

✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳

✸✳✶✳✺ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✐♠♣✉❧s❡s✿ ❝❛❧❧ ❢♦r ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐s✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛s t♦

s❛② ❬✸❪

❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣✉❧s❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✜t ♣❡r❢❡❝t❧② ✇❡❧❧ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❛t

s♣✐r✐t ❛♥❞ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡✿ ✏❨♦✉✬❧❧ ❧❡t ♠❡ ❞♦ t❤❛t✱ ✇♦♥✬t ②♦✉❄ ❆♥❞ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ♣❛② ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥

t♦ ✇❤❛t ■ ❛♠ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ s❛② ②♦✉✱ ❛♥❞ ♣✉t ✐t ✐♥t♦ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡❄✑ ❆s t♦ ❜♦t❤ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❢♦r♠

✹✻▼❇ ❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✵✸ ❛♥❞ ✺✵✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■■✱ ♣♣ ✸✵✶ ❛♥❞ ✸✵✺✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡

❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✽✲✷✾✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✷ ❆t t❤❛t t✐♠❡ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉t✐✈❡ ✏✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐✳✑

❱❛♥❞❛❛❣ ✹✼▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✸✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✻✸ ✭t❤❡ ❧❛st s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ❤❛s ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❊▼❇✮✳ ❈❢✳

♣❛st♦r❛❛❧ ✐♥t❡❣r❡r❡♥ ✐♥ ❤❡t ♦♣✈♦❡❞✐♥❣s✇❡r❦✱ ❖✉❞✲❍❡✈❡r❧❡❡✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❱♦r♠✐♥❣ ✫ ❆♥✐♠❛t✐❡✱ ✷✵✵✼✱ ♣♣✳

✺✷✲✺✸✳

✹✽■ ✈❡r❜❛❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❈●✷✱ ❈♦♣✐❛ ♣✉❧✐t❛ ❞✐ ❞♦♥ ❇❛r❜❡r✐s ❋❞❇ ✶✽✺✼ ❈ ✾✲✶✽✺✼ ❈ ✶✷✳

❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✵✳

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱

✻✷

7.3 Page 63

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t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜❧❡ t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤ts ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

♦❢t❡♥ ❡❧✐❝✐t❡❞ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ✇❛②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ♦❢ ❝♦✉rs❡ ✇❡❧❧ ❦♥♦✇♥ t♦ ❋r

▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳ ■❢ t❤✐s ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❛❞ ❡✈❡r ❜❡❡♥ ♣✉t ✐♥t♦ ✇♦r❞s ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ ❛ ❣♦♦❞

♥✐❣❤t ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐①t✐❡s ♦r s❡✈❡♥t✐❡s✱ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✇♦✉❧❞ ♠♦st ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❤❛✈❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤

❛ ❧♦✉❞ ✏ ❙ì✱ sì ✑ ✭②❡s✱ ②❡s✮✳

■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡s t❤❛t ❤❡ ❢✉❧❧② tr✉sts t❤❡♠ t♦ ✏♣❛② ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥✑ ❛♥❞✱

♠♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ✏♣✉t ✐♥t♦ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✑ ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t♦ t❤❡♠✳ ❲❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛s t♦ s❛② t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧

❣❡t t♦ ❦♥♦✇ str❛✐❣❤t ❢r♦♠ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✳ ❋♦r ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r

t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇✐❧❧ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ s♣❡❛❦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛♥❞ ❛s❦ t❤❡♠ t♦ ❝♦♠❢♦rt ❤✐♠ ❜②

❣✐✈✐♥❣ ❤✐♠ ❤♦♣❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ t♦ ❞♦ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ❤❡ ✇✐s❤❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜t ♦❢ t❤❡✐r s♦✉❧s✳

❚❤❡s❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❡✈❡♥

❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ❤❡ ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ❝♦✲

✇♦r❦❡rs✱ ✇❡ ♥❡✈❡r ✜♥❞ s✉❝❤ ❜♦②✐s❤✱ ❡✈❡♥ ❝❤✐❧❞✐s❤❧② ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✐♥✈✐t❛t✐♦♥s

✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❤❡❧❞ ❢♦r t❤❡♠ ♥♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛rs ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t♦ t❤❡♠✳

◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss t❤✐s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ ✇❤♦❧❡ ✐s ❛ ❝❛♣t❛t✐♦ ❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥t✐❛❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✕ ❢♦r t❤❡

s❡✈❡r❛❧ r❡❛s♦♥s ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ ❛❜♦✈❡ ✕ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts t♦♦✱ t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐t ❤❛❞ ✉♥❞❡✲

♥✐❛❜❧② ❜❡❡♥ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳

✸✳✷ ❋✐rst ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥

❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞

❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❬✸✲✷✺❪

✸✳✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❝♦♥tr❛st✐♥❣ s❝❡♥❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞

❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡

❚❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ✜rst ❧❛r❣❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥♥❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ❛ tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❤♦rt s✉r✈❡② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ✐♥

✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳

✸✳✷✳✶✳✶ ❘❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ t❤❛t ❤❡ ✐s ✏❛❧✇❛②s✑ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❬✸❪

❚❤❡ tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✏■ ❤❛✈❡ s❛✐❞ t❤❛t ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ❛❧✇❛②s ❛♥❞ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ✐♥ ♠② t❤♦✉❣❤ts✑

r❡s✉♠❡s t❤❡ ✜rst t❤♦✉❣❤t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐s

✏❛❧✇❛②s✑ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡♠✳ ❨❡s✱ ❡✈❡♥ s♦ ✏❝♦♥st❛♥t❧②✑ t❤❛t ❤❡ ✐s ❛❧s♦ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡♠

✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✐s ♣r❛②✐♥❣✳ ◆♦t ♦♥❧②✱ ❛s ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❤✐s ❝✉st♦♠✱ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ▼❛ss✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ✐♥

t❤❡ ✇❡❡❦s ❤❡ s♣❡♥t ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡rs✱ ❞✐❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❦❡❡♣ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❤✐s

❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❛♥❞ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✳✹✾

✹✾

❙❡❡ ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ t❤❡ r❡s❡♠❜❧❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ✐♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✼✽✿

▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✼✺✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✼✼✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✹✳ ❈❢✳ ❙✉ss✐❞✐♦ ♦r ❆✉①✐❧✐❛r② ❇♦♦❦❧❡t✱ ♣✳

✸✳

✻✸

7.4 Page 64

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✸✳✷✳✶✳✷ ❍✐s ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡r✿ ✏❚❤❡ ♣r❛②❡rs ♠② ❣♦♦❞ ♠♦t❤❡r t❛✉❣❤t ♠❡✑ ❬✸✲✹❪

❋♦r t❤❡ ♣r❛②❡r ✐♥ ❤✐s r♦♦♠ ✐♥t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✏❤❡ ❤❛❞ ✇✐t❤❞r❛✇♥✑ ❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ ✏t❤❡ ♣r❛②❡rs

✇❤✐❝❤ ❤✐s ❣♦♦❞ ♠♦t❤❡r ❤❛❞ t❛✉❣❤t ❤✐♠✳✑ ❲❡ ♠❛② ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❡s❡ ♣r❛②❡rs ✇❡r❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞

♣♦♣✉❧❛r✳ ❖♥❡ ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ s✉r♣r✐s❡❞ t❤❛t ❤❡ ❛s ❛ ♣r✐❡st ✉s❡❞ t❤♦s❡ ♣r❛②❡rs✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ✐t

✐s ♣r♦♣❡r t♦ r❡♠✐♥❞ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✽✺✽ P♦♣❡ P✐✉s ■❳ ❤❛❞

♦r❛❧❧② ❣r❛♥t❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞✐s♣❡♥s❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ r❡❝✐t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❉✐✈✐♥❡ ❖✣❝❡✳ ■t ✇❛s ❛ ❢❛✈♦✉r

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❛s❦❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦♣❡ ✏❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡ ✇❛s ♦❢t❡♥ ❜✉s② ❢r♦♠ ♠♦r♥✐♥❣ t♦ ♥✐❣❤t

✇✐t❤ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥s✱ ❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ♦t❤❡r t❛s❦s✳✑ ✺✵ ■♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ♦❢ t❤❡

▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❇✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡❞ t❤❛t ✏P✐✉s ■❳ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❞✐s♣❡♥s❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

♦r❛❧❧② ♦♥ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ t❤❛t✱ ✐❢ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✱ ❤❡ s❛② ❛t ❧❡❛st ♣❛rt ♦❢ ✐t ❞❛✐❧②✳✑ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ✇❡

r❡❛❞ t❤❛t ✐♥ ✶✽✻✹ ✏❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛♥t❡❞ ♣r♦♦❢ ✐♥ ✇r✐t✐♥❣✑ t♦ ♣♦ss❡ss ❛ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ s❤♦✇ ❛s ❛ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛t ❛♥② t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❤❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤

❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦♥ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✷✾ ✶✽✻✹✳ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ t♦ ✐t✿ ✏❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❣❧❛❞❧② ❛❝❝❡♣t❡❞

✇r✐tt❡♥ ♣❡r♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❈❤✉r❝❤✳ ❍❡ ❞✐❞ tr②✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t♦ r❡❝✐t❡ ✐t t♦t❛❧❧② ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st

♣❛rt✐❛❧❧② ✇❤❡♥❡✈❡r ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡ ❜r❡✈✐❛r② ✇❛s ❛❧✇❛②s ❧②✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❤✐s ❞❡s❦ ❛♥❞

❤❡ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ✐t ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠ ✐♥ tr❛✈❡❧❧✐♥❣✳ ❊✈❡♥ ❧❛t❡r ✇❤❡♥ ❤✐s ❛✐❧♠❡♥ts ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s s✐❣❤t

❣r❡✇ ❞✐♠♠❡r✱ ❤❡ ♠❛❞❡ ✐t ❛ ♣♦✐♥t t♦ r❡❝✐t❡ ✐t ✐♥ ♣❛rt ❞❛✐❧②✳ ❲❤❡♥ ✜♥❛❧❧② ✐♥ ❤✐s ❧❛st ②❡❛rs

t❤✐s ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡❧② ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✱ ❤❡ ❛s❦❡❞ ♦t❤❡rs ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ♦✣❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❛② ✇❛s ❛♥❞

s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ❤❛❞ t❤❡ ❧❡ss♦♥s r❡❛❞ ❛❧♦✉❞ t♦ ❤✐♠✱ ❛s ❇✐s❤♦♣ ❈❛❣❧✐❡r♦✱ ❋❛t❤❡r ❘✉❛ ❛♥❞ ❋❛t❤❡r

❇❡rt♦ t❡st✐✜❡❞✳✑ ✺✶ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♥❡❡❞ t❤✐s ❝♦♥✜r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❍❡ ❧✐✈❡❞ ❝❧♦s❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥ t❤♦s❡ ❧❛st ②❡❛rs ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② s♦ ✇❤❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ st❛②❡❞ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✱ t♦

❦♥♦✇ ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ✐t✳

❈♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♣r❛②❡r✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② st❛t❡ t❤❛t ✐ts ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❡❛rs t♦ ❜❡

❆ r❛t❤❡r ♠♦r❛❧✐③✐♥❣✱ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❙❤✐❢t✐♥❣ ✏▼♦♥❞❛② ♥✐❣❤t✑ ✭♠s✳ ✮ t♦

❈✱ ❑ ❉ ✏♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♣❛st ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣s✑ ✭

❛♥❞ ✮ ♦✛❡r❡❞ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② t♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t

❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✇❛② ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣r❛②✐♥❣ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ s❧❡❡♣✳ ❚❤❡ ❜♦②s

✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛st ♣r❛②❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛② ❛♥②✇❛②✳

❚❤❡ ❛❧❧✉s✐♦♥ t♦ ✐t ✜ts ✐♥ ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t♦ t❤❡♠✳ ❋♦r ♦❜✈✐♦✉s r❡❛s♦♥s

✐t ✐s ❧❡ss ♦r ♥♦t ❛t ❛❧❧ s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛♥❞ ♣r✐❡sts ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳

❚❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ❡✈❡♥ ✐❢ ✇❡ ♠❛② ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t ❞❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ ✈❡s♣❡rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

❝♦♠♣✉❧s♦r② ❜r❡✈✐❛r② ♣r❛②❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡rs t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s

✇♦✉❧❞ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❤❛✈❡ ❝❤❡r✐s❤❡❞ ❛ ❧❛st ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♣r❛②❡r ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ❜❡❞✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ✜tt❡❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✐♠❡✳

❆ ▲♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ♥♦t❡s ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✐t ✐s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣ t❤❛t ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇r✐t❡s✿ ✏♦♥

❆ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♣❛st ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣s✑✱ ❢♦r ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ✐t

s❛②s ✏▼♦♥❞❛② ♥✐❣❤t✳✑ ❖♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❛st♦♥✐s❤❡❞ t❤❛t t❤♦✉❣❤ts ✇❡r❡ ✇❤✐r❧✐♥❣ t❤r♦✉❣❤

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❤❡❛❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ♥✐❣❤ts ✐♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✭✷✼✲✷✾ ❆♣r✐❧✮✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❛ r❡st❧❡ss

s❧❡❡♣ ❛t t❤❛t t✐♠❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❢❡✈❡r ❛tt❛❝❦s ❤❛❞ ❝♦♠❡ ❜❛❝❦✳ ❋r ❈❡r✐❛ ❡✈❡♥ r❡♣♦rts ♦♥ ✏♦♥❡

✺✵▼❇ ❱✱ ♣✳✽✽✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❱✱ ♣✳ ✺✼✾✳

✺✶▼❇ ❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✽✷✲✼✽✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✻✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❢♦r ❞✐s♣❡♥s❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❇r❡✈✐❛r②

✇❛s ♥♦t ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡❞ ❜② ❛❧❧✳ P✳ ❘✐♥❛❧❞✐✱ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ s✉❝❝❡ss♦r ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❤❡❛❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥✱

st✐❧❧ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❞❡❢❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤✐s ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ✐♥ ✶✾✷✻ ✭▼❇ ❳■❳✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❳✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✾✮✳

✻✹

7.5 Page 65

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♥✐❣❤t✑✿ ✏t❤❛t ♦♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✼ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢❡❧t s♦ s✐❝❦ t❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❣❡t ♦✉t ♦❢ ❜❡❞✳✑ ✺✷ ■♥

t❤✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✏❛t ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❤♦✉rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛② ❤❡ ✇❛s ✉tt❡r❧② t✐r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ❡①❤❛✉st✐♦♥✑

♦r ✏❜② t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛②✱ ❤✐s ♣♦♦r ❤❡❛❞ ✇❛s s♦ ✇❡❛r② t❤❛t ❤❡ ✇❛s ♦❢t❡♥ ✐♥❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ♦❢

❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ♦r ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♥❣ ✐❞❡❛s✳✑ ✺✸ ❚❤❡s❡ ❧❛st ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ♣❛rt✐❛❧❧② ❡①♣❧❛✐♥

t❤❡ ❤❡s✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✏❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❞✐str❛❝t❡❞✑ ♦r ✏s✐♠♣❧② ❢❡❧❧ ❛s❧❡❡♣✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r

t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✳ ■♥ t❤♦s❡ ❞❛②s ✐t ✇❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

t♦ ❞♦③❡ ♦✛ st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❛s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ s❤♦✇♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞

✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐t❡♠✳

❚❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❡❡❦s ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ r❡s❡♠❜❧❡s t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ▲❛♥③♦ ✐♥

❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✻✽✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❣♦♥❡ t♦ ▲❛♥③♦ ✏❢♦r ❛ r❡st✳✑ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇❛s t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧

❞✐r❡❝t♦r t❤❡r❡ ❢♦r t✇❡❧✈❡ ②❡❛rs ✭✶✽✻✺✲✶✽✼✼✮✳ ✏◆♦t ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣ ✇❡❧❧✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ✉♥❛❜❧❡ t♦

s♣❡♥❞ ♠✉❝❤ t✐♠❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❆t ♥✐❣❤t ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t r❡st ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ❞r❡❛♠s

t❤❛t ❦❡♣t ❞✐st✉r❜✐♥❣ ❤✐♠ ❢♦r ❛❜♦✉t t❡♥ ❞❛②s✳ ❍❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡❧② ❞❡❧❛②❡❞ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ❜❡❞ ✉♥t✐❧

❡❧❡✈❡♥✱ ❤♦♣✐♥❣ t♦ s❧❡❡♣ ♠♦r❡ s♦✉♥❞❧②✱ ❜✉t t❤✐s ♣r❡❝❛✉t✐♦♥ ❜r♦✉❣❤t ♥♦ r❡s♣✐t❡✳✑ ✺✹ ❍❡ ♠✉st

❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♦✈❡r✲t✐r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣✐❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❣r❡❛t ♠❛♥② ✇♦rr✐❡s✱ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❜② ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♦♥❡s✱

❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❜② ❝❛r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❤✐s ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ ❞r❡❛♠s ❤❡ t❛❧❦❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t

✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❧❛t❡r✱ ♠❛❦❡ ✉s s✉s♣❡❝t ♦❜s❡ss✐✈❡ ✐❞❡❛s ♦r str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♥✐❣❤t♠❛r❡s ❛s ❤❡

❞r♦✇s❡❞ ♦✛✳

✸✳✷✳✶✳✸ ❙❧❡❡♣✐♥❡ss ♦r ❛❜s❡♥t✲♠✐♥❞❡❞♥❡ss ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡rs ❬✹❪

❚❤❡ ✜rst ❞r❛❢t ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ ♦♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣s✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✇❡ ✜♥❞ ❛t

t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈✱ ✐s ❝❧❡❛r❡r ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡ ❉ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✿

✏❆s ■ ✇❛s ♣r❛②✐♥❣✱ ■ ✇❛s ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ ❜② ❛❜s❡♥t✲♠✐♥❞❡❞♥❡ss ♦r ✇❛s ✐t s❧❡❡♣✳✑ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢

❛❜s❡♥t✲♠✐♥❞❡❞♥❡ss ❝♦♠❡s ✜rst✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❡r❜ ✏❛ss❛❧✐r❡ ✑ r❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ ❜♦t❤ t♦ ❛❜s❡♥t✲♠✐♥❞❡❞♥❡ss

❛♥❞ s❧❡❡♣ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ✏❛tt❛❝❦✑ ✭❛ss❛✉❧t✮ r❡✈❡❛❧s t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✏t❡♠♣t❛t✐♦♥✑✳

❆s s✉❝❤ ✐t ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ✉♥✇❛♥t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛♥♥♦②✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛

q✉✐t❡ q✉✐❝❦❧② ♣❛ss✐♥❣ ❞✐str❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❤❡❛r❞ t❤✐s s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ r❡❛❞ ♦✉t✱ ✐t ❝♦✉❧❞

❤❛✈❡ ❤❛❞ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❤✉♠❛♥ ✢❛✇ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣✐♥❝❤ ♦❢ s❡❧❢✲♠♦❝❦❡r②✳ ❚❤❛t

♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛ t❡st✐♠♦♥② ♦❢ ❛ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ♦♣❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛❧ ✇♦r❦✲♦✉t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❑ ❛♥❞ ❉ ♠❛❦❡s ✉s❡ ♦❢ t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t

✈❡r❜s✳ ✏■ s✐♠♣❧② ❢❡❧❧ ❛s❧❡❡♣✑ ❬✏■ ✇❛s ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ ❜② s❧❡❡♣✑ ❪✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♠❡s ✜rst ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s

❛ ❞❡❡♣❡r s❧❡❡♣ ✇❤❡r❡❛s ✏❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❞✐str❛❝t❡❞✑ ❬✐♥ ❢❛❝t ✬♣✉❧❧❡❞ ♦✉t ♦❢ ♠②s❡❧❢ ✬❪ ❜② ❛❜s❡♥t✲

♠✐♥❞❡❞♥❡ss r❛t❤❡r s✉❣❣❡sts s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ❜❡②♦♥❞ t❤❡ ♦r❞✐♥❛r②✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛♥ ❡①tr❛♦r❞✐♥❛r② s♦rt ♦❢

❛❜s❡♥t✲♠✐♥❞❡❞♥❡ss✳ ■t ✐s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ❧✐❣❤t✱ ♣❛ss✐♥❣ ❞✐str❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡

❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❑ ❛♥❞ ❉ ❧♦♦❦s ♠♦r❡ ❜❛r♦q✉❡ ❛♥❞ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✳ ■t ❡✈❡♥

❝r❡❛t❡s t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❤✐❞❞❡♥ ❛❣❡♥❞❛✳

✺✷❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✲❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱ ❉♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✳✳✱ ✶✺✶✴✸✲✹✳ ❆♥❞ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱

♣✳ ✽✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✼✳

✺✸▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✾✱ ✽✸✲✽✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✼✱ ✻✸✳ ❉❡sr❛♠❛✉t s✉♣♣❧✐❡s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts t♦ ❧✐t❡r❛❧❧② ♣❧❡❛❞ ❢♦r

t❤❡ ♥✐❣❤t ♦❢ ▼♦♥❞❛② ✺ ▼❛②✳ ✭❉❊❙❘❆▼❆❯❚✱ ❋r✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡♥ s♦♥ t❡♠♣s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✻✹✳✮

✺✹▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✸✸✱ ✶✺✺✱ ✶✸✸✲✶✸✻✱ ✶✺✺✲✶✻✹❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✼✲✻✽✱ ✼✺✱ ✻✽✲✼✵✱ ✼✺✲✽✹✳

✻✺

7.6 Page 66

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✸✳✷✳✶✳✹ ❚❤❡ ✏s✐❣❤t✑ t❤❛t ❞✐str❛❝t❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❬✹❪

❚❤✐s s✉s♣✐❝✐♦♥ ✐s str❡♥❣t❤❡♥❡❞ ❜② ✇❤❛t ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏■t s❡❡♠❡❞ t❤❛t t✇♦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r ♣✉♣✐❧s

♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ ✐ts ❡❛r❧② ❞❛②s ✇❡r❡ st❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡r❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ♠❡✳✑ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♦❢t❡♥ ✉s❡❞

t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏✐t ❧♦♦❦❡❞ t♦ ♠❡✑ ♦r ✏✐t s❡❡♠❡❞✑ ❧✐❦❡ ❛♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ t❡❧❧

♥❛rr❛t❡ ❛ ❞r❡❛♠✳ ❚❤✐s ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t ♦♥❡ ♠✐❣❤t t❤✐♥❦

❛❜♦✉t ❞r❡❛♠✐♥❣ ♦r ❛❢t❡r ❛ str❛✐❣❤t ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡♠❡♥t t❤❛t ❤❡✬❞ ❤❛❞ ❛ ✏❞r❡❛♠✑✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t

✐s ♠✐ss✐♥❣✱ ❜✉t ✏✐t s❡❡♠❡❞ t♦ ♠❡✑ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② s❡❡♠s ❛ ❤✐♥t ✐♥ t❤❛t ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡

❡✛❡❝t ✐s ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❤✐s ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❛t t✇♦ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s✱ ✇❤♦ q✉✐t❡ s♦♦♥ t✉r♥ ✐♥t♦

❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♣❛rt♥❡rs ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t❛t♦rs✱ ❛r❡ st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❢r♦♥t ♦❢ ❤✐♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢

❛ ❣✉✐❞❡ ✐♥ ❞r❡❛♠ ❛❝❝♦✉♥ts ✇❛s ❛ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳✺✺ ❚❤❡ st♦r✐❡s

❛r❡ ❝❧✐❝❤é❞✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ♦♥❡ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ✜♥❡✱ ❞❡❧✐❝❛t❡❧② ✐♥s❡rt❡❞ ❤✐♥ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡

❜❡❡♥ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t❧② tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✇❤♦ ✲ ❛s tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥ t❡st✐✜❡s ✲ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧②

❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❤❡❛r ♦r r❡❛❞ ❛ r❡❛❧ ❞r❡❛♠✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ t❤❡② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❦♥♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡

♦❢ t✇♦ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s ✇❛s ✐♥ ❣❧❛r✐♥❣ ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐t ♦♥❧② s❛②s✿

✏❍❛✈❡ s❡❡♥ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✳✑

❚❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏s❡❡♥✑ ✐♥ ❆ ✐s ♥♦t ✐♥st❛♥t❧② ❝❧❡❛r✳ ❉♦❡s ✐t ♣❡r❤❛♣s ♠❡❛♥✿ ✏■ ❤❛✈❡

♠❡t ❇✉③③❡tt✐✱ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ ❤✐♠ ✇✐t❤ ♠② ✈❡r② ♦✇♥ ❡②❡s✑❄ ❈♦✉❧❞ ✐t ❡①♣r❡ss✿ ✏■ t❛❧❦❡❞ ✇✐t❤

❇✉③③❡tt✐✑❄ ❖r ✐s ✐t ❛❧r❡❛❞②✿ ✏■ ❤❛✈❡ s❡❡♥ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ✉♣ ✐♥ ❛ ❤❛❧❢✲❝♦♥s❝✐♦✉s✱ ♥♦♥✲

❝♦♥s❝✐♦✉s✱ s❧❡❡♣② ♠♦♦❞✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✐♥ ♠② ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛t✐♦♥✑❄ ❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏✐t s❡❡♠❡❞ t♦ ♠❡✑ ❛❧s♦

❛❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ ❧❛st ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ s♦ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✏t♦ s❡❡ s♦♠❡❜♦❞②✑ q✉✐t❡ r❡❣✉❧❛r❧②

♦❝❝✉rs ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❞r❡❛♠ ♥❛rr❛t✐♦♥s✳✺✻ ❆s ❢❛r ❛s ■ ❛♠ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ s❤♦rt

♥♦t❡ ✐♥ ♠s✳ ❆ ♠❛② ✇❡❧❧ ♠❡❛♥✿ ✏■ ❤❛✈❡ s♣♦❦❡♥ ✇✐t❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✳✑ ■♥ t❤❛t ❝❛s❡ t❤❡ st♦r② ♦❢

t❤❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ❜❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏✐t s❡❡♠❡❞ t❤❛t t✇♦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r ♣✉♣✐❧s

✳ ✳ ✳ ✇❡r❡ st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ♠❡✑ ❛r❡ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ❧✐t❡r❛r② ♣❤r❛s✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ st❛❣✐♥❣ ❜② t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r✳

■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❥✉st ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ✐ts

r❛♥❣❡✱ ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❣❡t t♦ ❦♥♦✇ ●✐✉s❡♣♣❡ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❛ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❜✐t ❜❡tt❡r✳ ❆s ❛ ❜r✐❝❦❧❛②❡r✬s

❤❛♥❞ ❤❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✶✽✹✵s✳ ❍❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ ♣r✐❡st✱ ❜✉t

❛❢t❡r ❛♥ ❛❝❝✐❞❡♥t ✐♥❥✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s ❤❛♥❞✱ t❤❛t ✇❛s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤♦s❡ ❞❛②s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱

❤❡ ♥❡✈❡r ❧❡❢t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢♦r ❣♦♦❞✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r② ❤❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛s ❛ ❧❛②♠❛♥

❢♦r t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❆t ❛ ❧❛t❡r ❛❣❡✱ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✼✱ ❤❡ ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❛ ❝♦❛❞❥✉t♦r ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ♦✣❝✐❛❧

♠❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ tr✉st❡❞ ❤✐♠ ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤✳ ❍❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ❛ ❢❡✇

❧✐♥❡s t♦ ❤✐♠ ✐♥ ❤✐s ▼❡♠♦✐rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ♦❢ ❙❛✐♥t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ✭✶✽✼✸✲✶✽✼✺✮✳ ❍❡

✇r♦t❡✿ ✏❆♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛tt❡♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt✱ ●✐✉s❡♣♣❡ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ♠✉st

❜❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛❝❡ ❛s ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡✐♥❣ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r② ✇❛②✳ ❍❡ ✇❛s

s♦ ♠✉❝❤ ❛tt❛❝❤❡❞ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙✉♥❞❛② ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s t❤❛t ❤❡ ❡✈❡♥ ♥❡❣❧❡❝t❡❞ ❣♦✐♥❣

❤♦♠❡ t♦ ❤✐s ❢❛♠✐❧② ❬✐♥ ❈❛r♦♥♥♦ ●❤✐r✐♥❣❤❡❧❧♦❪ ❛s ❤✐s ❜r♦t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❢r✐❡♥❞s ✉s❡❞ t♦

✺✺❚❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✼ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✷✱ ✸✵✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✺✱ ✷✷✺✳ ■♥ ✶✽✽✵ ▼❇

❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✺✸✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✹✷✹✲✹✷✺✳ ■♥ ✶✽✽✶ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✽✳ ❆s

❢❛r ❛s ❣✉✐❞❡s ❛r❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✿ ▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✸✹✲✺✸✻✱ ✼✻✶✲✼✻✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✶✸✲✹✶✺✱ ✺✽✹✲✺✽✼✳ ✏❆

♠❛♥ ✇❤♦ ❧♦♦❦❡❞ ❧✐❦❡ ❬✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡ ♦❢❪ ❙❛✐♥t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✑ ✐♥ ▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳✶✷✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✽✽✳

❆ ✇♦♠❛♥ ✐♥ ▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✻✲✸✻✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✵✺✲✸✵✻✳

✺✻❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦♥ ✸✵ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✻✽ ✐♥ ▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✺✺ ❛♥❞ ✶✺✻❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✺✲✼✻✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r ✐♥ ✶✽✼✶ ✐♥

▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✹✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✳

✻✻

7.7 Page 67

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❞♦✳✑ ✺✼

❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡✲♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❧❡tt❡r ❜② ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ t♦ ❋❛t❤❡r ❘✉❛ ♦♥ ✶✾ ❆♣r✐❧

✶✽✽✹ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ❡①♣❡❝t✐♥❣ ❤✐♠ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❤✐♠ t♦ t❛❦❡ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r

♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦tt❡r② ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ❜r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦♥❡② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s♦ ❞❡s♣❡r❛t❡❧② ♥❡❡❞❡❞✳ ❖♥

❆♣r✐❧ ✷✶ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❧❡❢t ❚✉r✐♥✳ ❙♦ ❤❡ ✇❛s ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇r♦t❡ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ❋r

▲❛③③❡r♦ ♦♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✸ ❛♥❞ ❤❛❞ ❢❡✈❡r ❛tt❛❝❦s ❛❣❛✐♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❆♣r✐❧✳✺✽

❍❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢♦r ❛ ❢❡✇ ❞❛②s ✐♥ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t ♠♦♠❡♥ts✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡

❤❡❧♣✐♥❣ ❤✐♠ t♦ t❛❦❡ ❤✐s ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❡✳ ❍❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❝q✉❛✐♥t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛❞♠✐♥✐st❡r✐♥❣

♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❡✳ ■♥ t❤♦s❡ ❞❛②s ❤❡ ❛❧s♦ ❣❛✈❡ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ t♦ ❋r ❘✉❛ ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡ t♦ ❤❡❧♣ t❤✐s s✉♣❡r✐♦r

❣❡t r✐❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❛❝❤❡ ❤❡ ✇❛s s✉✛❡r✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠✿ ✏❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✐♥s✐sts ♦♥ t❛❦✐♥❣ ❛ s♣♦♦♥❢✉❧ ❡✈❡r②

❞❛② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛♥t✐✲r❤❡✉♠❛t✐❝ ❝♦♥❝♦❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❇❡❧♠♦♥t❡✳✑ ✺✾

P❡r❤❛♣s ❤❡ ❛❧s♦ t♦♦❦ t✉r♥s t♦ ✇❛❦❡ ❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❜❡❞s✐❞❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢❡✈❡r ❛tt❛❝❦s ❛♥❞

r❡❢r❡s❤ ❤✐♠ ❛❢t❡r ❡①❝❡ss✐✈❡ tr❛♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥✳

◆♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t❛❧❦❡❞ t♦ ❤✐♠ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❤♦rt ♣❡r✐♦❞ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡

t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ❜♦t❤ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❛② ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣✱ ♣❡r❤❛♣s ❡✈❡♥ ❛t ♥✐❣❤t✳ ❚❤❡②

♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ t❛❧❦❡❞ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❧♦tt❡r②✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐

❤❛❞ ❥✉st ❧❡❢t ❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s r❡q✉❡st t♦ ❛tt❡♥❞ t♦ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✳ ■t ✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t

❛❧r❡❛❞② t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ✇r♦t❡ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ♦♥ ✷✸ ❆♣r✐❧✱

❥✉st ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❛rr✐✈❛❧ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♠✉❝❤ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡❞ ❝♦❛❞❥✉t♦r✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ ❤❡

❡♥❝❧♦s❡❞ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ❋r ❋❡❜❜r❛r♦✱ t❤❡ st✉❞✐❡s ❝♦✉♥❝✐❧❧♦r ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s✳ ❋r ❋❡❜❜r❛r♦ ❤❛❞

♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❛s❦❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❋r ❉❡sr❛♠❛✉t✳✻✵

❍❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦✉rt❤

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜❢t❤ ②❡❛r ✇❛s ❣♦✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❛ ❧♦t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡s❡ s❛♠❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s✳ ■t ✐s

q✉✐t❡ ❛❝❝❡♣t❛❜❧❡ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢❡❧t t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❧② ❜♦t❤ t♦ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❛♥❞

❋r ❋❡❜❜r❛r♦✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ ✐t ✐s r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧❡ t❤❛t ❤❡ ❛❧❧✉❞❡❞ t♦ ✏❞r✐✈✐♥❣ ❛✇❛② ❛❧❧ ♠❡❧❛♥❝❤♦❧②✑

❛♥❞ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡❞ ✏r❡❥♦✐❝✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲♦r❞✑ ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ●✳ ▲❛③③❡r♦✳✻✶

❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ✐t r❡♠❛✐♥s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s❛✇ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❛♣♣❡❛r✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❢r♦♥t

♦❢ ❤✐♠ ❛t ❛ ♠♦♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❞✐str❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦r ❥✉st ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❢❛❧❧✐♥❣ ❛s❧❡❡♣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ✏❤❛✈❡

s❡❡♥ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✑ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♠❡❛♥ ❥✉st t❤❛t✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✉s❡❞ s❡❡ ❤✐♠ ♦❢t❡♥ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❞r❡❛♠s ❛♥❞

✺✼❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ✱ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳✳✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✹✴✽✻✻✲✽✼✵❀ ✱ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✻✳

✺✽❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✲❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱ ❉♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ✱ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✳✳ ♣♣✳ ✶✹✸✴✷✻✱ ✶✹✹✲✶✹✺✱ t❤❡

❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤✐s ❧✐♥❡ ✷✻✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✼✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✼✳ ❙❡❡ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✷✹ ❛♥❞ ✷✺ ✐♥ t❤✐s

❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✺✾❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✲❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱ ❉♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ✱ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✳✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✷✴✶✹✲✶✻✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐

✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❝♦❛❞❥✉t♦r ❊♥r✐❛ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❧✐❢❡ ✭❉❊❙❘❆▼❆❯❚✱

❋r✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡♥ s♦♥ t❡♠♣s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✹✸✮✳ ■♥ ❘♦♠❡ ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✇❛s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ st❛② ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡ s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ❥✉st ❛s ❊♥r✐❛ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ❞♦ ✐♥ ❱❛rr❛③③❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❧♦♥❣

♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ ✐❧❧♥❡ss ✭✶✽✼✶✲✶✽✼✷✮ ✭❉❊❙❘❆▼❆❯❚✱ ❋r✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡♥ s♦♥ ✱ t❡♠♣s✳ ✳ ✳ ♣♣✳ ✽✷✷✲✽✷✹✮✳ ❙❡❡

❛❧s♦ ❊♥r✐❛✬s ❧❡tt❡rs t♦ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❢r♦♠ ❱❛rr❛③③❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❧♦♥❣ ✐❧❧♥❡ss✱ ✐♥ ▼❇ ❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✸✾✱ ✷✽✾❀

❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✸✷✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡①t ❧❡tt❡r ✇❛s ♦♠✐tt❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ❙❡❡ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✻✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡

✸✳ ❙tr✐❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ✐s t❤❡ ✇❛② ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛s❦❡❞ ✈✐s✐t♦rs ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡

❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❤♦✉s❡s✿ ▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳✷✾✷✱ ❖♠✐tt❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊▼❇ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳

✻✵❉❊❙❘❆▼❆❯❚✱ ❋r✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡♥ s♦♥ ✱ t❡♠♣s✳✳✳ ♣♣✳ ✶✷✻✺✲✶✷✻✻✳

✻✶❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳✷✺✻✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✾✺✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ❋r ❋❡❜r❛r♦ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❧♦st✱ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧②

❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✶✾✵✶✳

✻✼

7.8 Page 68

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♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❛s ❛♥ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣❛rt♥❡r ✐♥ ❤✐s ❞r❡❛♠ ❛❝❝♦✉♥ts✳✻✷

❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤❛❞ ❦♥♦✇♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ ✐ts ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t st❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ✐♥

t❤❡ s✐①t✐❡s ❛♥❞ s❡✈❡♥t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❡✐❣❤t✐❡s✳ ❍❡ ❦♥❡✇ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡♥ ❛♥❞ ♥♦✇✳ ❍❡

✇❛s ♦✉ts♣♦❦❡♥ ❛❜♦✉t ❤✐s ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ ♠❛tt❡rs✳ ❲❡ s❡❡ t❤❛t ❢r♦♠ ❛ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥

t♦ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✭✶✽✽✸✮✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ q✉✐t❡ ❢r❛♥❦❧②✿ ✏❲❤❡♥ ✇❡ ♥♦t✐❝❡

t❤❛t t✇♦ t❤✐r❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ✜♥✐s❤ t❤❡✐r tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❧❡❛✈❡ ❛r❡ ✉♥❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❡❛r♥ ❛

❧✐✈✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ✻✸ ■t s♦ ❤❛♣♣❡♥s t❤❛t ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✏♥♦✇ ✕ t❤❡♥✑ ✐s ❛ ❦❡②

♣♦✐♥t ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆✱ ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♥♦st❛❧❣✐❛ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦❧❞ t✐♠❡s✳

❍❡ s❤❛r❡❞ t❤✐s ♥♦st❛❧❣✐❛ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ❤✐❣❤❡st ❛♥❞ ❤♦♥♦✉r❡❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡ t♦♦ ❦♥❡✇

❛♥❞ ❢❡❧t ✇❤❛t ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❣♦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ r❡❝❡♥t❧②✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✈❡r② ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡

✜rst ❧✐♥❡s ♦❢ ❆ ✇❤❡r❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣✉ts q✉❡st✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❛♥s✇❡r ♣❡♥❡tr❛t✐♥❣❧②

❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡s t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡♥t t✐♠❡s✳ ❲❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❦❡❡♣ ✜r♠❧② ✐♥

♠✐♥❞ t❤❛t ✐t ✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆ t❤❛t ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡s t❤❡ ❝♦r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t

✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳

❲❤② t❤❡♥✱ ✐♥ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ♦✉t ❈✱ t✇♦ ❢♦r♠❡r ♣✉♣✐❧s s♣❡❛❦ ✉♣ r❡♠❛✐♥s ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥ q✉❡st✐♦♥✳

■t ✐s r❡❛❧❧② ❛❜♦✉t t✇♦ ❛❞✉❧t ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s✱ t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ✏❚✇♦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r

♣✉♣✐❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✑ ✐s ♥♦t ✉♥❛♠❜✐❣✉♦✉s✳✻✹ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❜♦t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r ♦♥

t❤❡ s❝❡♥❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s♦✉♥❞s ❧✐❦❡ ✐t ✐s ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❛❞✉❧ts✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡

♦♥❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❱❛❧❢rè ❤❛s ♥♦t ②❡t ❜❡❡♥ tr❛❝❡❞✳✻✺ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ✇❛s

✶✼ ②❡❛rs ♦❧❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✹✾✳✻✻ ❍❡ ✇❛s ❛s ♦❧❞ ❛s ❇✉③③❡tt✐✱ ❜♦r♥ ✐♥ ✶✽✸✷✳ ❍❛❞ t❤❡② ❦♥♦✇♥ ❡❛❝❤

♦t❤❡r ❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛♥❞ ❞✐❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❞r♦♣ t❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ ✐♥ r❡❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s

✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡❄ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡✱ ❋❡r❞✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❱❛❧❢rè✱ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❡❡♠ ❛

❧✐❦❡❧② ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❋❡r❞✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❛♣♣❡❛rs t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛ ♣✉♣✐❧ ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❢r♦♠ ▼❛②

✶✽✺✾ ✉♥t✐❧ ❏✉❧② ✶✽✻✵✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛ r❛t❤❡r s❤♦rt s♣❛♥ ♦❢ t✐♠❡ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❛♥ ✉♥❢♦r❣❡tt❛❜❧❡

✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥♦t❤❡r ♦♥❡✱ ❇❛rt♦❧♦♠❡♦ ❱❛❧❢rè✱ ✇❤♦ st❛rt❡❞ ❛s ❛

♣✉♣✐❧ ❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ ❆✉❣✉st ✶✽✻✻✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❞❛t❡ ❢r♦♠ ✶✽✻✵ ✐♥t♦ ✶✽✼✵ ✐♥ t❤❡

❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ✇❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ♠❛❦❡s ❤✐s ❛❝q✉❛✐♥t❛♥❝❡ s❡❡♠s ❛ ❤✐♥t ✐♥ t❤❛t ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❖r ❝♦✉❧❞ ✐t

❜❡ s✐♠♣❧② ❛♥ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛♠❡ ♣♦♣♣✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ♠✐♥❞ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢ ❡✈♦❦✐♥❣

t❤❡ t✇♦ ❞✐st✐♥❝t ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s❝❡♥❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❜② ❛ttr✐❜✉t✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ t♦ t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t

❛ss✐st❛♥ts ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✐♥❥❡❝t s♦♠❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❢❡ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ st♦r②❄ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡

✇❛s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❛ ♠❛♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛r② t✉r♥✱ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ♣♦❡♠s ❛♥❞ ❞r❛♠❛t✐❝ t❡①ts ❛♠♦♥❣

♦t❤❡rs✳ ❆♥②✇❛②✱ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❱❛❧❢rè ✇❛s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛ ♠♦❞❡st ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❛❝t ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ t❤❡

r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥②✐♥❣❤ ✐t✳ ■❢ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r ✇❛s

♠❡❛♥t t♦ ❜r✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❛tt❡♠♣t ✐s ♥♦t ✈❡r② s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❢♦r s♦♦♥ t❤✐s ❱❛❧❢rè

✈❛♥✐s❤❡s ✐♥ ❛ ❤❛③❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ ♠✐♥✉s ♣♦✐♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✳

❆❧s♦ t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ②❡❛r ✶✽✼✵ ✐s r❛t❤❡r ✉♥❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ t❤❛t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡

✇♦r❞s ❛t t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ♦r✱ ❧❡t ✉s ❝❛❧❧ t❤❡♠ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ t❛❧❦ss ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦❧❞ t❤❡

✻✷

▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✼❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ✼✼✳ ▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✳

✻✸

P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱

❏✳▼✳✱

▲❛

✏♣❛rt❡

♦♣❡r❛✐❛

♥❡❧ ❧❡

❝❛s❡

s❛❧❡s✐❛♥❡✱

❘❙❙✱

❳❱■

♥♦

✷

✭✸✶✮✱

✶✾✾✼✱

♣✳

✸✺✽✳

✻✹

■♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥✿

✏❞✉❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❛♥t✐❝❤✐ ❣✐♦✈❛♥✐ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳✑

▼♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ✐s✿

❵t✇♦

❛❞✉❧ts ✇❤♦ ✈✐s✐t❡❞ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ②♦✉t❤✳✬ ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✐s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❞r❡❛♠

❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❢r♦♠ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✻✽ ✭▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✼❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✼✼✮✳

✻✺

❇❘❆■❉❖✱

P✳✱

❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦

❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱

♣✳

✸✼✻✳

✻✻

❈❢✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❧❡tt❡r ✐♥ ❊ ✭♠✮✱ ♣r✐♠♦ ✈♦❧✳✱ ♣✳ ✽✺✴✷✵✲✷✶✳

✻✽

7.9 Page 69

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❜♦②s ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❆♣r✐❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ▼❛② ✶✽✻✽✳ ■ ✇✐❧❧ ❞r❛✇ t❤❡s❡

❞r❡❛♠s ♦r st♦r✐❡s ♠♦r❡ ♦❢t❡♥ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❤❡r❡ ♦♥✳

❈✱ ❑ ❉ ❈❡rt❛✐♥ s♠❛❧❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts

❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ ❛ st②❧✐st✐❝

❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡q✉✐r❡s t❤❛t ♣❛rts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡ ❛r❡ ❞✐st✐♥❝t❧② ❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡❞ t♦ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♥❣ ♣❛rt♥❡rs✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✏■ r❡♣❧✐❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❤❡ ❛❞❞❡❞✳✑ ✏❍❡✑ ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❡✈❡♥

❉ t❤❡ ✈❡r② ♥❡✉tr❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❞✐st❛♥t ✏t❤❛t ♠❛♥✑ ✐♥ ✳ ■t ✐s ❛ str❛♥❣❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s ❢♦r ❛ ♣❛st

♣✉♣✐❧✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✱ ✇❤♦ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❜❡tt❡r ❦♥♦✇♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t❤❛♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥

✶✽✽✹✳

✸✳✷✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵ ❬✹✲✻❪

❚❤❡ s❝❡♥❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵ st❛rts ✇✐t❤

t❤❡✳✳✳

✸✳✷✳✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❱❛❧❢rè ❬✹❪

❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❍❡ ✐s t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡ t♦ ❝♦♠❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❛♥❞ ❣r❡❡t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✏✇❛r♠❧②✑ ✭

✱ ♣✳

❛✛❡t✲ ✷✺✹✮ ♦r ✏❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡❧②✑ ✭❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳✽✻✮✳ ❇♦t❤ ✇♦r❞s r❡✢❡❝t t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✇♦r❞ ✏

t✉♦s❛♠❡♥t❡ ✑ ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡❞ ✇❛②✳ ❱❛❧❢rè ✐s ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❥♦✈✐❛❧✱ ❤❡ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ✇❡❧❧✲♠❛♥♥❡r❡❞✳

✈♦✐ ❍❡ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐t❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✇♦r❞ ✏ ✑ ❢♦r ✏②♦✉✑ ✇❤❡♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ✇❤❡r❡❛s t❤❡

t✉ ❢♦r♠❡r r❡❝t♦r ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s ❤✐♠ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ✏ ✑✳ ■t ❤❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥

t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇✐t❤ ♠♦r❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣ ❧✐st❡♥❡rs ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ✇❛s

❜❡✐♥❣ r❡❛❞ ❛❧♦✉❞✳ ■t ♠✐❣❤t ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✇❤❡♥ ❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs✳

■t ♠❛② ❛♣♣❡❛r ❛ ❧✐tt❧❡ s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② st❛t❡s t❤❛t ❤❡ r❡♠❡♠❜❡rs

❤✐♠ ✏❛♥❞ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs✑✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✕ ✇❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❢♦r❣❡t ✕ ✇❛s ♥♦t ❛✈❡rs❡ t♦ ❛ ❧✐tt❧❡

❈ ❡①❛❣❣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♥♦✇ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥✳ ◆♦r ❞♦❡s ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ ❤❡r❡✳ ■♥ ♠s ❤❡ st✐❧❧

r❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ ✏t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs✑✱ ✇❤♦❡✈❡r t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs ♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs ♠✐❣❤t ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥

❛t t❤❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠❡❡t✐♥❣✳ ❉✐❞ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇❛♥t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ❢♦r❣♦tt❡♥ ❛♥②♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡❞ ❡❛❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ s♦ ♠✉❝❤ t❤❛t

t❤❡② ❣♦t t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❤❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❡♠ ♠♦st ♦❢ ❛❧❧❄✻✼ ❖r ✐s ✐t ❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛t♦r② ❡❧❡♠❡♥t

❢♦r❡s❡❡✐♥❣ ❣r♦✉♣s ♦❢ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❝r♦✇❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ s❝❡♥❡s❄

❈ ❑ ❉ ❆ ❧❛st ❞✐st✐♥❝t ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢

t♦

❛♥❞

✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❱❛❧❢rè ✐s t❤❡ ②❡❛r✳

❈✱ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦

✏❱❛❧❢rè ✇❛s ❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✻✵✳✑ ❋♦r r❡❛s♦♥s ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t ②❡t

❑ ❉ tr❛❝❡❞✱ t❤✐s ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ✶✽✼✵ ✐♥

❛♥❞ ✳✻✽

✻✼

❆t ♦♥❡ t✐♠❡ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ✇❛s ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✾✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■■✱

▼❡♠♦✐rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ♣✳ ✹✶✺✳

✻✽

❚❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❛ ❝❧✐♠❛① ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✶✽✻✵✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❤✐s

✐♥ t❤❡

s❡✈❡♥t✐❡s✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❣♦ ❜❛❝❦ ❢✉rt❤❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ②❡❛r ✶✽✺✺✳

✻✾

7.10 Page 70

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✸✳✷✳✷✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ✈✐❜r❛♥t r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞

❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵ ❬✺✲✻❪

❚❤❡ s❤♦rt ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠❡s t♦ ❛♥ ❡♥❞ ❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r q✉❡st✐♦♥s ❛❜♦✉t

❢❛♠✐❧② s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐❢❡ ♦r ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡s❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡

t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❝♦♠❡s str❛✐❣❤t t♦ t❤❡ ✐ss✉❡✳ ■t ✐s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

q✉❡st✐♦♥ t♦ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✐♥ ❆✿ ✏❇✉t ❞✐❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✲❞❛② ❜♦②s s❡❡♠ ❜❡tt❡r t❤❛♥ t❤♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

♣❛st❄✑ ❱❛❧❢rè ❝❛♥ ♥♦✇ ❝♦♠❡ ♦✉t ✇✐t❤ ✐t ❛♥❞ ❛s❦✿ ✏❲♦✉❧❞ ②♦✉ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ s❡❡ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs

✇❤♦ ✇❡r❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ ♠② t✐♠❡❄✑ ❆♥❞ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥ t♦ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✱

❱❛❧❢rè✬s r❡♣❧② ❞♦❡s ♥♦t r❡❢❡r t♦ ❤✐s ❢❡❧❧♦✇ ♣✉♣✐❧s✬ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r② ❤❡ ❣♦❡s

♦♥ t♦ s❤♦✇ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤♦✇ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❞♦✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r s❝❤♦♦❧ ❞❛②s ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ❤❛♣♣② t❤❡②

✇❡r❡ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠✳ ❚♦ s❤♦✇ ❛♥❞ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡ t❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t ❛ s❝❡♥❡ ✐s ❝❤♦s❡♥ ❢r♦♠ ❞❛✐❧② ❧✐❢❡ ❛t t❤❡

❖r❛t♦r②✿ t❤❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ ❛ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞✳

❚❤✐s ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ✐s ♥♦t r❡❛❧❧② s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣✳ ❆ ②❡❛r ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s st❛② ✐♥ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡

❙♣r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✶✽✽✸ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦❦ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❛t t❛❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥✐sts✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥✈❡r✲

s❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r✈✐❡✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛❧ ▲❡ Pè❧❡r✐♥ ✱ ▼❛② ✶✷ ✶✽✽✸✳ ❚❛❧❦✐♥❣

❛❜♦✉t ✏t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✑ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐s s✉♣♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ str✉❝✲

t✉r❛❧ r❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ t❤♦✉❣❤ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛❧❧② ✇❡ ❡①♣❡❧❧ s♦♠❡ ❜♦②✳ ❋♦r ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t ✇❡ s✉❜st✐t✉t❡

❬❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧❪ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❣❛♠❡s ❬✐ ❣✐✉♦❝❤✐ ❪✳✑ ✻✾

■♥ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♦r ✇❛s t❛❧❦✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t✱ ❤❡ ❛❧♠♦st

❛❧✇❛②s r❡s❡r✈❡❞ s♦♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ s♣❛❝❡ t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡✐r ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞✳ ■t

s❤♦✇s ❤♦✇ ❤❡ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡❞ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡ ❉♦♠✐♥✐❝ ❙❛✈✐♦

✏♥♦t t♦ ♥❡❣❧❡❝t t❛❦✐♥❣ ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡s✑✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ ✇❛s st✐❧❧ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❡❞ t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss ❤✐s

❛❞♠✐r❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ▼❛❣♦♥❡✱ ✇❤♦ ✏✇❛s t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❦❡♣t

t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs ♠♦✈✐♥❣✳✑ ✏❍❡ ❬▼❛❣♦♥❡❪ ❜r✐❧❧✐❛♥t❧② ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡❞ ❤✐s s♣❛r❦❧✐♥❣ ✈✐✈❛❝✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡

♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✳✑ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❇❡s✉❝❝♦ t♦♦❦ t❤✐♥❣s ❡✈❡♥ t♦♦ s❡r✐♦✉s❧② ❛♥❞

s❛✐❞ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✿ ✏❨♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ t♦❧❞ ♠❡ t❤✐s r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ♣❧❡❛s❡s ●♦❞ ❛♥❞ ■✬❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦

❣❡t ✉s❡❞ t♦ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡s ♠② ❢r✐❡♥❞s ♣❧❛② ✇❡❧❧✳✑ ■♥ ✏❙❡✈❡r✐♥♦ ♦r t❤❡ ❆❞✈❡♥t✉r❡s

♦❢ ❛♥ ❆❧♣✐♥❡ ❇♦②✑ ❤❡ ❧❡ts t❤❡ ❣r♦✇♥✲✉♣ ♠❛♥ ❧♦♦❦ ❜❛❝❦ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ②❡❛rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②

❛s ❛ ✏✈❡♥✉❡ ❢♦r r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳✑ P❡♦♣❧❡ t❤❡r❡ ✏✇♦✉❧❞ ❥✉♠♣✱ r✉♥✱ ♣❧❛② ❜♦❝❝✐✱ ♣❧❛② s❦✐tt❧❡s✱

✇❛❧❦ ♦♥ st✐❧ts✱ s✐♥❣✱ ♣❧❛② t❤❡ ❜r❛ss ❜❛♥❞✱ ❧❛✉❣❤ ❛♥❞ ❥♦❦❡✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✇❡r❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r t❤♦✉s❛♥❞

♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥s t♦ ♣❧❛②✳✑ ❙❡✈❡r✐♥♦ ✇❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② ♠♦✈❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡♠✐s❡s ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳

❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✇♦r❞s ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ t❤❡ r❡tr♦s♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ✈✐❡✇ ✇✐t❤

t❤✐s s❤❛r♣ s✉♠♠❛r②✿ ✏❆s t❤❡ s♣❛❝❡ ❤❡r❡ ✇❛s ♠♦r❡ s✉✐t❛❜❧❡✱ ♦♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡ t❤❡

r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❡①❡r❝✐s❡s✱ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s✱ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❙✉♥❞❛② s❝❤♦♦❧ ✐♥

❛ ♠♦r❡ ♦r❞❡r❧② ✇❛②✳✑ ✼✵ ❘❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ r❡❛❧❧② ❤❛❞ ✐ts ♣❧❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❤♦♥♦✉r ✐♥ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ♦❢

t❤✐♥❣s✳

❲❤❡♥ ✐♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✻✶ ❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ❤✐s ❜♦②s✱ ❤❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏■t ✐s ♥♦t t❤❛t ■ ✇❛♥t ❜♦②s ❤❛♥❣✐♥❣

❛r♦✉♥❞ ♠❡ ❬❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥❪✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ■ ♣r❡❢❡r t❤❡♠ t♦ ❣♦ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛② ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡

❆ss✐st❡♥t✐❡✳✳✳ ✻✾

▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✶✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱

✱ ♣♣✳✺✽✱ ✶✶✳

✼✵

❇❖❙❈❖✱

●✳✱

❱✐t❛

❞❡❧

❣✐♦✈❛♥❡tt♦

❙❛✈✐♦

❉♦♠❡♥✐❝♦✱

✶✽✺✾

✐♥✿

❖❊ ❳■ ❬✷✵✶❪✳

■❉✳✱ ❈❡♥♥♦ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝♦ s✉❧

❣✐♦✈❛♥❡tt♦ ▼❛❣♦♥❡ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❡✱ ✶✽✻✶ ✐♥ ❖❊ ❳■■■ ❬✶✽✼✲✶✽✽❪ ❛♥❞ ❉❊❙❘❆▼❆❯❚✱ ❋r✳✱ ❙❛✐♥t ❏❡❛♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱

◆❛♠✉r✱ ✶✾✺✽✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✸✲✽✹✳ ❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ ♣❛st♦r❡❧❧♦ ❞❡❧❧❡ ❛❧♣✐ ♦✈✈❡r♦ ❞❡❧ ❣✐♦✈❛♥❡ ❇❡s✉❝❝♦ ❋r❛♥❝❡s❝♦✱

✶✽✻✹ ✐♥✿ ❖❊ ❳❱ ❬✸✸✹❪✳ ■❉✳✱ ❙❡✈❡r✐♥♦ ♦ss✐❛ ❛✈✈❡♥t✉r❡ ❞✐ ✉♥ ❣✐♦✈❛♥❡ ❛❧♣✐❣✐❛♥♦✱ ✶✽✻✽ ✐♥✿ ❖❊ ❳❳✱

❬✸✼✲✸✾✱✹✷❪

✼✵

8 Pages 71-80

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8.1 Page 71

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r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡r✐♦❞✳✑ ✼✶

❍❡ ✐♠♠♦rt❛❧✐③❡❞ t❤✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♣❛r ❡①❝❡❧❧❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❧✐♥❡ ✐♥

t❤❡ ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ✭✶✽✼✼✮✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ✐t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❛②✿

✏▲❡t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❤❛✈❡ ❢✉❧❧ ❧✐❜❡rt② t♦ ❥✉♠♣✱ r✉♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦❡ ❛s ♠✉❝❤ ♥♦✐s❡ ❛s t❤❡② ♣❧❡❛s❡✳

●②♠♥❛st✐❝s✱ ♠✉s✐❝✱ ❞❡❝❧❛♠❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡❛tr✐❝❛❧s ❛♥❞ ♦✉t✐♥❣s✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ✼✷

❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ❛t t❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✸ ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ t❤✉s ❛r❣✉❛❜❧② s❛②✿ ✏❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ss✐s✲

t❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❣❛♠❡s✳✑ ❘❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❛♥ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❤✐s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ❍❡ ❝♦✉❧❞

♥♦t ✐❣♥♦r❡ ✐t ✐♥ ❤✐s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ❛s ❛ ✇r✐t❡r ❢♦r ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳

■♥ ❤✐s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ❡♥❥♦②❡❞ ❡✈♦❦✲

✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧✐✈❡❧②✱ ♥♦✐s② ❛♥❞ ♣❧❡❛s✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ❖r❛t♦r② ②❡❛rs ❛s

♠✉❝❤ ❛s ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❡♥❥♦②❡❞ ♣✉tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡

♣✐❝t✉r❡ ✐♥ ✏❙❡✈❡r✐♥♦✑✳✼✸ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r ❛♥❞ ❛❧♠♦st t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇♦r❞s ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡

❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧✐st ♦❢ ❣❛♠❡s ❜♦t❤ ✐♥ ❑ ❛♥❞ ❉ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❙❡✈❡r✐♥♦✳

▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❑ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❉ ❛❞❞ t❤❡ ❵❜❛r ❣❛♠❡✬ ✭❵❜❛r❛r♦tt❛ ✬✮✱ ♣❡r❤❛♣s ❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥✱ s✐♥❝❡ ❤❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❧✐❦❡❞ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡ ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ▼❛❣♦♥❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ❤❡

s❛②s✿ ✏❍❡ ❬▼❛❣♦♥❡❪ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ❝♦r♥❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞✳ ❆❧❧ ❣❛♠❡s r❡q✉✐r✐♥❣

♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❛❣✐❧✐t② ✇❡r❡ ♣✉r❡ ❥♦② t♦ ❤✐♠✳ ❍✐s ❢❛✈♦✉r✐t❡ ❣❛♠❡ ✇❛s ✇❤❛t ✇❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✏❜❛rr❛ r♦tt❛ ✑

❛♥❞ ❤❡ ✇❛s ❢❛♠♦✉s ❢♦r ✐t✳✑ ❆❧s♦ ❙❡✈❡r✐♥♦ ❡♥❥♦②❡❞ ✐t✿ ✏❖♥❡ ❙✉♥❞❛② ♥✐❣❤t ■ ✇❛s ✇❛t❝❤✐♥❣

✐♥t❡♥s❡❧② ❛ ❣❛♠❡ ✇❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✏ ❜❛r❛ ✭s✐❝✮ r♦tt❛ ✑ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ■ ✇❛s ♦♥ ✜r❡✳✑ ✼✹

❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❝❡♥❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲✐✈❡s ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❜♦②s ✐s t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢

t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r✐❡sts ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ♦r st✉❞❡♥ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r✐❡st❤♦♦❞ ✐♥ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥

❛♥❞ ❣❛♠❡s ✐♥ ❑ ❛♥❞ ❉ ✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ✏❡✈❡r②✇❤❡r❡✳✑ ❆ ♥❡✇ ❣❛♠❡ ✐s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ t♦♦ ✐♥

♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❑ ❛♥❞ ❉ ✿ ✏tr❛❞❡s✳✑ ❈♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❈ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ♦❢ ♣r✐❡sts ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡r✐❝s

❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ✐♥ ❑ ❛♥❞ ❉ ✳ ◆♦✇ ❛ ♣r✐❡st ✐s r❡❧❛t✐♥❣ ❛ st♦r② ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝❧❡r✐❝ ❥♦✐♥s ✐♥

✇✐t❤ ✏❝❤❛s❡ t❤❡ ❞♦♥❦❡②✑ ❛♥❞ ✏tr❛❞❡s✑✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ♠✉❝❤ ❝❧♦s❡r t♦ ❞❛✐❧② r❡❛❧✐t② ❜❡❢♦r❡

✶✽✼✵✳ ❆t t❤❛t ♠♦♠❡♥t ♥♦t ♠❛♥② ♣r✐❡sts ✇❡r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ②❡t✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥✱

❛ ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✭❈ ✮✱ ✐s ❞r♦♣♣❡❞✿ ✏❝❧❡r✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♣r✐❡sts ❛r❡

t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ❚❤❛t ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✐♥s❡rt❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❑ ♦♥❧② ❛❢t❡r

♦✉t❧✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s❝❡♥❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹ ❬✾ ❛♥❞ ✶✹❪ ❛♥❞ st✐❧❧ ❧❛t❡r ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❉ ✳

❬✶✹❪

❚❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s❝❡♥❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞

❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❜♦t❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❛❧❦ ✇✐t❤ ❱❛❧❢rè✿ ✏❢✉❧❧ ♦❢ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧✲

♥❡ss✑ ❛♥❞ ✏t❤❡r❡ ✇❛s s✐♥❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❧❛✉❣❤✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛❧❧ s✐❞❡s✳✑ ❚❤❡s❡ ✇♦r❞s ❛r❡ ❞❡❛r t♦ ❉♦♥

✼✶▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✾✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■✱ ✺✷✺✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✶✲✹✷✳

✼✷❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳✳✳✱ ✽✺✴■■■✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✾✳

✼✸■♥t❡r ❛❧✐❛ ✐♥ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ❧❡tt❡r ❞❛t❡❞ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✸ ✶✽✽✹✿ ✏❲❤❡♥ ❤❡ t❛❧❦s t♦ ♠❡ ❛❜♦✉t ❤✐s ♣❛st✱

❤❡ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s s♠✐❧❡s✑ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✲❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳

✶✹✼✴✸✺✲✸✻✮✳ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥✈✐t❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❝❡ t♦ t❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣❛st ❢♦r ❤❡

✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t ❛s ♠✉❝❤ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ str❛✐❣❤t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❤♦rs❡✬s ♠♦✉t❤✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❛♥ ❡①tr❛❝t

❢r♦♠ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❦❡♣t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❛r❝❤✐✈❡s ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ▼✳ ❘✐❜♦tt❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ✐s

♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ✉♥❞❡r ♥✉♠❜❡r ✷✼✷✳ ❙❡❡ ❘■❇❖❚❚❆✱ ▼✳✱ ❚❤❡ ❘♦♠❛♥ ▲❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✶✽✽✹ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❛❢t❡r♠❛t❤ ✐♥✿

❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✱ ✈♦❧✳ ❱✱ ♥✉♠❜❡r ✷✱ ✶✾✾✹✱ ♣✳ ✸✳

✼✹❖❊ ❳■■■ ❬✶✻✾✲✶✼✵❪ ❛♥❞ ❖❊ ❳❳✱ ❈❛♣✳ ❱■■■ ❬✹✸❪✳ ■♥ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ✏❧❡s ❜❛rr❡s✑ ✭❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❡t ❘è❣❧❡♠❡♥ts✱

✶✾✽✺✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✹✮ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ●❡r♠❛♥ ✏❍✐♥❞❡r♥✐s❧❛✉❢ ✑ ✭❑♦♥s✐t✉t✐♦♥❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❙❛t③✉♥❣❡♥✱ ✶✾✽✺✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✸✮✳ ■♥

❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✿ ✏t✐❣✑✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✺✳

✼✶

8.2 Page 72

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❇♦s❝♦❀ ❤✐s ❢❛✈♦✉r✐t❡ ♦♥❡s t♦ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ t❤❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❤♦✉s❡s✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥

❤✐s ❜✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❡s ♦❢ ❜♦②s ❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❙❛✈✐♦ r❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ t♦ ❤✐s s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❧❡❛❞❡r ❤✐s

r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ s❛✐♥t✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡❛❝t❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✿ ✏■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛❝❡

■ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❛ ❧♦♥❣ t❡r♠ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss✳ ✳ ✳ ■ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ❤✐♠ t♦ t❛❦❡ ♣❛rt

✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ❢r✐❡♥❞s✳✑ ✼✺ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❛❢r❛✐❞ t❤❡ ❜♦② ♠✐❣❤t t❛❦❡

t❤✐♥❣s t♦♦ s❡r✐♦✉s❧②✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧✐❢❡ ♦❢ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❇❡s✉❝❝♦ ✭✶✽✻✹✮ ❤❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❝❤❛♣✲

t❡r t♦ ✏❛❧❧❡❣r✐❛ ✑ ✭❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss✱ ❥♦②✮✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❛❝❦s ❤✐♠ ✉♣✿ ✏■ ✇✐❧❧ s✉♣♣♦rt ②♦✉ ✇✐t❤

❛❧❧ ♠② ♠❡❛♥s✳ ■❢ ②♦✉ ✇❛♥t t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❜♦②✱ t❤❡♥ ♣r❛❝t✐s❡ t❤r❡❡ t❤✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣

✇✐❧❧ r✉♥ s♠♦♦t❤❧②✳✑ ◆❡①t t❤❡ ❜♦② ❛s❦s✿ ✏❲❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ t❤❡s❡ t❤r❡❡ t❤✐♥❣s❄✑ ❚❤❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❧✐sts ❛❧❧ t❤r❡❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ s♦ ❢❛♠♦✉s✿ ✏ ❆❧❧❡❣r✐❛✱ ❙t✉❞✐♦✱ P✐❡tà ✑ ❬❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss✱

st✉❞②✱ ♣✐❡t②❪✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❜♦② r❡❛❝ts ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡①❛❣❣❡r❛t❡❞ ✇❛②✿ ✏❈❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ✳ ✳ ✳

❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss✳ ✳ ✳ t♦ ♣❧❛② ❢r♦♠ ♠♦r♥✐♥❣ t✐❧❧ ♥✐❣❤t✳ ❉♦❡s t❤❛t ♣✉t ♠❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t tr❛❝❦❄✑

❚♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡♣❧✐❡s✿ ✏◆♦t ❢r♦♠ ♠♦r♥✐♥❣ t✐❧❧ ♥✐❣❤t✱ ❜✉t ♦♥❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤♦✉rs

❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❢♦r r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ✼✻

❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛ st②❧❡ ✜❣✉r❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♣❛rts ♦❢ s♣❡❡❝❤ ♦r s❡♥t❡♥❝❡s ❛t t❤❡

❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ t❡①t ❛r❡ r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ❧✐t❡r❛❧❧② ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ✐t✱ ✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✐♥ ❑ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ■t

❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡s ❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥t ♣❧❛❝❡ ❥♦②❢✉❧ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❤❛s ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡

♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✳

■t ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ✜rst t✐♠❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ s❝❡♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✏❡❛r❧② ❞❛②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✑

✐s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❡♥t❤✉s✐❛s♠ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♥♦st❛❧❣✐❛✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❤❛❞ ❞♦♥❡ s♦

❜❡❢♦r❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ♠♦♠❡♥t ✐♥ ✶✽✻✽✳ ❍❡ t❤❡♥ r❡❧❛t❡❞✿ ✏■ s❡❡♠❡❞ t♦ st❡♣ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡

♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞✳✳ ✳ ✳ ❙✉❞❞❡♥❧② t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✲❞❛② ❖r❛t♦r② ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ✐ts ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦♦❦❡❞ ❛s

✐t ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥ ✐ts ✈❡r② ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣✱ ✇❤❡♥ ♦♥❧② t❤♦s❡ ❥✉st ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✇❡r❡ t❤❡r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ❆t t❤❛t

t✐♠❡ ♦✉r ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛❞❥♦✐♥❡❞ ✈❛st✱ ✉♥t✐❧❧❡❞ ✜❡❧❞s str❡t❝❤✐♥❣ ✉♣ t♦ t❤❡ ❝✐t❛❞❡❧ ♠❡❛❞♦✇s

✇❤❡r❡ ♦✉r ❜♦②s ✉s❡❞ t♦ str❛② ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❣❛♠❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ■ ❦❡♣t ✇❛t❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈✐♥❡ ✇✐t❤ ✇✐❞❡ ♦♣❡♥

❡②❡s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❜❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦♥❝❡✳ ❙✉❞❞❡♥❧② ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❡s ❢❡❧❧ t♦ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ t✉r♥❡❞ ✐♥t♦

❛ ❝r♦✇❞ ♦❢ ❧✐✈❡❧②✱ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❜♦②s✳ ■♥ ♥♦ t✐♠❡ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛♥❞

t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✈✐♥❡ ✇❡r❡ ✜❧❧❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ✇❡r❡ ❥✉♠♣✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t✱ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣ ❛♥❞

❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞ t✐♠❡✳ ■t ✇❛s ❛ s✐❣❤t t♦ ❜❡❤♦❧❞✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❛t ✉♥✉s✉❛❧ ❛r❜♦✉r ■ ❝♦✉❧❞

s❡❡ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❡✈❡r ❜❡❡♥✱ ❛r❡✱ ♦r ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥

s❝❤♦♦❧s✳ ❱❡r② ♠❛♥② ✇❡r❡ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥ t♦ ♠❡✳✑ ✼✼ ❬✺✲✼✱ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ✻❪

❚❤❡ ❧❡❛st ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♠❛❦❡ ❤❡r❡ ✐s t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ❛♥ ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡

♣✐❝t✉r❡ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏❡❛r❧② ❞❛②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✑ ❛♥❞ ❧✐❦❡❞ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③✐♥❣ ✐t ❛s ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧

s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s t♦ ❜❡ ♣❡r♣❡t✉❛t❡❞✳ ■t ✇❛s ❛ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ✐♥ ♠✐♥❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❛❧❦✐♥❣

t♦ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✳ ■t ✇❛s ❛ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ ❢♦r ❛ ❧♦♥❣

t✐♠❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞②✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✇❤❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ t♦r♠❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ♥✐❣❤t♠❛r❡s

❞✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s st❛② ❛t ▲❛♥③♦✳ ❍❡ ✇❛s t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r t❤❡r❡ ❛t t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❛❞ ❤❡❛r❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

✼✺❖❊ ❳■ ❬✷✵✶❪✳

✼✻❖❊ ❳❱ ❬✸✸✷✲✸✸✸❪✳ ▼♦r❡ ♦♥ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss✱ ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss✱ ❥♦② ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐♥ ❇■❊❙✲

▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✽✲✺✶✳

✼✼▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✺✻✲✶✺✽❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✼✲✽✵✳ ❆❧s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡q✉❡❧ t♦ t❤❛t st♦r② ✐♥ ✶✽✻✽✿

✏t❤❡ ❝❤✉r❝❤ ♦❢ ▼❛r②✱ ❍❡❧♣ ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧ ♦✉r ♣r❡s❡♥t ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣s ❛❜r✉♣t❧② ❞✐s❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞✳✑ ❆♥❞

❛❣❛✐♥ ❤❡ s❛✇ ✏t❤❡ ♦❧❞ P✐♥❛r❞✐ s❤❡❞✑ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs✳ ✭▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✶❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳

✽✶✮✳ ■t ❧♦♦❦s ❛s ✐❢ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇❡r❡ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❢♦r♠❡r ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥✳

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❝r② ✐♥ ❤✐s r♦♦♠✳

✸✳✷✳✷✳✸ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛❞❡ ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❬✻❪

❇❡❢♦r❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s r❡❛❝t✐♦♥✱ ❏✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✐♥s❡rts ❛ ♥❡✉tr❛❧ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢

t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥t✳ ■t ❤❛s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ♣✉t ✐♥t♦ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ♠♦✉t❤ ♥♦r ✐♥t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s✳ ■t ❝❛♥

s✐ ✈✐❞❡✈❛ ❜❡ ❞❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐t❡ ✏♦♥❡✑ ♦r ②♦✉✿ ✏❨♦✉ ❝♦✉❧❞ s❡❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ❬

❪✳ ❆s

✐❢ s✉❞❞❡♥❧② ❛ t❤✐r❞ ♥❡✉tr❛❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❡r✱ ❢♦r t❤❛t ♠❛tt❡r t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✱ ✇❛s ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ♦♥✳

❙t✐❧❧✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✐s ♥♦ ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✜rst

❆ ♥♦t❡s ✭ ✮ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ t❤❡ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r✿ ✏❲❛r♠ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❡♥t❡r✳✑

❈ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❤❛♥❞❧❡s t❤✐s ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ❢r❡❡❞♦♠✱ ♥♦t s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ♦✉t ♦❢ ✱ ❜✉t ❤❡

❑ ❉ ❞♦❡s s♦ ✐♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ ✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❤❡ ♣✉ts t❤❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ✉♣ ❢r♦♥t✳ ■♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❆ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❝♦✉rs❡ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ❝✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦

❛♣♣❡❛rs ♦♥❧② ❧❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ tr❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t st♦♣ t❤❡

❡❞✐t♦r ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❢r♦♠ r❡s✉♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r ✐♥ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❧❛t❡r✳❬✶✻❪ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧②

❑ ❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥ ❤✐s ✈❡r② ♦✇♥ ✇❛②✳ ■♥

❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ t❤❡ ❛❞❥❡❝t✐✈❡

❆ ✏❝♦r❞✐❛❧✑ ❢r♦♠ ✐♥t♦ ❛ ♥♦✉♥ ✏❝♦r❞✐❛❧✐t②✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛s s✉❝❤ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❛t ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ❞♦❡s ♥♦t

❛♣♣❡❛r ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✇r✐t✐♥❣s✱ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ s♣❡❡❝❤❡s ❛s ❛ r✉❧❡✳✼✽ ■t ❞♦❡s ❛♣♣❡❛r ✇✐t❤

❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ t❤♦✉❣❤✳ ❙♦ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❧❡tt❡r ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡ ❞❛t❡❞ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✵✳ ■♥ ✐t ❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡❞

❋r ❘✉❛ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ✏✇❤♦ ✇❛s ✈❡r② t✐r❡❞✑ ❤❛❞ ❛❝❝❡♣t❡❞ t❤❡ ✐♥✈✐t❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❈♦✉♥t

❝♦r❞✐❛❧✐tà ❘✐❛♥t ❤❛❞ ❢♦r✇❛r❞❡❞ t♦ ❤✐♠ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ❝♦r❞✐❛❧✐t②✳✑ ✼✾ ❚❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞

✭❝♦r❞✐❛❧✐t②✮ t♦ ✏❛♠❛❜✐❧✐tà✑ ✭❛♠✐❛❜✐❧✐t②✮✱ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐tà ✭❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✮✱ ❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥③❛ ✭❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥❝❡✮✱

❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛ ♦r ✏

✑ ✭❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✱ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧✐♥❡ss✮✳✽✵ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r ❤❡ ❥✉①t❛♣♦s❡s t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♥✲

❉ ❝❡♣t ♦❢ ✏tr✉st✑ ♦r ✏❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑ ✐♥ ✱ ❛❧s♦ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❤②♣❡r❜♦❧❡ ✏❣r❡❛t❡st✑✳ ❚❤✉s

❉ ❤❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❡s t❤❡ ✜rst ♣♦st✲❝♦♠♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❱❛❧❢rè ✐♥ ✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ s❤✐❢t ❛♥❞

t❤❡ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ✐s ♦❢ ❝♦✉rs❡ t❤❡ ♠✉❝❤ str♦♥❣❡r r❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥

❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✳

❚❤❡ r❡❛❞❡r ❝❛♥ s❡♥s❡ s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ❡❧s❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥✿ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬

❛tt✐t✉❞❡ t♦✇❛r❞s ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✐s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ✏②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✑ ✭♦r ❥✉st ✬❜♦②s✬✮ ❥✉st✐✜❛❜❧② ❝♦♠❡s ✜rst ✐♥✿

✏❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳✑ ✽✶ ■t ❤❛s r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s

t❤♦✉❣❤ ♣❛rts ❛r❡ r❡✈❡rs❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t t❤❛t ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳

❚❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✐s ♣r❡❝❡❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛❞❡ ♦♥ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♠❛❞❡ ❝❧❡❛r t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✜rst✲♣❡rs♦♥ ♥❛rr❛t♦r✿ ✏■ ✇❛s ❡♥❝❤❛♥t❡❞ ❜②

t❤❛t s♣❡❝t❛❝❧❡✳✑ ❆s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐s s✐❧❡♥t ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s✱ ❱❛❧❢rè ❝❛♥ t❛❦❡ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡✳

✼✽

❈❢✳

❢♦r

t❤✐s

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱

❘✳✱

❉❡

❜r✐❡❢

✉✐t

❘♦♠❡

❛❛♥

❞❡

❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱

♣♣✳

✺✹✲✺✺✳

✼✾

❇❘❆■❉❖✱

P✳✲

❆❘❊◆❆▲

▲▲❆❚❆

❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱

❉♦♥

●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐

❇❛tt✐st❛

▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✳✳✱

♣✳

✶✸✼✴✶✵✲✶✶✳

✽✵

▼♦r❡

✐♥❢♦

♦♥

t❤✐s

✐♥

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱

❘✳✱

❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳✳✳✱

♣♣✳

✶✼✶✲✶✽✾❀

✸✸✲✸✼✳

✽✶

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱

❘✳✱

❉❡

❜r✐❡❢

✉✐t

❘♦♠❡

❛❛♥

❞❡

❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱

♣♣✳

✺✽✲✺✾✳

✼✸

8.4 Page 74

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✸✳✷✳✷✳✹ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥✿ ✏❈❧♦s❡♥❡ss ❬❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②❪ ❧❡❛❞s t♦ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞

❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜r✐♥❣s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❬✻❪

❖♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❛❢t❡r✲❝♦♠♠❡♥ts ❝♦♥s✐st ♦❢ ❛ ♠❛✐♥ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ♣r♦♠✐✲

❇ ❇ ♥❡♥t❧② ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ✐♥ ❈✱ ❜✉t ✇❛s st✐❧❧ s♣♦❦❡♥ ❜② ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✐♥ ✱

❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ tr✉st✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❜r♦✉❣❤t ❛❜♦✉t ✐♥ ❛

❆ ❇ ❈ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✇❛②✳ ❚❤♦s❡ ❛r❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✇❡ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ✜♥❞ ✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ ❛♥❞ ✱ ❛❧❜❡✐t ❛t

❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠♦♠❡♥t ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♣❛rt♥❡rs ❤❛✈❡ s❡❡♥ ❤❛♣♣❡♥✐♥❣✳✽✷

❈✱ ❑ ❉ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❱❛❧❢rè ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ✭

❛♥❞ ✮✱ ✐s ❛❧s♦

t②♣✐❝❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s❝❡♥❡✿ ✏❨♦✉ s❡❡✿ ❝❧♦s❡♥❡ss ✭❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✮ ❧❡❛❞s

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà t♦ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜r✐♥❣s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❬✻❪ ❆s ❥✉st ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞✱ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏

✑

❇ s❤♦✇s ✉♣ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ ✱ ❡✈❡♥ t✇✐❝❡✳ ❙✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣❧②✱ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ t✉r♥s ✉♣ t❤❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡s ❛♥

❡♥✐❣♠❛t✐❝ ❡✛❡❝t ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✳ ■t ✐s s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧②

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ♦r ❤❛❞ ❤❛r❞❧② ❡✈❡r s♣♦❦❡♥ ♦r ✇r✐tt❡♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏

✑ ✐♥ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤ts ❛♥❞ ❧❡tt❡rs

✇✐t❤ s✉❝❤ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥✳ ■t ✇❛s ❡♥✐❣♠❛t✐❝ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♥♦ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛t ❛❧❧ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞

❇ ❈ ✐♥ ✳ ❙♦♠❡ ❝❧❛r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✜rst t✉r♥❡❞ ✉♣ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✳ ❇✉t ❡✈❡♥ t❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ♥♦t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ r❡❢❡rr❡❞ ✏♦♥❧②✑ t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝t

♦❢ ✏ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✑ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ♣♦✐♥t✐♥❣ ♦✉t t❤❛t ✏❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✑ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ■♥

✐ts t✉r♥ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✏❜r✐♥❣s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑✳ ❇② t❤❡ ✇❛②✱ ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ t❤❛t t❤❡

t❤♦✉❣❤t ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ❧❡❛♥s ♦♥ ❛ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ❋✳ ❆♣♦rt✐✳ ❚❤✐s ❚✉r✐♥❡s❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✉❡

❛♠♦r❡ ❛❞✈✐s❡❞ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r ♦r s❝❤♦♦❧♠❛st❡r ✏t♦ ✇✐♥ t❤❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✭

✮ ❛♥❞ tr✉st ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s

❜② ❤✐s ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳✑ ❙t✐❧❧✱ ❆♣♦rt✐ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✏✇❛②s ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ✇✐t❤✑ t♦ ✏

✑✱ ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡ ❛❧s♦ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ✇❛r♥ ✏♥♦t t♦ ♦✈❡r❞♦ t❤✐s

❛✛❡tt♦ ❜❛s✐❝ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥t t❤❛t ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭

✮ ❛♥❞ tr✉st ✇♦✉❧❞ ❞❡❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ ✐♥t♦

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ✏

✑✳✽✸ ❚❤✐s r❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ str♦♥❣❧② ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤❡s ❆♣♦rt✐✬s ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡

✉♥❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛②❜❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✱ ♠♦st s✉r❡❧②

❈ ❉ s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ✭♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❛♥❞ ✮ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts✳

❆❢t❡r t❤❡ ❛♣❤♦r✐s♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ t❤♦✉❣❤t t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ✐♥s❡rts ❛ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡

❈ ❢♦✉♥❞ ♦♥❧② ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✿ ✏❆♥❞ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❡①♣r❡ss ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣

✇✐t❤♦✉t ❢❡❛r✑ ✉♣ t♦ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ✏❜② ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ t❤❡② ❦♥♦✇ ❧♦✈❡s t❤❡♠✳✑ ❬❚❤✐s ❡①♣❧❛✐♥s t❤❡

❑ ✐t❛❧✐❝s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②♥♦♣t✐❝ s✉r✈❡② ♦♥ ♣✳ ✻❪ ■♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❛❧♠♦st ♥♦t❤✐♥❣

❈ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♥♦t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r

❈ ❞♦❡s ❝♦♣② ❢✉❧❧② t❤❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❤❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ❞❡✜♥❡ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏

✑ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧②✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❛❞❡rs ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❝♦♥str✉❡ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❢♦r

❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ❇ ✽✷❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ✏❢

✑ ✉♥❞❡r ✇❛s ♦✈❡r❧♦♦❦❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉✉t❝❤ s②♥♦♣t✐❝ t❛❜❧❡s✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱

❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✽✺ ❛♥❞ ❍✉❧♣❜♦❡❦❥❡✱ ♣✳ ✼ ❚❤❡ ♣❛rts ✐♥ t❤❛t ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ✇❡r❡

❈ ♣r✐♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❝✉rs✐✈❡ ❧❡tt❡r t②♣❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛♣♣❡❛rs ✐♥ ❛♥♦t❤❡r s♣♦t✳

Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ❛✛❡tt♦ ✽✸❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱

✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✽✲✶✵✾✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❋✳ ❆♣♦rt✐ ✉s❡❞ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏

✑✳ ■♥ s♦♠❡

❛♠♦r❡ ❛✛❡tt♦ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✏

✑ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❛♣❤♦r✐s♠ ✇❛s r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❜② ✏

✑✳

▲❛ ❧❡tt❡r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✭❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✷ ❛♥❞ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱

✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✳✮ ❖♥ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❝♦✲

●✳❆✳ ❘❛②♥❡r✐ ♥❡❣❧✐ ✇♦r❦❡rs ✇✐t❤ ❋✳ ❆♣♦rt✐ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ●✳❆✳ ❘❛②♥❡r✐ s❡❡ P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱

s❝r✐tt✐ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝✐ s❛❧❡s✐❛♥✐✱ ❖r✐❡♥t❛♠❡♥t✐ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝✐✱ ❆♥♥♦ ❳❳❳❳ ♥♦✳ ✻✱ ✶✾✾✸✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✹✸✲✶✵✹✼✳ ❆❧s♦

P✳ ❉❡ ❉❛♠❛s ✇r♦t❡ ❧❛t❡r ♦♥✿ ✏❚❤❡② ✐♥ t✉r♥ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❤♦✇❡✈❡r

❧♦s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐❣♥✐t② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥t❛✐❧s r❡s♣❡❝t✱ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t st❡♣♣✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥ t♦ t❤✐s ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✇❤✐❝❤

❡♥t❛✐❧s ❝♦♥t❡♠♣t✑ ✭❉❊ ❉❆▼❆❙✱ P✳✱ ▲❡ s✉r✈❡✐❧❧❛♥t ❞❛♥s ✉♥ ❝♦❧❧è❣❡ ❝❛t❤♦❧✐q✉❡✱ P❛r✐s✱ ✶✽✺✼✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✽✮✳

✼✹

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t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ✐♥ s♦♠❡ ✇❛② ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t✳ ■ s❤❛❧❧ tr② t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ ❜r✐❡❢ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ■t ✇✐❧❧

❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❜r✐❡❢ r✐❣❤t ❤❡r❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ t❛❦❡ ✉♣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♠♦r❡ t❤♦r♦✉❣❤❧②

✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ t❡①t ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈ ❜r✐♥❣s ✏ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✑ t♦ t❤❡ ❢♦r❡❢r♦♥t ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ t✐♠❡✳ ❬✶✽❪

❋✐rst❧② ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❞r❛✇ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✐t❡♠✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✇❛s t❤❡ s♣♦❦❡s♠❛♥

❣✐✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♥♦t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈✳

❚❤❡ s♣♦❦❡s♠❛♥ ❤❡r❡ ✐♥ ❉ ✐s ❱❛❧❢rè✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♠✐♥❞✳ ■t ✐s ✈❡r② ❝❧❡❛r

❤❡ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛♥ ❡❞✐t♦r✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ ❛❧s♦ ❧✐❦❡❞ t♦ t❡❧❧ ❛ ❝r❡❛t✐✈❡❧② ❜✉✐❧t

✉♣ ❛♥❞ ♥✐❝❡❧② ✇r✐tt❡♥ st♦r②✳ ❍✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦❢ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② str❡♥❣t❤❡♥s t❤❡ s✉s♣✐❝✐♦♥

t❤❛t t❤❡ ❱❛❧❢rè ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r ✐s t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛r② ✜♥❞ ♦r ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t✐♠❡

t❤✐s ✏♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧✑ ❤❛♣♣❡♥s t♦ ❜❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✜rst ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♣❛rt♥❡r t♦ ❣❡t ❛ ♥❛♠❡ ✐♥ ❈✱

✇❤❡r❡ ❆ ♦♥❧② ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✳

❼ ❋❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛s ❛ st②❧❡ ♦❢ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❝♦✉rs❡ ❬✻❪

▲♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ s❝❡♥❡ ❛❣❛✐♥✱ ✐t ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❝❧❡❛r t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ✑

✐s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥t❛❝t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❛♥❞ ✈✐❝❡ ✈❡rs❛✳ ❚❤❡

❝♦♥❝❡♣t r❡❧❛t❡s ❞✐r❡❝t❧② t♦ t❤❡ st②❧❡ ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✱ t❤❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣

t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ✇✐t❤ ♦♥❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❜♦②s ❣♦ ❛♥❞ ❧✐st❡♥ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s❧② t♦ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts

❤❛✈❡ t♦ t❡❧❧ t❤❡♠✳ ❚❤❡② ❥♦✐♥ ✐♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✳ ❚❤❡②

s✉rr♦✉♥❞ ✏t❤❡ ♣r✐❡sts ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ❡✈❡r②✇❤❡r❡✑✳ ❚❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦t s❤✉♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✱ t❤❡② ❞♦

♥♦t r✉♥ ❛✇❛② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡♠✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r②✱ t❤❡② r❡❧❛t❡ t♦ t❤❡♠ ❥♦✈✐❛❧❧②✱ tr✉st❢✉❧❧② ❛♥❞

✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❡s✳ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❣♦❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts✳ ❚❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦t ♦❜s❡r✈❡ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡s

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❢r♦♠ ❛❢❛r✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r②✱ t❤❡② ✜♥❞ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s

✏✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞st ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ✈❡r② ❞❡❛r t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❚❤✐s ✇✐❧❧ r❡✲❛♣♣❡❛r

✐♥ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝❡♥t✉❛t❡❞ ✇❛② ❢✉rt❤❡r ♦♥✳ ❚❤❡② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❧♦♦❦ ❞♦✇♥ ♦♥ ❥♦✐♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠ ❛s ❜r♦t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞s✳ ❉❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ✐s

t❤❡ ✇❛② ✐t ❤❛♣♣❡♥s ✐♥ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❢❛♠✐❧②✿ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ✉♥❢♦r❝❡❞✱ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✐♥ t❤❡

♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ s❡♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞✳✽✹

❆❧❧ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✐s ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✇❤❛t ❛ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ❥♦✉r♥❛❧✐st ❤❛❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✐♥ ❚✉r✐♥

❤❛r❞❧② ❛ ②❡❛r ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❛❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐♥ ▲❡ Pè❧❡r✐♥✱ ▼❛② ✶✷ ✶✽✽✸✱ ❛s ❛ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s st❛② ✐♥ P❛r✐s✳ ✏❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ s❡❡♥ t❤✐s ❬❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧❪ s②st❡♠ ✐♥ ❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥

❚✉r✐♥ ✐s ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ❜♦❛r❞✐♥❣ s❝❤♦♦❧ ✇❤❡r❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❢♦r❝❡❞ t♦ ❧✐♥❡ ✉♣❀ r❛t❤❡r✱ t❤❡②

♠♦✈❡ ✐♥ ❣r♦✉♣s ♣r❡tt② ♠✉❝❤ ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧②✳ ❊❛❝❤ ❣r♦✉♣ ❝❧✉st❡r❡❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ❛ t❡❛❝❤❡r❀ t❤❡r❡

✐s ♥♦ s❤♦✉t✐♥❣✱ ♣✉s❤✐♥❣✱ ♦r sq✉❛❜❜❧✐♥❣✳✑ ✽✺ ❆❢t❡r ♦❜s❡r✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ st❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥

t✐♠❡ t❤❡ ❥♦✉r♥❛❧✐st ❤❛s s✉♠♠❡❞ ✉♣ ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❧② ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏♣r❡tt② ♠✉❝❤ ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧②✳✑ ❚❤✐s ✇❛②

r❡✢❡❝ts s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ q✉✐♥t❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✑ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥

t❤❡ ✶✽✽✹ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✭❈ ✮✳

❆♥♦t❤❡r ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✇❛s ♣✉t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❛❜❧❡ t❛❧❦

✇✐t❤ ❵❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥✐sts✬ ✐♥ P❛r✐s✳ ▲❡ Pè❧❡r✐♥ ❛❧s♦ r❡♣♦rt❡❞ ✐t✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥

✽✹

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱

❘✳✱

❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳✳✳✱

♣♣✳

✶✽✾✲✶✾✻✳

■❉✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳

✹✾✱

✺✹✲✻✾✳

✽✺

▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳✶✻✽✲✶✻✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✸✵✲✶✸✷✳

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❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ❛s❦❡❞✿ ✏❇✉t ✇❤❛t ♠❛❦❡s ✉♣ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❧❛❞s❄✑ ❍❡ r❡♣❧✐❡❞✿

❞♦❧❝❡③③❛ ✏❚✇♦ t❤✐♥❣s✿ ✏ ❑✐♥❞♥❡ss ✭

✮ ✉♥❞❡r ❛❧❧ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥ ❝❤❛♣❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❢✉❧❧

❢❛❝✐❧✐t✐❡s ❢♦r ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐♦♥✳✑ ✏✉♥❞❡r ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✑ ♠❡❛♥s ✏✐♥ ❡✈❡r② r❡s♣❡❝t✑✱

✏✐♥ ❡✈❡r② ❝♦♥t❛❝t✳✑ ■t ❝❛♥ ❛♥❞ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧✐♥❡❞✳ ❆s ❛ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❞✐♥♥❡r t❛❧❦

▲❡ ▼♦♥❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ q✉♦t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ✭▼❛② ✶✼

✶✽✽✸✮✿ ✏■♥ t❤❡✐r ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❡ ②❡❛rs ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ♥❡❡❞ t❤❡ ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧ t♦✉❝❤ ♦❢ ♣r✐❡st❧② ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss

✭❞♦❧❝❡③③❛✮✳✑✽✻ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❞♦❧❝❡③③❛✑ ✐s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❛t r❡♣♦rt t♦♦✳

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ❆♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏

✑ ✇❛s ♥♦t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ t❛❜❧❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡

▲❡ Pè❧❡r✐♥ ▲❡ ▼♦♥❞❡ r❡♣♦rts ❜♦t❤ ✐♥

❛♥❞

❝❧❡❛r❧② s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✱

❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞ ✇❛② t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ✐♠✲

♣♦rt❛♥❝❡✳

❼ ❚❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✿ t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✻❬ ❪

❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❱❛❧❢rè t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ❢♦r❝❡ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐s t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢

❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧✱ tr✉st❢✉❧✱ ❛✛❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞ st②❧❡ ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r

❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s ❛♥❞ ❜♦♦sts ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✴❧♦✈❡ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② t❤❛t t❤❡② ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡✐r

❛ss✐st❛♥ts✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s r❡❛s♦♥ t❤✐s st②❧❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ♦✈❡r❡st✐♠❛t❡❞✳

■♥ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❛♣❤♦r✐s♠✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥❝✐s❡❧② ❡①♣❧❛✐♥s ✇❤❛t ✇❛s ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②✲

❛♠♦r❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✱ ✇❡ ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✇♦r❞ ❢♦r ✏❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✴❧♦✈❡✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ✐s ✏

✑✳

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ❆ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❞ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❤♦✇ ✉♣ ❛s s✉❞❞❡♥❧② ❛s ✏

✑ ✐❢ ❛t ❧❡❛st ✇❡ t❛❦❡ ♠s✳

❛♠♦r ♣❡r ✈✐❝❡♥❞❡✈♦❧❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐t ❛♣♣❡❛rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛s ✏

✴✳ ✳ ✳ ✴

✑✱

❛♠♦r❡ ❧♦✈❡✴❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❬♠✉t✉❛❧ ❧♦✈❡❪✳ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏

✑ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ✐s ♥♦t ✉s❡❞ ✐♠✲

♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t❛r② ♥♦t❡s✳ ■t ♦♥❧② s❤♦✇s ✉♣ ✐♥ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t

❢r❛❣♠❡♥ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠❡❛♥s t♦ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ t❤❡ ♠❛❧❛✐s❡ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞

❛♠♦r❡ ❝❛r✐tà ✏

✑ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ✐s ✉♥✉s✉❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❖✈❡r ❛♥❞ ♦✈❡r ❛❣❛✐♥ ❤❡ ✉s❡❞ ✏

✑ ♦r

❝❛r✐tà ❢r❛t❡r♥✐tà ✏

✑ ✭❜r♦t❤❡r❧② ❧♦✈❡✮ ✐♥ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ✇r✐t✐♥❣s✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡✲

❝❛r✐tà ❛♠♦r❡ ❛♠♦r❡ t✇❡❡♥

❛♥❞

♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥ t❤✐s✿

r❡❢❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

❆♠♦r❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ✐♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳

✐s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ❢♦r ❞❡❡♣❧② ❢❡❧t

❧♦✈❡✱ t❤❡ ❧♦✈❡ ♦❢ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t✳✽✼ ■ts tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ✉s❡s ❛ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ♥♦✉♥✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥

❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡ ❬✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥ ❛❞❥❡❝t✐✈❡❪✳

❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❞r❛✇♥ t❤❡ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ✐t ❤❡r❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞②✱ ■ t❤✐♥❦ ✐t r❛t❤❡r ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥❡

❝❛r✐tà ❛♠♦r❡ t♦ ❞❡❧✈❡ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ✭✏

✑✮ ❛♥❞ ✏

✑ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡❡♣❧②

❢✉rt❤❡r ♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡✐r t✉r♥ t♦✉❝❤ t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ❛♥❞

❡❧✐❝✐t ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ t♦ ❧♦✈❡ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡

t❤❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❛❧❧ t❤❡✐r ❤❡❛rts✳✽✽

❼ ❚❤❡ ❢r✉✐t ♦❢ ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✿ tr✉st ✭❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✮ ✻❬ ❪

✽✻■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✽ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✶✻✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✶ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✶✸✷✳ ❇♦t❤ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ❢r♦♠ ▲❡ Pè❧❡r✐♥

❛♥❞ ▲❡ ▼♦♥❞❡✳

✽✼❙❡❡ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❙❛✐♥t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✳ ❋❘❆◆❈❖■❙ ❉❊ ❙❆▲❊❙✱ ❚r❛✐té ❞❡ ❧✬❛♠♦✉r ❞❡ ❉✐❡✉✱ P❛r✐s✱ ▲❛

❜♦♥♥❡ ♣r❡ss❡✱ ✶✾✷✺✱ ▲✐✈r❡ ■✱ ❳■■■✲❳■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✸✲✸✺✳

✽✽❚❤✐s r❡❝✐♣r♦❝✐t② ✐s ✈❡r② str♦♥❣❧② ♥♦t✐❝❡❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ t❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲❛♥③♦ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r②

s❝❤♦♦❧ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✹ ✭❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✸❀ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✮✳

✼✻

8.7 Page 77

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❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s t❤❡s✐s ❞r❛✇s ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❢r✉✐ts ♦❢ ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ■t ✐s

tr✉st✿ ✏❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❬❧♦✈❡❪ ❜r✐♥❣s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❚❤❛t ✐s ❤♦✇ t❤❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✏❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑

✐s ❛♥t✐❝✐♣❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛♥❞✱ ❝♦♥tr❛r② t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s

✈❡rs✐♦♥s✱ ✐t ✐s ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳

■♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❱❛❧❢rè ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦r❝❡❞ t♦ r❡str✐❝t ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ t❤❡s✐s

❑ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ♥♦t ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ❜♦r♥ ♦✉t ❡✛❡❝t✿ ✏❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ✐t✑✳ ✭ ✱

❆ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ✺✮ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❛♥ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞

❜② t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✏t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✲❞❛② ❜♦②s ❞♦ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ♠✉❝❤ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥✳✑

❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏♣r❡s❡♥t✲❞❛② ❜♦②s✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦t❡s r❡✈❡❛❧s t❤❛t t❤❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t r❛t❤❡r ❜❡❧♦♥❣s t♦ t❤❡

❝♦♠♠❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ s❝❡♥❡ ❧❡❞ ❜② ❇✉③③❡tt✐✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s q✉✐t❡ ❛❝❝❡♣t❛❜❧❡

❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣❡r t♦ ❛♥t✐❝✐♣❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❞r❛✇ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✬ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢

❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❬❧♦✈❡❪✳

■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ✏♦✉ts✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧✑ ❛♥❞ ✏✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡

❆ ❉ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧✑✱ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ✉s❡s t❤❡ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✳ ❚❤❡② ❤❛❞

❈ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥ t♦♦✱ ❜✉t t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ s♣♦❦❡♥ t❤❡r❡ ❜② ❇✉③③❡tt✐✱ ❛t ❛ ♠♦♠❡♥t

✈❡r② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ t❛❧❦ ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳✽✾

❼ ❚❤❡ ❢❛✈♦✉r❛❜❧❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ tr✉st ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❬✻❪

❱❛❧❢rè ✐s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ♥♦✇ t♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡ t❤r❡❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡

❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ tr✉st ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳

✶✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ♦♣❡♥✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❤❡❛rts ❛♥❞

s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❜r♦❛❞ ❞❛②❧✐❣❤t ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❢❡❛r✳ ❊✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡② ❝♦♠❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛❧❧

♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡✐r ❥♦②s ❛♥❞ ❣r✐❡✈❛♥❝❡s✳ ❖♣❡♥♥❡ss✱ ✉♥r❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❢r❡❡❞♦♠

♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ✇❛s ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥s❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t❡✿ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t

s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣ t❤❡♥ t❤❛t ❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss❡❞ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ♠✐♥❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡s ❢♦r

t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s✿ ✏❖♣❡♥ ②♦✉r ❤❡❛rts t♦ t❤❡♠ ❬t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs❪ ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❧②✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡♠

❛s ❢❛t❤❡rs ✇✐s❤✐♥❣ ②♦✉r ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss ❢❡r✈❡♥t❧②✳✑ ✾✵

✷✳ ◆❡①t t❤❡② s❤♦✇ t❤❡✐r tr✉st ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❜② ❝❛♥❞♦✉r ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛❝r❛♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♣❡♥❛♥❝❡✿

✏❚❤❡② ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞ ✐♥s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ✐t✳✑ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛❧♠♦st

❑ ❆ ✐♥ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐t② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❞❞❡❞ t♦ ✱ ❛t ❛♥② r❛t❡ ♦♥ t❤❛t s♣♦t

♦❢ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t✱ ♦♥❧② ✏♦✉ts✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧✑✱ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❧❡❛st ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥

❉ ❈ ♦❢ ✏♦✉ts✐❞❡✑✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ✱ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② t❛❦❡♥ ❢r♦♠ ✇❤❡r❡

t❤❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✇❛s ❛❞❞❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ✈❡r② ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛tt❛❝❤❡❞ ❛

✈❡r② ❣r❡❛t ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ t♦ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞♥❡ss ✐♥ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✶✽✻✵s ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ t♦

✽✾❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ✐t ✐s ♣r✐♥t❡❞ ❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ s②♥♦♣t✐❝ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❈✳ ❆❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❞✐s♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t✱ s❡❡

❛❧s♦ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✽✷✳

✾✵❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✼✷✴❛rt✳✼❪✳ ❚❤✐s ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❝♦♣✐❡s ②♦✉♥❣ ❏♦❤♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ ❢r♦♥t ♦❢ ❋❛t❤❡r ❈❛❧♦ss♦✱

✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❛♥❞ ❤❛❞ s❤♦✇♥ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st t❛❧❦✐♥❣ t♦ ❤✐♠✳ ❍❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡s✿ ✏■ ♣✉t ♠②s❡❧❢

♣r♦♠♣t❧② ✐♥t♦ ❋r ❈❛❧♦ss♦✬s ❤❛♥❞s✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ❊✈❡r② ✇♦r❞✱ ❡✈❡r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✱ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r② ❛❝t ■ r❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ t♦ ❤✐♠✳

❚❤✐s ♣❧❡❛s❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ♠❛❞❡ ✐t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❤✐♠ t♦ ❣✉✐❞❡ ♠❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧② ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❛♥❞

t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ r❡s♣❡❝t✑ ✭❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✹✼✴✸✾✷✲✸✾✻❀ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✴ ♣❛rt❧②

r❡✲tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ✮✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ✇❛② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ tr✐❡❞ t♦ ❣❡t ❤✐s ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥s ✏✐♥s✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥✑

❛❝r♦ss t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ s❡❡ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆ss✐st❡♥t✐❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✸✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✹✵ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

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t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛t ▼✐r❛❜❡❧❧♦✿ ✏❏✉st ❣✐✈❡ ♠❡ ②♦✉r ❤❡❛rt ❢♦r ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠♦♠❡♥ts✱ ❛♥❞ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧

❜❡ ❣❧❛❞✳✑ ✾✶ ❚❤❛t ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❣r❡❛t ❤♦❜❜② ❤♦rs❡s✱ ✐❢ ■ ♠❛② ❝❛❧❧ s♦ t❤❡ ❛tt❛❝❤♠❡♥t

t♦ t❤✐s ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞♥❡ss✳

✸✳ ❚❤✐r❞❧②✱ ✏t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ❞♦ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❛s❦❡❞ ❜② ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ t❤❡② ❦♥♦✇ ❧♦✈❡s t❤❡♠✑✳

❚❤✐s ❧❛st q✉♦t❡ ✐s ✐♥ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐t② ✇✐t❤ ✏✇❤♦ t❤❡② ❧♦✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦❜❡②❡❞✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦t❡s ✐♥

❆✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❚❡♣♣❛✬s t❤❡s✐s ❧♦♦❦ ❧✐❦❡ t✇♦ ♣❡❛s ✐♥ ❛ ♣♦❞✳ ❚❡♣♣❛ ✇r♦t❡✿

✏❚❤❡② ❛❧✇❛②s ❧✐❦❡ ❧✐st❡♥✐♥❣ t♦ s♦♠❡♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ✐s ❧♦✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❛❧✇❛②s ❧✐❦❡ ♦❜❡②✐♥❣

❘✉❧❡ s ❤✐♠✳✑ ✾✷ ❖❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❤❛s ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡❡♥ ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ■♥ t❤❡

❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ t❤❛t ❢♦✉r ✏✈✐rt✉❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❝❤❛r♠✐♥❣

♦r♥❛♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ②♦✉♥❣ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❛r❡✿ ♣✉r✐t②✱ ♠♦❞❡st②✱ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛r✐t②✳✑ ❚❤❡

❘✉❧❡s ❡✐❣❤t❤ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡

st❛rts ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❜♦②✬s ✈✐rt✉❡

✐s t❤❡ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ t♦ ❤✐s s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳✑ ❚❤✐s ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ✏✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡✱ r❡s♣❡❝t❢✉❧

❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ t♦ ❡✈❡r② ♦r❞❡r✳✑ ✾✸ ■♥ t❤❡ ❞r❡❛♠ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ ❉♦♠✐♥✐❝ ❙❛✈✐♦ ♦♥❡

♦❢ t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥ ✢♦✇❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦✉q✉❡t ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❜♦② ✐s ❝❛rr②✐♥❣ ✐s t❤❡ s✉♥✢♦✇❡r ♦❢

♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✳✾✹ ❲❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✇❛s t❛❧❦✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ❞r❡❛♠s ❛t ▲❛♥③♦ ✐♥ ▼❛② ✶✽✻✽✱ ❤❡ ❤❛❞

t❤❡ ❣✉✐❞❡ s❛②✿ ✏Pr❡❝✐s❡❧②✦ ❉✐s♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✐s t❤❡ r♦♦t ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❡✈✐❧✳✑ ✾✺ ❇✉t ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡

❤❛❞ ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ t♦ ❞♦ ✇✐t❤ s❝r✉♣✉❧♦✉s r❡s♣❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛st ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ✇✐t❤ ❢❡❛r✳ ❚♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r

▼❡♠♦✐rs ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❛s ❛ ❢r✉✐t ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡ ✇❛s t②♣✐❝❛❧ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ■♥ ❤✐s

❤❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞

❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ✇❛s ❛ ♣✉♣✐❧ ✐♥ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡

❤♦❧✐❞❛②s ❤❡ ❡♥t❡rt❛✐♥❡❞ s♦♠❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✿ ✏■t ✇❛s ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❖r❛t♦r②✱ ❛tt❡♥❞❡❞ ❜②

❛❜♦✉t ✜❢t② ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥✱ ✇❤♦ ❧♦✈❡❞ ♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♦❜❡②❡❞ ♠❡ ❛s ✐❢ ■ ✇❡r❡ t❤❡✐r ❢❛t❤❡r✳✑ ❚❤❡

♠♦r❛❧✐③✐♥❣ t♦✉❝❤ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❢❛t❤❡r✑✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ✏♦❧❞❡r ❜r♦t❤❡r✑

▼❡♠♦✐rs ✇♦✉❧❞ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♠♦r❡ s✉✐t❛❜❧❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡

❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡

s❡♥s❡ ❛❜♦✉t ❤✐s ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ❖r❛t♦r② ②❡❛rs ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✿ ✏❊❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡♠

❜❡❝❛♠❡ s♦ ❞❡❛r t♦ ♠❡ t❤❛t t❤❡② ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ♦❜❡②❡❞ ♠② ❡✈❡r② ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞✱ ❜✉t t❤❡② ✇❡r❡

❡❛❣❡r t❤❛t ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡♠ s♦♠❡ t❛s❦ t♦ ❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ❘❡❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥

❬❧✬✉❜❜✐❞✐❡♥③❛ ❡ ❧✬❛✛❡③✐♦♥❡❪ ♦❢ ♠② ♣✉♣✐❧s ❜♦r❞❡r❡❞ ♦♥ ❢♦♦❧✐s❤♥❡ss✳✑✾✻ ▲♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❜❛❝❦

♦♥ ❤✐s ❧✐❢❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥t❡rt✇✐♥❡❞ ❤✐s ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦

❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs✳ ❚❤❛t ✐t ✇❛s ♠❡❛♥t ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✇❡ ♠❛② ❤❡❛r ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ✏♠②

✾✶❊ ■✱ ♣✳ ✹✽✸❀ ❊ ✭♠✮ ✱ ✈♦❧✳ s❡❝♦♥❞♦✱ ♣✳ ✺✾✳ ▼❇ ❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✼✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✷✳ ❋r✳ ▼♦tt♦ ♣✉ts

t❤✐s ❧❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❞❛t❡ ✏❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❏✉❧② ✶✽✻✹✑ ✐♥ ❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ s❡❝♦♥❞♦✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✽✲✺✾✳ ●✳ ❇❛❧❧❡s✐♦✬s

t❡st✐♠♦♥② ✐s str✐❦✐♥❣✿ ✏❖✉r ❤❡❛rts ✇❡♥t ♦✉t t♦ t♦ ❤✐♠ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥t✐♠❛t❡✱ ❥♦②❢✉❧ ✉♥❞ t♦t❛❧ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥✳ ❲❡ ❛❧❧

✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❣♦ ❤✐♠ ❢♦r ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥✳✑ ✭❇❆▲▲❊❙■❖✱ ●✳✱ ❱✐t❛ ✐♥t✐♠❛ ❞✐ ❉✳ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇♦s❝♦ ♥❡❧ s✉♦ ♣r✐♠♦

❖r❛t♦r✐♦ ❞✐ ❚♦r✐♥♦✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱ ✶✽✽✽✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✳✮ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✶✸✲✷✶✹✳ ❙❡❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♥

t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✷✷✳

✾✷❚❊PP❆✱ ❆✳▼✳✱ ❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✳ ❍♦✇ ✇❡❧❧ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❦♥❡✇ ❚❡♣♣❛✬s ✇♦r❦ ✇❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡❞

✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❆❧s♦ ❋✳ ❆♣♦rt✐ t❛✉❣❤t✿ ✏❙♦ ✐t ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛♣♣❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❬t❤❡ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥❪ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡❤❛✈❡ ✇❡❧❧

✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t ❛♥❞ st✉❞② t♦ ♣❧❡❛s❡ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r ❛❢t❡r t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ❛♥❞ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡❞

❤✐s ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✑ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✽✲✶✵✾✮✳

✾✸❖❊ ❳❳■❳✱ ❬✶✻✵ ✼❪❀ ❬✶✼✶✲✶✼✷✴✻❪✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✽✹ ❉♦❡❧st❡❧❧✐♥❣❡♥✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✸✳ ❖♥ t❤❡

❜♦②s✬ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✱ s❡❡ ❛❧s♦ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✺✵✲✷✺✸✱ ✸✵✼✲✸✵✽✳

✾✹❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✽✹ ❉♦❡❧st❡❧❧✐♥❣❡♥✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✷✳ ▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✾✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✸✽✳

✾✺▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✾❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✾✼✳ ❈❢✳ ♦t❤❡r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✉tt❡r❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ t❛❧❡s ✭▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✺✾✱ ✶✻✵✱

✶✻✾✱ ✶✼✸❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✾✱ ✽✵✱ ✽✼✲✽✽✱ ✾✶✳

✾✻❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✻✴✶✷✾✼✲✶✷✾✽❀ ✶✹✻✴✷✾✶✲✷✾✽✳ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✹❀ ✶✷✹✳

✼✽

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♣✉♣✐❧s✑ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ✏♠② ❜♦②s✑✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ✇♦✉❧❞ s✉✐t ❜❡tt❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞✳

❨❡❛rs ❧❛t❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❤❡❛rt ✇❛s st✐❧❧ ❢✉❧❧ ♦❢ s✐♠✐❧❛r r❡♠✐♥✐s❝❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts✱

❢♦r ❤❡ ✇❛s ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ❢♦r ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❇♦❧❧❡tt✐♥♦ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦ ❜② ❋r ❇♦♥❡tt✐✱

✇❤♦ ✐♥ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✼✾ ❜❡❣❛♥ t❤❡ ❙t♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦ ❞✐ ❙✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s❝♦ ❞✐ ❙❛❧❡s s❡r✐❡s✳

❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ t♦♦ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✈❡r② ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ s✉❝❤ r❡♠✐♥✐s❝❡♥❝❡s✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r

t❤✐♥❣s t❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ❡①❝❡r♣ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡✐❣❤t✐❡s✳

❇② ❡①♣❧❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ t❤r❡❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ tr✉st ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ t❤❡ ♠✉t✉❛❧

♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❧♦st✳ ❚❤✐s r❡❝✐♣r♦❝✐t②✱ t❤✐s ♠✉t✉❛❧

❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❈✳

■♥ ❉ ✐t ✐s ❛❧❧ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ tr✉st ❬♥♦t ❛❜♦✉t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②❪ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡

❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✇✐♥ t❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✱ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r st②❧❡ ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳

❱❛❧❢rè✬s ♣❛rt ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❧❛r❣❡r ✐♥ ❉ t❤❛♥ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈ ❛s ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

♣❛rt ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❡①♣r❡ss t❤❡✐r tr✉st✳ ■t ✐s ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ❛ ♣r♦♦❢ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢r❡❡❞♦♠

▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡♥ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❛t ❤✐s ❞✐s♣♦s❛❧✳

❆❢t❡r t❤❛t ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ♣❛rt ❤❛s ❝♦♠❡ t♦ ❛♥ ❡♥❞✳ ❍❡ ❞✐s❛♣♣❡❛rs

❢r♦♠ t❤❡ st❛❣❡ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ r♦♦♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♣❛rt♥❡r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ♥♦t❡s ✭❆✮✳ ❉✉❡ t♦ t❤❡

❞✐❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦♥ tr✉st ❤✐s ♣❛rt ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❧♦♥❣❡r t❤❛♥ ♣❧❛♥♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛tt❡♠♣t ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❈✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ❞✐❞ ♥♦t r❡❛❝❤ ❛ r❡❛❧ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t

♦♥ t❤❡ ✜rst s❝❡♥❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ s❝❡♥❡✳ ❋r♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇

✐t ✐s ♥♦t ✈❡r② s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❱❛❧❢rè t❛❦❡ ✬❋r❡♥❝❤ ❧❡❛✈❡✬ ❛♥❞ ♥♦t t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❤✐♠ ❜❛❝❦ ❢♦r

❛♥② ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✳ ❆s ❤❡ ✇❛s

♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♥②✇❛②✱ ❱❛❧❢rè ❝♦✉❧❞ ✈♦✐❝❡ t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛❞✉❧t ♣❡rs♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡

♥❡①t s❝❡♥❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ ❤✐s ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✱ ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ s❤❛❞♦✇ ♦❢ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✳

✸✳✸ ❚❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ✶✽✽✹ ✉♥❞❡r ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❬✻✲✷✹❪

❆✮ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ❬✻✲✶✹❪

✸✳✸✳✶ ▼❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❝q✉❛✐♥t❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❬✻✲✼❪

❚❤❡ ❣✉✐❞❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ s❝❡♥❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t r❡❝❡✐✈❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣❡r ♥❛♠❡ ✐♥ ❈ ✳ ■t r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ✏t❤❛t

♦t❤❡r ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧✑ ❛♥❞ ✏s❛✐❞ t❤❛t ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧✳✑ ■♥ ❑ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ s♦♠❡✇❤❛t

♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ✇❛② ❛s ✏♠② ♦t❤❡r ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✈❡r② ✇❤✐t❡ ❜❡❛r❞✳✑ ■♥ ❈ t❤✐s str✐❦✐♥❣

❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ✇❛s ♥♦t s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ②❡t ❢♦r t❤❡ st♦r②✳ ■t ✐s ♥♦t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ t❤❡r❡✱ ❜✉t ✐t ✐s ❢♦✉♥❞

✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❡❛r❞ s❡r✈❡s ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡①t ❛s ❛ ♠❡❛♥s t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❛❧❧

❝♦♥❢✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ s♣❡❛❦❡r ✭❑ ✱ ✻✮✳ ■t ✐s q✉✐t❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤❡ ✇r✐t❡r ❝♦✉❧❞ ♠❛❦❡

t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❣✉❡ss t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♣❛rt♥❡r ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ✇❡r❡

❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❣❡❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✳✾✼ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡

✾✼

❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✇❛s ❛ ♠❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜r❛ss ❜❛♥❞✳ ❖♥ ❛♥ ✶✽✼✵ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ❤❡ ❤❛s ❛ ❜❡❛r❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s t❤❡♥ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞

❛s ❢✉❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❣✐♥❣❡r✲❝♦❧♦✉r❡❞✳ ❙❡❡ ❙❖▲❉❆✬✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❢♦t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡❧❧✬✽✵✵ ✶✽✻✶✲✶✽✽✽✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱ ❙❊■✱

✶✾✽✼✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✷✷✲✶✷✸✳ ❈❊❘■❆✱ ❊✳✱ Pr♦✜❧✐ ❞✐ ✸✸ ❝♦❛❞✐✉t♦r✐ s❛❧❡s✐❛♥✐✱ ❈♦❧❧❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✭❆st✐✮✱ ✶✾✺✷✱ ♣♣✳

✶✾✲✷✹✳ ❍❡ ✇❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t q✉✐t❡ ♦❢t❡♥ ✐♥ ❞r❡❛♠ ❛❝❝♦✉♥ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❛s ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ t❛❧❦s✱ ❢♦r

✼✾

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❛✉t❤♦r ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❦❡❡♣ t❤✐♥❣s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐t❡ s♦ ❛s ♥♦t t♦ st✐r ✉♣ ❛♥② s✉s♣✐❝✐♦♥

❛❜♦✉t ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❥♦✉r♥❡② t♦ ❘♦♠❡ t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳

❚❤❡ s✉♣♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❤✐t❡ ❜❡❛r❞ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛♥ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♥♦t

r❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♣❡rs♦♥ ♦❝❝✉rs t♦ ♠❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rs ✐t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ r❡✈❡❛❧

t❤❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ♥❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ s✉r♥❛♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ♥♦✇ ✐♥ ❉✳ ✭✏❚❤✐s ♠❛♥

✇❛s ❏♦s❡♣❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✳✑✮ ❇② r❡✈❡❛❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥❛♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏♦t❤❡r ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧✑ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❞♦❡s

❥✉st✐❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✜rst ❢❛❝t ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆✳ P❡r❤❛♣s ❤❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐t ♠♦r❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ♥♦t t♦

♦♥❧② ♣r❡s❡♥t ❝r✐t✐❝✐s♠✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦r ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✶✽✽✹✱ ❛s ❝♦♠✐♥❣

❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♦r ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❞✐r❡❝t❧②✱ ❜✉t ❢r♦♠ s♦♠❡♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ❦♥♦✇s t❤❡ r♦♣❡s✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✇❛s

❛ ♠❛♥ ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ✇♦r❦❡❞ ❢♦r ②❡❛rs ❛s ❛ ❧❛②♠❛♥ ❛♥❞ ✏❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②

❛♥❞ ❤❛❞ ♣✉t ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦t❛❧❧② ❛t t❤❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❈♦❛❞❥✉t♦r

s✐♥❝❡ ✶✽✼✼✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ st❛rt✱ ❤❛❞ ❧✐✈❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❧♦t ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥ts

❛♥❞ ❤❛❞ r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ❧♦②❛❧ t❤r♦✉❣❤ r♦✉❣❤ ♣❛t❝❤❡s✳ ❍❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ s♣❡❛❦ ✇✐t❤ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✳

❲✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r② ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ❤❡ ❛s❦s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t♥❡ss

s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s✿ ✏❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ✇♦✉❧❞ ②♦✉ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❣❡t t♦ ❦♥♦✇ ❛♥❞ s❡❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ❛r❡

st❛②✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛t t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t t✐♠❡❄✑ ❬✽❪ ✏●❡t t♦ ❦♥♦✇✑ ❡✈❡♥ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡s ✏t♦ s❡❡✑

❜♦t❤ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❑ ❛♥❞ ❉✳ ■♥ ❈ ✐t ✇❛s t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ✇❛② r♦✉♥❞✳ ❲❤❛t t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ♠❡❛♥t

❜② ✐t✱ r❡♠❛✐♥s ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥✱ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ s♦ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♦♥❧② s♣❡❛❦s ❛❜♦✉t ✏s❡❡✐♥❣✑

✐♥ ❤✐s ❛♥s✇❡r✳

❆s ❱❛❧❢rè ❞✐❞✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐t❡ ❢♦r♠ ❬✐♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥❪ ❢♦r ②♦✉ ❛❞❞r❡ss✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱

✇❤♦ ❛❣❛✐♥ ✐s ❦❡❡♥ ♦♥ ❛♥s✇❡r✐♥❣ ✏②❡s✑✳ ❚❤✐s t✐♠❡ ❤❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❥✉st✐❢② ❤✐s ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤

t❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❝♦♥✜r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✏■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❛t ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤✳✑ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✐♥ t❤❡

t❤r❡❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ✭❈✱ ❑ ❛♥❞ ❉ ♣✳ ✺✱ ❱❛❧❢rè ✮✳ ❱✐s✲à✲✈✐s ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤❡ ♥♦✇ ❣✐✈❡s t❤❡ s❛♠❡

r❡❛s♦♥ ❢♦r ❤✐s ✏②❡s✑ ✐♥ ❉ ❛s ✐♥ ❑ ✿ ✏✐t ✐s ❛ ♠♦♥t❤ s✐♥❝❡ ■ ❧❛st s❛✇ t❤❡♠✦✑ ■t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡

❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ✏❛❧r❡❛❞② ❢♦r ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❛ ♠♦♥t❤✑ ♦r ✏❛❧♠♦st ♦♥❡ ♠♦♥t❤ ❛♥❞

❛ ❤❛❧❢ ✑✱ ❢♦r ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❧❡❢t ❚✉r✐♥ ♦♥ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✳ ■t ✐s ❝❧❡❛r t❤❛t ❤✐s ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤

❛♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡✱ ❝♦♠❡s t❤r♦✉❣❤✱ ✐s ♠❡❛♥t

r❛t❤❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤❛♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❛s❦s ✐♥❞❡❡❞

✐❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✏✇❛♥ts t♦ ❣❡t t♦ ❦♥♦✇ ❛♥❞ s❡❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ st❛②✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛t

t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t t✐♠❡✑ ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡♣❧✐❡s ✏❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t✑ s❡❡♥ ✏t❤❡♠✑ s✐♥❝❡ ❛ ♠♦♥t❤✳ ❚❤❡

❛✉t❤♦r ❤❛❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❜❡tt❡r ❣♦♥❡ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ♣❧❛✐♥ t❡①t ♦❢ ❈ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② ❢✉rt❤❡r

❛r❣✉♠❡♥t✳

✸✳✸✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐st❧❡ss r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ❬✼✲✾❪

❲❤❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♣❛ss❛❣❡ ✐♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✉s✐♥❣ ❤✐s ✜♥❣❡r✱ ♣♦✐♥ts ❛t ✏t❤❡♠✑✱ ✉♥❞❡✲

♥✐❛❜❧② t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛r❡ ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ r✐❣❤t ♥♦✇ ❤❛s

❜❡❡♥ ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ♦♥❡✲s✐❞❡❞❧② ❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✳ ❆♥❞ ✇❤❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡

♣✐❡❝❡ ✐♥❜❡t✇❡❡♥✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s✉❞❞❡♥❧② s✇✐t❝❤❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ✏❛❧❧ ♦❢ ②♦✉✑✱ ❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❛♥❞

❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡tr❡❛t✬s ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ ✶✽✼✺ ✭▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✵✮✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ ✐t ❛❧s♦ ✐♥

❛ P✐✉s ■❳ st♦r②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ t♦❧❞ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs ✐♥ ✶✽✼✼ ✭▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✮✳ ❈❢✳

t❤❡ t❡st✐♠♦♥② ♦❢ ❞♦♥ ❇♦♥❡tt✐ ✐♥ ✏❙t♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦ ❞✐ ❙✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s❝♦ ❞✐ ❙❛❧❡s✱ ❈❛♣♦ ❱✑✱ ❇♦❧❧❡tt✐♥♦

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦✱ ✶✽✼✾✱ ♥♦✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✻✳

✽✵

9 Pages 81-90

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9.1 Page 81

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❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ♦✉t ❜② ❤✐s ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥

♣❛rt♥❡r✬s ✜♥❣❡r✳ ❚❤✐s ❞✐r❡❝t ❛❞❞r❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ♦❢ ❝♦✉rs❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♠❛t❝❤ t❤❡ ♥❛r✲

r❛t✐✈❡ str✉❝t✉r❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞r❛❢t ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ✭❈ ✮ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❧② ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜②

t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡✿ ✏■ s❛✇ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ❊✈✐❞❡♥t❧② t❤❡r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❵❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬✳

❚❤❡ s✇✐t❝❤ ❢r♦♠ ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t t♦ ❞✐r❡❝t s♣❡❡❝❤ ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛

❧❡tt❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✭❑ ✮✱ ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❧✐✈❡♥ ✉♣ t❤❡ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦

❛ ②♦✉♥❣ ❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❆❢t❡r✇❛r❞s t❤✐s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ s♥❡❛❦❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✱

❜✉t ❧❡ss ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡❧②✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ r✐❣❤t❧② ❜❡✿

✏❍❛✈❡ ②♦✉ s❡❡♥ ②♦✉r ❜♦②s❄✑ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ❢r❛♠❡❞ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s❝❡♥❡ ❛❣❛✐♥

✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✳ ■t ✇✐❧❧ str✐❦❡ ✉s t❤❛t ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ♥♦✇ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❢♦r

t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥✿ ❬✏❍❛✐ ✈✐st✐ ✑ ❪ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ q✉❡st✐♦♥✳ ■t ♠❛② ❜❡ ❛ ❧❡❢t♦✈❡r

❢r♦♠ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ❞✐sr❡❣❛r❞❡❞✳✾✽

❚❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹ ❝❛t❝❤❡s ♦✉r ❡②❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ s❤❛r♣

❝♦♥tr❛st ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦✉t❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst s❝❡♥❡✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❜② ♣✉tt✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t

❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❤❡❛r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r❡❣r♦✉♥❞✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ ❵❧♦♦❦✐♥❣✬ ❝♦♠❡s ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦

t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ❛❣❛✐♥ t❛❦❡s ✉♣ t❤❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ✏♥♦ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ■ ❤❡❛r t❤❡ ❥♦②❢✉❧ s❤♦✉ts ❛♥

s✐♥❣✐♥❣✑ ❢r♦♠ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈✱ ❢r♦♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② t❤❡ t②♣✐❝❛❧ ✏❥♦②❢✉❧✑ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❞r♦♣♣❡❞

✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❉ ❞♦❡s r❡s♣❡❝t✱ t❤♦✉❣❤✱ t❤❡ s❤✐❢t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r

t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤❡r❡ ✏♥♦ ♠♦r❡ s❤♦✉ts✑ ❤❛❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❜❡❡♥ ♣✉t ✐♥ ❢r♦♥t ♦❢ ✏s✐♥❣✐♥❣✑✳ ❆❧❧ ♦❢

t❤✐s r❡✈❡❛❧s t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r✬s ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❤❡ ✇❛♥ts t♦ ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧❧② ❛❝❝❡♥t✉❛t❡

t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❥♦② ❢♦r ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✕ t❤❡

❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ✕ ❛s ♠✉❝❤ ❛s t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

✜rst s❝❡♥❡✳ ■♥ ❢❛❝t ❤❡ ✇❛♥ts t♦ ❞♦ s♦ ✇✐t❤ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡

❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ t❡①t ✐s ♥♦✇ ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳ ❚❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛✇❛r❡ t❤❛t

❣♦♦❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❛ s❛❞ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❧❛♥❝❤♦❧② ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡✳

■♥ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡✲♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ♦❢ ✶✽✻✽ t❤✐s s♦rt ♦❢ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♥

❡♠❜r②♦♥✐❝ ✇❛②✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s st♦r②✿ ✏❆t t❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t ❛ str❛♥❣❡r ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞

❛t ♠② s✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ st♦♦❞ ✇❛t❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇✐t❤ ♠❡✳ ✕ ❨♦✉ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❛t ❛ ❣✉✐❞❡ ❛❧✇❛②s s❤♦✇s

✉♣ ✐♥ ♠② ❞r❡❛♠s✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❛ ♠②st❡r✐♦✉s ❝✉rt❛✐♥ ❛❜r✉♣t❧② ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✉s✱ ❜❧♦tt✐♥❣ ♦✉t

t❤✐s ❥♦②♦✉s s❝❡♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t✐♠❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❤✉❜❜✉❜ ❤❛❞ q✉✐❝❦❧② t✉r♥❡❞ ✐♥t♦

❣❧♦♦♠② s✐❧❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❚❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❣✉✐❞❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ✇❤❛t ✇❛s ❣♦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧②

t❤❡ ✈❡✐❧ ✇❛s ❧✐❢t❡❞ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r t❤r♦♥❣ ♦❢ ❜♦②s ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡✳ ✏❋♦r♠❡r❧②

✈❡r② ❤❛♥❞s♦♠❡✱ t❤❡② ♥♦✇ ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ✉❣❧②✱ s✉❧❧❡♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❞❡♦✉s s♦r❡s✳ ❚❤❡②

✇❛❧❦❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t ✇✐t❤ ❣r❡❛t ♠❡❧❛♥❝❤♦❧② ❛s ✐❢ st♦♦♣❡❞ ♦r ✇❛st❡❞ ❜② ❛❣❡✳✑ ❚❤✐s s❝❡♥❡ ❡❧✐❝✐t❡❞

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❲❤❛t ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞❄ ❚❤❡s❡ ❜♦②s✱ ♦♥❝❡ s♦ ❤❛♥❞s♦♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❥♦②❢✉❧ ✕

✇❤② ❛r❡ t❤❡② ♥♦✇ s♦ ✉❣❧② ❛♥❞ ♠❡❧❛♥❝❤♦❧②❄✑ ✾✾ ❬✼✱ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ✻❪ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st ✇❛s ♥♦t ❧❡ss

✾✽❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❊✳ ❈❡r✐❛ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ♥♦t s✉❝❤ ❛ ❣r❡❛t ❢❛♥ ♦❢ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ✏t✉ ✑ ✭✏②♦✉✑✮✱

❧❡t ❛❧♦♥❡ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❧❧♦✇ ✐t t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞✳ ❈❢✳ ❛♥❡❝❞♦t❡ ✇✐t❤ ●✳ ❱❡s♣✐❣♥❛♥✐✳ ❖♥❡ ❞❛② ✐♥ ✶✽✼✽ ❤❡ ♠❛❞❡

✐t ❝❧❡❛r ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ✇❤❡♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss✐♥❣ ❤✐♠✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r

r❡♣❧✐❡❞✿ ✏■ ✇✐❧❧ ❞♦ s♦ ✇❤❡♥ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❜❡tt❡r✳✑ ✕ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛✐t❡❞ ✉♥t✐❧ ✶✽✽✵ ✭▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳

✽✼✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✽✺✲✻✽✻✳ ❈❢✳ ❊ ■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✼✽✲✸✼✾✮✳ ❍♦✇ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ r❡❛❧❧② ✇❛s ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❛

❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ❉♦♥❛t♦ ❊❞♦❛r❞♦ ❢r♦♠ ✶✽✻✵ ✐♥ ▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✺✾✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✽✳

✾✾▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✺✽✲✶✺✾❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✽✲✼✾✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✵✶ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r st✉❞② ❛♥❞ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡

✼✼ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏❣❧♦♦♠② s✐❧❡♥❝❡✑ str✐❦❡s ♦♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✶✽✻✽ t❛❧❡✳ ■♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✏ ✉♥ ♠❛❧✐♥❝♦♥✐❝♦

s✐❧❡♥③✐♦✳✑ ✏ ▼❛❧✐♥❝♦♥✐❛✑ ❛❧s♦ t✉r♥❡❞ ✉♣ ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ✭✷✸ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✽✹✮ ✭❢♦♦t♥♦t❡

✽✶

9.2 Page 82

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s❤❛r♣ t❤❡♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇♦r❞s ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞✳

❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s s❤♦rt ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t♦r② s❝❡♥❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹ ✐s

❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝❛t❛str♦♣❤✐❝✱ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ s❤♦✇s ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡❛❧ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥

✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✲❞❛② ❖r❛t♦r② r❡q✉✐r❡s s♦♠❡ ♥✉❛♥❝❡✳

❋✐rst ❛♥❞ ❢♦r❡♠♦st ✏♦♥❡✑ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t r❡❛❞ ✏❛ ✇❡❛r② ❜♦r❡❞♦♠✱ ❛ s✉r❧✐♥❡ss✱ ❛ s✉s♣✐❝✐♦♥✑ ✐♥

t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞✱ ❜✉t ❵♦♥❧②✬ ❬✐❢ ♦♥❡ ♠❛② s❛② s♦❪ ✏✐♥ t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♠❛♥②

❜♦②s✳✑

❚❤❡ ✜rst ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♥✉❛♥❝❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r✲

❈ ❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✏♦❢ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✑ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✭ ✮ ✇❛s s♦❢t❡♥❡❞ t♦ ✏♠❛♥②

♦❢ ②♦✉✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❛♣♣❡❛rs ❛s ❝❛r❡❧❡ss ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♠✐①✐♥❣ ✉♣ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢

✏♦♥❡✑ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ✜rst ♣❡rs♦♥ ✭✏■✑✮✳✶✵✵ ❍❡ ✐s ❝❛r❡❢✉❧ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t❤♦✉❣❤ t♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ t❤❡

❞✐r❡❝t ❛❞❞r❡ss ✏❛♠♦♥❣ ②♦✉✑ ❛♥❞ ✏✐♥ ②♦✉r ❢❛❝❡s✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱

✐♥t♦ ✏♠❛♥② ❜♦②s✑ ❛♥❞ ✏✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❢❛❝❡s✑✳

✸✳✸✳✷✳✶ ❆ ❢❡✇ ❜♦②s ♣❧❛②❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❝❛r❡❢r❡❡ ✇❛② ❬✏✐♥ ❧✐❣❤t✲❤❡❛rt❡❞ ❥♦②✑ ❪ ❬✽❪

❆♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ t❤❡s❡ ✏♠❛♥②✑ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ✏♠❛♥② ✇❤♦ r❛♥ ❛❜♦✉t ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛②❡❞ ✐♥ ❧✐❣❤t✲

❤❡❛rt❡❞ ❥♦②✳✑ ■t r❡❛❞s s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ♥♦✇ r❡❛❞s ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ ❢❛✈♦✉r❛❜❧② ✐♥

❈ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ t❤❛♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ✭♠s✳ ✮ st❛t✐♥❣✿ ✏❚❤❡r❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ✇❡r❡ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❜♦②s

✇❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ❚❤♦s❡ ✏♠❛♥②✑ ❧♦♦❦ ❛ ❧♦t ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ s❤♦✇♥ ❛t ❛ t❤✐r❞

r❛✐s✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡✐❧ ✐♥ ✶✽✻✽✳ ✏❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❤❛♥❞s♦♠❡ ❜❡②♦♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ ❛♥❞ r❛❞✐❛♥t ✇✐t❤ ❥♦②✳✑

❙♦ ♦♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✸✵ ✶✽✻✽ t❤❡ st♦r② ❡♥❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧✱ ♦♣t✐♠✐st✐❝ ♥♦t❡✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✱

❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❤❛❞ ♠✐①❡❞ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s ❛t t❤❛t t✐♠❡✳ ❍❡ ✇❛s ❞❡❧✐❣❤t❡❞✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❢❡❧t ❣r✐❡✈❡❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡

✏t❤❡✐r ♥✉♠❜❡r ✇❛s ♥♦t ❛s ❣r❡❛t ❛s ■ ❤❛❞ ❤♦♣❡❞✳✑ ✶✵✶

✸✳✸✳✷✳✷ ✏◗✉✐t❡ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♦t❤❡rs✑ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t t❛❦❡ ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❬✽✲✾❪

❆❢t❡r t❤❡ ✈❡r② ❜r✐❡❢ ❡✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♦♥❡s✑✱ ❛❧❧ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ❣♦❡s t♦ t❤❡ ✏♦t❤❡rs✑ ✇❤♦

♥♦♥ ♣♦❝❤✐ ❛r❡ s❛✐❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✏♥♦t ❛ ❢❡✇✑ ❬

❪✳✶✵✷ ❚❤♦s❡ ✏♦t❤❡rs✑ ❝♦♥s✐st ♦❢ ♦r ❛r❡ s♣r❡❛❞ ♦✈❡r

❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❣r♦✉♣s✳

❼ ❙♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ✏♦♥ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥✱ ❧❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ ♣✐❧❧❛rs✑✳ ✏❖t❤❡rs ✇❡r❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ st❡♣s

♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦rr✐❞♦rs✑ ♦r ✇❡r❡ s✐tt✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✏❧✐tt❧❡ ✇❛❧❧s ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ❣❛r❞❡♥✑ ✏t♦ ❜❡ ❛✇❛②

✻✶ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❑ ❛♥❞ ❉ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✉s❡s ❢♦✉r ✇♦r❞s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤

❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✻✿ ✏✇❡❛r② ❜♦r❡❞♦♠✱ s✉r❧✐♥❡ss✱ ❛♥❞ s✉s♣✐❝✐♦♥✳✑

✶✵✵❚❤❡ ✈❡r❜ ❢♦r♠s ✏ ✉❞✐✈❛✑ ❛♥❞ ✏ ✈❡❞❡✈❛✑ ❛r❡ ❛r❝❤❛✐❝ ❢♦r♠s ❢♦r t❤❡ ■✲♣❡rs♦♥✳ ✏ ❙✐ ❧❡❣❣❡✈❛✑ ✐s t❤❡ ✐♠♣❡rs♦♥❛❧

✏♦♥❡✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ❈ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ❆♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ ♣❛st ✭✈❡❞❡✈❛✮

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛ss❛t♦ r❡♠♦t♦ ✭✈✐❞✐✮ ✐s ♥♦t s♦ s✐♠♣❧❡ t♦ ♣✉t ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ ✐♥✳

✶✵✶▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✵❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✽✵✳

✶✵✷❖♥ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ✏♥♦t ❢❡✇✑✱ s❡❡ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳✱ ♣♣✳

✷✾✱ ✸✹✱ ✹✵✱

✹✷✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✽ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❙❡❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❛rr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✻✽✿ ✏❖♥❧② ❛

♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t ♠❛♥② ❜♦②s✑ ✭▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✽❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✼✽✮✳ ❆♥❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✻✸ ✇❡ r❡❛❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r

t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ❚✉r✐♥✿ ✏❚❤❡r❡ ✇❡r❡ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❜♦②s✱ ✈❡r② ❢❡✇ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧②✱

✇❤♦ ✕ ❞❛r❡ ■ s❛② s♦❄ ✕ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ t❤❡ ❤♦❧② s❛❝r❛♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ❛ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❞✐s❣r❛❝❡✳✑ ✭❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ ♣r✐♠♦✱ ♣✳

✻✷✾✴✸✶✲✸✷✮ ■t s❡❡♠s t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ ❝❧✐❝❤é ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ②❡❛rs✳

✽✷

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❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✑✳ ❈❢✳ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✐♥ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✺✸ ♦♥

t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ t❛❦❡♥ t❤❡♥✳

❉ ❼ ❖♥❧② t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✭ ✮ str❡ss❡s t❤❡ ❛s♣❡❝t ✏ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✑✳✶✵✸ ❵▲❡❛✈✲

✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜✐❣ ❣r♦✉♣✬ ❤❛❞ ❛❧✇❛②s ❛♥♥♦②❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡

❋✐rst ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❤✐s s❡r✐♦✉s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏■t ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡

s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② t♦ ♠♦r❛❧✐t② ♥❡✈❡r t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ ❤✐❞❞❡♥ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✳✑ ✶✵✹ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛r❡

♣❧❛❝❡s ✇❤❡r❡ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❤✐❞❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡②❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳ ■t ♠❛② s❡❡♠ ❢❛r✲❢❡t❝❤❡❞

t♦ ♥♦t✐❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏❝♦♠♠♦♥ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✑ ❛♥ ❛❧❧✉s✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✬ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡

♦❢ ♥♦t ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✭❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r

✶✻ ✶✽✽✷✮✱ ❜✉t ✐t ✐s ♥♦t t♦t❛❧❧② ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✳

❼ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ✇❡r❡ ✏str♦❧❧✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t✑ ❛♥❞ ✏t❛❧❦✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❧♦✇ t♦♥❡s✑✳ ❚❤♦s❡

❣r♦✉♣s ❛r❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❛✐♠❡❞ ❛t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✳ ■t ♦❝❝✉rs ✐♥ ❛

❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❡❧② r❡✢❡❝ts ❤♦✇ ❙t ❆❧♦②s✐✉s ✇♦✉❧❞ r❡❛❝t ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳

■t ♦♥❧② t✉r♥s ✉♣ ✐♥ t❤✐s t❡①t ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧✉❞❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❜❡✐♥❣ ❜✉s② ✇✐t❤ t❛❧❦s ✇❤✐❝❤

✐♥ t❤♦s❡ ②❡❛rs ✇❡r❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❛s ✏❜❛❞✑✳❬✾❪ ❚❤♦s❡ ❜♦②s ❧♦♦❦ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs

s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ✉♣ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ r❛✐s✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡✐❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ st♦r② ♦❢ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✻✽✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛❧❧

s♦rts ♦❢ s❤♦rt❝♦♠✐♥❣s ✇r✐tt❡♥ ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❢♦r❡❤❡❛❞s ✐♥ ▲❛t✐♥✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ✏■♠♠♦❞❡st②✱

❙❝❛♥❞❛❧✱ ▼❛❧❡✈♦❧❡♥❝❡✱ Pr✐❞❡✱ ■❞❧❡♥❡ss✱ ●❧✉tt♦♥②✱ ❊♥✈②✱ ❆♥❣❡r✱ ❱✐♥❞✐❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss✱ ❇❧❛s✲

♣❤❡♠②✱ ■♠♣✐❡t②✱ ❉✐s♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❙❛❝r✐❧❡❣❡✱ ❚❤❡❢t✳✑ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ✏❝❤❡❝❦

t❤❡✐r ❡②❡s✱ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❜❛❞ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐♦♥s✱ ❜❛❞ ❜♦♦❦s✱ ❢♦✉❧ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ s♦ ♦♥✳✑ ✶✵✺ ❇❛❞

❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s ❤❛❞ ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡❡♥ ❛ ♥✐❣❤t♠❛r❡ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ✇❤♦ ♥❡✈❡r ♠❛♥❛❣❡❞ t♦

❝❤♦♣ ♦✛ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞s ♦❢ t❤✐s s❡✈❡♥✲❤❡❛❞❡❞ ❞r❛❣♦♥✳✶✵✻

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❤❛❞ ❛❧✇❛②s ❞♦♥❡ ❤✐s ✉t♠♦st t♦ ❦✐❧❧ t❤❡ ♠♦♥st❡r ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❛❧s♦

❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♦♥ ❤✐s ❛ss✐st❛♥ts t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ❤✐♠ ✐♥ t❤❛t str✉❣❣❧❡✳ ❍❡ ❣❛✈❡ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥

t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ t♦ ❋r ❘✉❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❘❡♠✐♥❞❡rs ❢♦r

❘❡❝t♦rs ✐♥ ✶✽✻✸ ✉♣ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❛st ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✶✽✽✻✳ ❚❤❡② ❤❛❞ t♦ ✏♦r❣❛♥✐③❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s

♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✱ t❤❡ ❝❤✐❡❢ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦r♠✐t♦r✐❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇❛❧❦s✱

❛♥❞ ✉r❣❡ t❤❡♠ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛♥ ❡✛♦rt t♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t ❢♦✉❧ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s✳✑ ❚❤❡② ❤❛❞ t♦ t❛❦❡ t❤❡

s❛♠❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦❛❞❥✉t♦rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞♦♠❡st✐❝ ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧✳✶✵✼ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣

✶✵✸❈❢✳ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✐♥ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✺✸ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ t❛❦❡♥ t❤❡♥

✶✵✹❱❊❘❍❯▲❙❚✱ ▼✳✱ ■ ✈❡r❜❛❧✐ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠♦ ❝❛♣✐t♦❧♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❡ s❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦ ✭✶✽✼✼✮✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✷✴✶✼✹✲✶✼✺✳ ❖❊ ❳❳■❳✱

❬✹✷✼✴✐t❡♠ ✽❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✐t ✐♥ ❱❊❘❍❯▲❙❚✱ ▼✳✱ ■ ❱❡r❜❛❧✐ ✳✳✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✸✴✶✼✻✲✶✼✾✳ ❚❤❛t ♣♦✐♥t

♦❢ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❦❡♣t ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✭✶✽✽✵✮✱ ❖❊ ❳❳❳■■■ ❬✻✷❪✳ ■♥ ❛♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss ♦♥

▼❛r❝❤ ✶✶t❤ ✶✽✼✺ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② s❛✐❞ t♦ ❤✐s ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✿ ✏❲❤❡♥ ②♦✉ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❥♦✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❣❛♠❡s✱ ❛t ❧❡❛st

❛ss✐st t❤❡♠✱ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ r♦✉♥❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ✐♥ ✐ts r❡♠♦t❡st ❝♦r♥❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ tr② t♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t ❡✈✐❧✳ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥♥♦t

❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ ❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ❣♦♦❞ ②♦✉ ♠❛② ❞♦ ❜② ❝❧✐♠❜✐♥❣ ❛ st❛✐r❝❛s❡✱ ✇❛❧❦✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥ ❛ ❝♦rr✐❞♦r✱ ♦r str♦❧❧✐♥❣

❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞✳✑ ✭▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✺✼✻❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✷✼✶✮ ❆s ❛ s❡q✉❡❧ t♦ t❤✐s ❛ ❝♦✉♥❝✐❧ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢

t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ♦♥ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✷✻t❤ ✶✽✼✺ ✏t♦ r❡♠♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❤✐❞✐♥❣✲♣❧❛❝❡s✑ ✭P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱

❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✸✴✸✽✺✮✳

✶✵✺▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✺✾✲✶✻✵❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✾✲✽✵✳

✶✵✻❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✷✱ ✸✹✱ ✹✷✲✹✸✳ ❊ ✭♠✮✱ ❱♦❧✳ t❡r③♦✱ ♣♣✳

✸✵✼✲✸✵✾✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✹✷✲✹✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣♣✳✸✺✲✸✻✳ ▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✷✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✷✾✲✸✸✵✳

✶✵✼❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✻✶✴✼✶✲✶✻✷✴✾✺✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✷✺ ❛♥❞ ✺✷✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■■✱

♣♣✳ ✸✶✼✲✸✶✽✳ ❈❢✳ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✹✽✲✹✹✾✳

✽✸

9.4 Page 84

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♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❢♦r ②♦✉♥❣ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵✿ ✏❆ ❝❧❡r✐❝

s❤♦✉❧❞ ❥♦✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ❛❞r♦✐t❧②✳ ❖♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧✇❛②s r❡♠❡♠❜❡r ✇❡❧❧ t❤❛t ✐♥❞❡❝❡♥t

t❛❧❦ ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛t❡ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ✐❢ ♦♥❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛❝t t❤✐s ✇❛②✳✑ ✶✵✽ ❍✐s ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s

s♦ str♦♥❣ ✐t ♣❡♥❡tr❛t❡❞ ❤✐s ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ✭✶✽✼✼✮✿ ✏▲❡t t❤❡

❣r❡❛t❡st ✈✐❣✐❧❛♥❝❡ ❜❡ ❡①❡r❝✐s❡❞ s♦ ❛s t♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t ❜❛❞ ❜♦♦❦s✱ ❜❛❞ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐♦♥s ♦r ♣❡rs♦♥s

✇❤♦ ✐♥❞✉❧❣❡ ✐♥ ✐♠♣r♦♣❡r ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ ❡♥t❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡✳✑ ✶✵✾

■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❡♥♦✉❣❤✱ t❤♦✉❣❤ ❧❡ss ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞✱ ✐♥ ●✳❇✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛✬s t❡①t ♦♥

♣✉♥✐s❤✐♥❣ ✭✶✽✽✸✮✿ ✏■♥ s♦♠❡ s❛❞ ❝❛s❡s ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❤❛❞ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❛♥♥♦②❛♥❝❡✳✑ ✶✶✵ ❚❤❡r❡

♣❛r ❡①❝❡❧❧❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❙t ❆❧♦②s✐✉s✱ t❤❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡

♦❢ t❤❡

✈✐rt✉❡ ♦❢ ♣✉r✐t②✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ❜♦②s ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ✏❜❧✉s❤❡❞ t♦ ✜♥❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✐♥

t❤❡✐r ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳✑

■t ✐s t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ♥♦t s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤✐s ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❝❛r❡✱ ✇❤❡♥ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✱

r❡❝❡✐✈❡s s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧❧ ❛❜♦✉t ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡r✈✐♥❣ ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝❛r❡❞ s♦ ♠✉❝❤ ❢♦r✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢♦✉rt❤ ❛♥❞ ✜❢t❤

②❡❛r ✐♥ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧s✳

■t ✐s ❛st♦♥✐s❤✐♥❣ t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❛t ✐t ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❛♣♣❡❛r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡

❛❜♦✉t ✐t t♦ t❤❡♠ ❢r❛♥❦❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♥❡✇ ②❡❛r✱ ✶✽✼✹✳ ❋✐rst ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ❇♦r❣♦ ❙❛♥

▼❛rt✐♥♦✿ ✏■ ❛s❦ ❛ ❣r❡❛t ❢❛✈♦✉r ♦❢ ②♦✉✳ ✳ ✳ t❤❛t ❛❧❧ ♦❢ ②♦✉ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ❣r❡❛t ❡✛♦rt t♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t

❛♥❞ ❜❛♥ ❢♦✉❧ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s✳✑ ❚❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t❤❡ ❵❛rt✐s❛♥s✬✿ ✏❋❧❡❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢

❛❧❧ s✐♥s✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ❜❛❞ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s ✇❤✐❝❤ r✉✐♥ ❣♦♦❞ ♠♦r❛❧✐t②✳✑ ✶✶✶ ■♥ ❛ ❜r✐❡❢ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t

♦♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✺ ✶✽✼✼ ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❤✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ✏t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡s ♦❢ ❤✐s ❞✐s❝♦♥t❡♥t✑ ❝♦♥s✐st❡❞ ♦❢✿

✏✐❧❧ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✱ ❢♦✉❧ t❛❧❦✱ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣❛ss✐♥❣ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ❜❛❞ ❜♦♦❦s✳✑ ✶✶✷ ❚❤❡ ②❡❛rs s❤♦✇ ❤♦✇

✐♥❝❡ss❛♥t❧② ❤❡ ✇❛s ✇❛❣✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✇❛r✳

❈ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❤❛s r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ q✉✐t❡ ❧♦②❛❧ t♦ ❤✐s ✜rst ❞r❛❢t ✭ ✮ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢

▼❛② ✶✵ ✶✽✽✹ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ s♦ ✐t ❛♣♣❡❛rs str❛✐❣❤t❡r ❛♥❞ ♥♦t s♦ ♦✈❡r❞r❛✇♥ ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞

❧❡tt❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts

❚❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ❧❡❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦r ❛✈♦✐❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❣r✐❡✈❡❞ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❞❡❡♣❧② ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❝❡✳ ❍❡ ✉s❡❞ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤ts t♦ r❡❧✐❡✈❡ ❤✐s ❤❡❛rt ✐♥ ✶✽✻✶✳

✏❙♦♠❡ ❜♦②s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❤❡r❡ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ②❡❛r✱ ❛♥❞ ②❡t ■ ❤❛r❞❧② ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡♠✳ ■

❞♦♥✬t ❧✐❦❡ ✐t✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t✇♦ ❡①tr❡♠❡s ✐♥ t❤✐s ❤♦✉s❡✿ s♦♠❡ ❜♦②s ❛r❡ ❛❧✇❛②s ❛r♦✉♥❞ ♠❡✱

❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡rs ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ♥❡✈❡r ❝♦♠❡ ♥❡❛r ❜✉t✱ ❛s s♦♦♥ ❛s t❤❡② s❡❡ ♠❡✱ t❤❡② ❞✐s❛♣♣❡❛r✳ ❚❤✐s

❣r✐❡✈❡s ♠❡✑✳✶✶✸ ■t ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ❛❧s♦ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥ t❤❛t ❵❣♦❧❞❡♥✬ t✐♠❡✳ ■t ✇✐❧❧

❤❛✈❡ ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ t♦ ❤✐♠ ❜❡❢♦r❡✳ ❆♥❞ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ✏s✐❣❤❡❞✑ ❛♥② ❧❡ss t❤❡♥✳ ■t ♠❛❦❡s

✐t ❡❛s✐❡r t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ✇❤② t❤❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❣r♦✉♣s ❛r❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞✳

✶✵✽▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✽✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♥♦ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✳

✶✵✾❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✵✹✲✶✵✺❪✳ ❈❢✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✵✴✺✳

✶✶✵❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✾✴✸✷✾✲✸✸✵✳

✶✶✶❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✻ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✷✵✽✳ ❆❧s♦ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳

✸✹✳ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s st✐❧❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ▼✐r❛❜❡❧❧♦ ✐♥ ✶✽✻✻✿ ✏❖♥❡

s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥❡✈❡r ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ s❛② t❤❛t ②♦✉ s♣❡❛❦ ❢♦✉❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♦r ❧✐st❡♥ t♦ ❞✐rt② t❛❧❦✳ ❲❤❡♥ ②♦✉ ❤❛♣♣❡♥ t♦

❤❡❛r ♣❡♦♣❧❡ t❛❧❦✐♥❣ ❢♦✉❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ♦✉r ♣r♦t❡❝t♦r✱ ❙t ❆❧♦②s✐✉s✿ ❡✐t❤❡r r❡♣r✐♠❛♥❞

t❤❡♠ ♦r ✢② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❞❛♥❣❡r♦✉s ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✳✑ ❙❡❡ ✭❊ ♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ s❡❝♦♥❞♦✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✵✴✸✸✲✸✺✳

✶✶✷▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✷✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✷✾✲✸✸✵✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱

♣♣✳ ✹✷✲✹✸✳ ❙❡❡ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✵✻ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✶✶✸▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✽✽✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✷✹✲✺✷✺✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✹✶✳

✽✹

9.5 Page 85

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✸✳✸✳✷✳✸ ❙♦♠❡ ❜♦②s t❛❦❡ ♣❛rt ✐♥ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❧✐st❧❡ss ✇❛② ❬✾❪

❆t ❧❛st s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ✐s s❛✐❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ❞✐❞ ♣❧❛②✳ ✏❊✈❡♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ ✇❡r❡

♣❧❛②✐♥❣✱ t❤❡r❡ ✇❡r❡ s♦♠❡ s♦ ❧✐st❧❡ss✑ t❤❛t ✐t ✇❛s ❝r②st❛❧ ❝❧❡❛r t❤❛t ✏t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ❡♥❥♦②✐♥❣

t❤❡✐r ❣❛♠❡s✳✑ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s❝❡♥❡ ❡♥❞s ❧❡ss ❦✐♥❞❧②✳ ❚❤❡

❡❞✐t♦r r❡t✉r♥s t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❡♥❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② r❛✐s❡❞✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ s❝❡♥❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❛♥②

❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ❦❡♣t ♦♥ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ s✐❞❡ ♥♦t❡ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ✇❡❛❦❡♥s t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s

♣❛rt ❛s ✐t ✐s ♣✉tt✐♥❣ t❤✐♥❣s ✐♥t♦ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡✳ ■t ❞♦❡s✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ str❡♥❣t❤❡♥ t❤❡ s❡♥s❡ ♦❢

❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❥♦② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❧✐st❧❡ss♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❜♦r❡❞♦♠✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ❤❛s

❛❣❛✐♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ s♦♠❡ ✜❣✉r❡s ♦❢ s♣❡❡❝❤✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♣s ✐s ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❛❣❛✐♥

✐♥ t❤❛t ✇❛②✿ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt✿ ✏t❤❡r❡ ✇❛s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t ✇❡❛r② ❜♦r❡❞♦♠✱ ❛ s✉r❧✐♥❡ss✑ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡

❡♥❞✿ ✏t❤❡r❡ ✇❡r❡ s♦♠❡ s♦ ❧✐st❧❡ss✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ st♦r② ♦✛❡r❡❞ s♦♠❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡

✐♥ ✶✽✻✽ ✇❤❡r❡❛s t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❣r♦✉♣s ❧❡❢t ❛ ❞✐s❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❛t❤❡r

♣❡ss✐♠✐st✐❝ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹✳ ❙t✐❧❧✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s r❡s❡♠❜❧❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❜♦t❤ t❡①ts

✭✶✽✻✽ ❛♥❞ ✶✽✽✹✮ ✐s ♥♦t❛❜❧❡✳

✸✳✸✳✸ ❆❢t❡rt❤♦✉❣❤ts ✐♥ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡

❉ ❈♦♥tr❛r② t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ♥♦✇ ✭✐♥ ✮ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ❢♦❧❧♦✇s

t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s t❤❛t ❝❛✉❣❤t t❤❡ ❡②❡✳ ❆t t❤❛t ♠♦♠❡♥t

✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✶✵ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✱ ❜✉t

❛❧s♦ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✬ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✳ ❙tr✐❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ r❡❣❛r❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✇❛s t❤❡r❡ t❤❛t

✏♦♥❧② ✈❡r② ❢❡✇ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♣r✐❡sts ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✑ ❛♥❞ ✏t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✇❡r❡

♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡s✳✑ ✶✶✹ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❞r❛❢t ❡❞✐t✐♦♥

✭❈✮ t❤♦s❡ t✇♦ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡♥ ✇✐❧❧ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ t❤r♦✇♥ ❧✐❣❤t ♦♥ ❛♥❞

❝♦♠♠❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳

✸✳✸✳✸✳✶ ❙♦♠❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ❧✐st❧❡ss♥❡ss ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❬✶✵✲✶✶❪

❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✐s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❍❛✈❡ ②♦✉ s❡❡♥ ②♦✉r ❜♦②s❄✑ ✭❯s✐♥❣✱

❛s ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ✏②♦✉✑✮ ❚♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡♣❧✐❡s✿ ✏■ ❝❛♥

s❡❡ t❤❡♠✑✱ ❛s ✐❢ ❤❡ ❣♦❡s ♦♥ ♦❜s❡r✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs ✏✇✐t❤ ❛

s✐❣❤✑✳ ❬✾❪ ❚❤❡ ✇r✐t❡r t❤✉s ✉♥❞❡r❧✐♥❡s ♥♦✇ ❤♦✇ ♣❛✐♥❢✉❧ ✐t ✇❛s ❛♥❞ ✐s ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦ s❡❡

t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❣❛✐♥ ✏t❤❡ ❧✐st❧❡ss♥❡ss ✐♥ t❤❛t r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✑✳ ❍❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❣❡t r✐❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥

♦❢ ✏❧✐st❧❡ss♥❡ss✑ ✇❤✐❝❤ t♦ ❤✐♠ ❝♦♥tr❛sts s♦ s❤❛r♣❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✏✈✐✈❛❝✐t②✑ ❤❡ ❧♦♥❣❡❞ ❢♦r s♦

♠✉❝❤✳

❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❡①❝❧❛♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❡ q✉✐❝❦ r❡♣❛rt❡❡ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s✐❣❤✿ ✏❍♦✇ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t❤❡②

❛r❡ ❢r♦♠ ✇❤❛t ✇❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❜❡✦✑ ❍❡r❡ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ✏❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s✑ ✐♥t♦

❆ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❛t ♠❛t❝❤❡s t❤❡ ♥♦t❡s ✐♥ ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐t s❛✐❞✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡

❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤♦s❡ ♦❢ ♥♦✇ ❛♥❞ t❤♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♥✑ ❛♥❞✿ ✏❇✉t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡

❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛st ❛♥❞ t❤♦s❡ ♦❢ t♦❞❛②✳✑ ❬✾❪ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥

✶✶✹

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱

❘✳✱

❉❡

❜r✐❡❢

✉✐t

❘♦♠❡

❛❛♥

❞❡

❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱

♣✳

✷✷✳

▼♦r❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❛t ♣❛ss❛❣❡✿

✐❜✐❞❡♠✱ ♣♣✳

✻✵✲✻✶✳ ❈❢✳ ❙✉ss✐❞✐♦✱ ♣✳ ❬✶✹❪✳

✽✺

9.6 Page 86

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❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛s❦❡❞ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❍✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ✇❛s✿ ✏❇✉t ✇❤❡r❡ ❞♦❡s t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡

❝♦♠❡ ❢r♦♠❄✑ ❬✾❪ ❚❤✐s ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❆ ❛s t♦ t❤❡ s♣❡❛❦❡r ✜tt❡❞ ✐♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s❝❡♥❡✳

■t ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ♣❡r❤❛♣s s♠❛❧❧ ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r

❢r❡❡❧② ❤❛♥❞❧❡❞ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❛t ❤✐s ❞✐s♣♦s❛❧✳

❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❛❞❞s s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ❡①tr❛✳ ❍❡ s❤❛r♣❧② ❝♦♥tr❛sts ✏t❤❡②✑ ✈❡rs✉s ✏✇❡✑✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①❝❧❛♠❛✲

t✐♦♥ ✏❤♦✇ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❢r♦♠ ✇❤❛t ✇❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❜❡✑ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ s✉❣❣❡sts ❛ ❧♦t✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦t

❡✈❡♥ t❤❡ s❧✐❣❤t❡st ♥✉❛♥❝❡✱ ♥♦t t❤❡ ❧❡❛st s♦❢t❡♥✐♥❣✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞✐❞ ♦❝❝✉r ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❡❛st ♦❢ ❆❧❧ ❙❛✐♥ts ✐♥ ✶✽✼✻✳ ■♥ t❤❛t ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♥♦t ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ✇❡♥t ♦✛ ❛s ❞❡s✐r❡❞ ❡✐✲

t❤❡r✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✈♦✐❝❡❞ t❤❛t ♦♥❡ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡❞ ♣❛st ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✈❡r②

s❤❛r♣❧②✱ ❛❧❜❡✐t ❛t ❛ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❧❡✈❡❧✿ ✏■ r❡❝❛❧❧ ❤♦✇ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❜♦②s✱ ❧✐❦❡ ❉♦♠✐♥✐❝ ❙❛✈✐♦✱ ▼✐❝❛❤❡❧

▼❛❣♦♥❡✱ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❇❡s✉❝❝♦ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡rs ♠❛❞❡ t❤✐s ♥♦✈❡♥❛ ✇✐t❤ ❡①tr❛♦r❞✐♥❛r② ❞❡✈♦t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞

❢❡r✈♦✉r✳ ✳ ✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ ❡♥t❤✉s✐❛s♠ ♦❢ ❢♦r♠❡r t✐♠❡s ✐s ❧❛❝❦✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❡✈❡r②❜♦❞② ✇❛s ✜r❡❞ ✉♣✑

❆t t❤❛t ♠♦♠❡♥t t❤✐s ❝♦♥tr❛st ❧❡❞ ❤✐♠ t♦ ❛s❦ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❇✉t ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ❛s❦✿ ✇❤❛t ❤❛s

❝❛✉s❡❞ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♥❣❡❄✑ ❆♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ✇✐t❤ s♦♠❡ ♥✉❛♥❝❡ ✇❛s✿ ✏❈♦✉❧❞ ✐t ❜❡ t❤❛t t❤✐s ♣♦♦r

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r t❛❧❦s t♦ ❤✐s ❜♦②s ♦r ❝❛♥ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ♠❛❦❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ❛s ✐♥

t❤❡ ♣❛st❄ ❈♦✉❧❞ ✐t ❜❡ t❤❛t ②♦✉ ❞♦ ♥♦t ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❤✐♠ ♦r ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ✇❛♥t t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞

❤✐♠✱ ❛s t❤♦s❡ ❜♦②s ♦❢ ♦❧❞ ❞✐❞❄ ❲❤❡t❤❡r ♦♥❡ ♦r ♦t❤❡r s✐❞❡ ✐s t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦r ❜♦t❤ s✐❞❡s ❛t t❤❡

s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ■ ❞♦ ♥♦t ✇✐s❤ t♦ ❦♥♦✇ ♥♦✇✳✑ ✶✶✺ ❚❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❜❡❛rs ✇✐t♥❡ss t♦ ❛ str♦♥❣ s❡♥s❡

♦❢ r❡❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ r❡str❛✐♥t ❛s t♦ ❥✉❞❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❞❡♠♥✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❧❛♠❡ ✇❛s ♣✉t ♦♥ ♥❡✐t❤❡r

s✐❞❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t✳

❈♦♥tr❛r② t♦ t❤❛t t✐♠❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✻ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡♥ ❛♥❞ ♥♦✇ ❛r❡

♥♦t q✉❡st✐♦♥❡❞ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹✳ ❙t✐❧❧✱ t❤✐s ✇❛s ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ❞♦♥❡ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧②

✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r s❡♥t t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♦♥ ✶✵ ▼❛②✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✐t ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡✱

❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❢✉rt❤❡r ♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❝♦♥t❡①t✳✶✶✻ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② s❡ts ♦✉t t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡

❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ s✐① ❜❛❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ❧✐st❧❡ss♥❡ss ❤❡r❡✱ ❝♦♥tr❛r② t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ✐♥

✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ✐s ❥✉st❧② ❛s❦❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ s✐① ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ❛r❡ t❤❡ s②♠♣t♦♠s

✇❤✐❝❤ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛❞ ❧✐st❡❞ ❜r✐❡✢② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝✐s❡❧② ♦♥❡ ❜② ♦♥❡ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❇ ❡①❝❡♣t ♦♥❡✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❝❧❛r✐✜❡❞ t❤❡♠ ❤❡r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡ ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s ✐♥ ❈ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❞❡❞ ♦♥❡ ♠♦r❡

✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❡r② ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ❧✐st❧❡ss♥❡ss ❣✐✈❡s ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡

✐♥ ✐ts ✈❡r② ♦✇♥ r✐❣❤t ❤♦✇ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❧✐✈❡❧② ❣❛♠❡s ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✇❡r❡ t♦ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✳

❼ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❝♦♥s♣✐❝✉♦✉s ❛t t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✿

❛♣❛t❤② ♦r ❧✐st❧❡ss♥❡ss ♦r ✏ ❝♦❧❞♥❡ss ✐♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❛❝r❛♠❡♥ts✳✑ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❉

s♣❡❝✐✜❡s ✏❤♦❧②✑ s❛❝r❛♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ r❡❢❡rs ❛s s✉❝❤ st✐❧❧ ♠♦r❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② t♦ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥✲

t❛❧ s❛❝r❛♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❍♦❧② ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t✇♦ s❛❝r❛♠❡♥ts ✇❡r❡

✶✶✺▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✺✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✼ ✭♣❛rt❧② r❡✲tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞✮✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡

❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s ✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✽✲✸✾✳

✶✶✻✏❚❤✐s ✐s ✏❧♦❣✐❝❛❧✑ ✐❢ ✇❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❛t ✏t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤②✑ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ s♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ▼❛r❝❤

✾ ✶✽✽✸✳ ❙❡❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞② ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✻✾ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✸✼ ❛♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡

t❤❡ ♣❛❣❡s ✇❤❡r❡ ■ s❤❛❧❧ tr❡❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ ❛♥ ✏✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥✑ ✭❙✉ss✐❞✐♦ ♦r ❆✉①✐❧✐❛r② ❇♦♦❦❧❡t✱

♣♣✳ ✶✼✲✶✽✮

✽✻

9.7 Page 87

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❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ❛ ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❡s ♦❢ ❙❛✈✐♦✱ ▼❛❣♦♥❡✱ ❇❡s✉❝❝♦ ❛♥❞

❙❡✈❡r✐♥♦✳

❼ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡✿ ✏ ♥❡❣❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡rs ✐♥ ❝❤✉r❝❤✳✑ ❚❤✐s ✇❛s ♥♦t ♦♥❧②

t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✐♥ ❝❤✉r❝❤✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ✏ ❡❧s❡✇❤❡r❡✳✑ ❍❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐❜❡rt② t❤❡

❡❞✐t♦r ❛❧❧♦✇s ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥✳

❼ ❚❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ✐s ❧✐♥❦❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡❞♦♠✲

✐♥❛♥t ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ♦❢ ❧✐st❧❡ss♥❡ss✳ ❚❤❡ ❜♦②s ❝❛♥♥♦t ❢❡❡❧ ✜♥❡ ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛♥ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡✳

❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡② ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❧✐❦❡ st❛②✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ❢♦r❣❡t t❤❛t ✏❉✐✈✐♥❡

Pr♦✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❤❡❛♣s ❡✈❡r② ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❜❧❡ss✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡♠✳✑ ✭❇ ✮ ❚❤♦s❡ ❜❧❡ss✐♥❣s ❛r❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r

❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❈ ❛♥❞ ❉ ✿ ❛❧❧ t❤❛t ✐s ❣♦♦❞ ❢♦r ✏t❤❡✐r ❜♦❞✐❡s✱ t❤❡✐r s♦✉❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♠✐♥❞s✳✑

❚❤❡② ♦✇❡ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣✱ t❤❡✐r ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❤❡❛❧t❤✱ t❤❡✐r r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡❧❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ❡❞✉❝❛✲

t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡✐r ✏t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡t❡r♥❛❧ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣✑ t♦ ●♦❞✬s ❣♦♦❞ ❣r❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss

♦❢ t❤✐s✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❢❛❞❡s ❛✇❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s✳

❼ ❲❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ✢❛♠❡ ♦❢ ❞❡✈♦t✐♦♥ ✐s ❜✉r♥✐♥❣ ❧♦✇✱ t❤❡ ❛r❞♦✉r ♦❢ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐s

❜❡✐♥❣ ❡①t✐♥❣✉✐s❤❡❞ ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ t♦ t❤✐s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝t ✇❛s ♠✐ss✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❇ ✳

▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❉ ❤❡r❡ ✐s ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❈ ✳ ❚❤❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ✏✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✑ ✇✐❧❧ ♣❧❛② ❛ ♠❛❥♦r ♣❛rt ✐♥

✐ts ♦✇♥ ✇❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✽✹✳ ■t ♠❛② ♥♦t ❜❡ s✉♣❡r✢✉♦✉s t♦

str❡ss t❤❛t ✏♠❛♥②✑ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ♠❡❛♥s ❛ ❣r❡❛t ♥✉♠❜❡r✱ ❜✉t ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s ❛❧s♦

❛ ✇❛② ♦❢ ♣✉tt✐♥❣ t❤✐♥❣s ✐♥t♦ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡✳

❼ ❆ ✜❢t❤ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢❡❧t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ✏✐♥❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡✑ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡✐r

s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳ ❍♦✇ ♦r t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ s✐❣♥s t❤✐s ✐♥❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡ ✇❛s ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞✱ ✐s ♥♦t ♠❡♥✲

t✐♦♥❡❞✳

❼ ❚❤❡♥ t❤❡r❡ ✐s t❤❡ ✏s❡❝r❡t✐✈❡✑ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✳ ■t ✇❛s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞❧② ❛♥❞ r❛t❤❡r

♣❛t❤❡t✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❣r♦✉♣s✱ ♠♦r❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥

t❤❡ ❞✐❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✏str♦❧❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐s♣❡r✐♥❣ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❣r♦✉♣s✳✑ ❚❤✐s s❡❝r❡t✐✈❡

❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ✇❡✐❣❤❡❞ ❤❡❛✈✐❧② ♦♥ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♠✐♥❞s✳ ■t

✇❛s ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ q✉♦t❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏❢♦✉❧ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s✑✳ ■t ❛♥♥♦②❡❞

t❤❡♠ s♦ s❡r✐♦✉s❧② t❤❛t ♠♦r❡ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ♣❛✐❞ t♦ ✐t ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❧✐st✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r

❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❜❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❝❡♥❡✳

❼ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ t❤✐♥❣ ❝❛♥ ♠♦r❡ ♦r ❧❡ss ❜❡ s❛✐❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✏❣r✉♠❜❧✐♥❣✑ ♦r t❤❡ ❝r✐t✐❝✐s♠ ✇❤✐❝❤

❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡s t❤❡ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ❜❛❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♥❛♠❡❞ ❛s s✉❝❤ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ s❡❝r❡t✐✈❡

❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✳ ❊✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧② t❤❡② s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ r♦♦t ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ✏❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r r❡❣r❡tt❛❜❧❡

❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s✳✑ ❖r ✐s t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ♣❡r❤❛♣s st✐❧❧ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ❤❡ ❞♦❡s

♥♦t ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ r✐❣❤t ♥♦✇❄

❚✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡❣r❡tt❡❞✱ ❞❡♥♦✉♥❝❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❢♦✉❣❤t ❣r✉♠❜❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✈✐❝✐♦✉s

❝r✐t✐❝✐s♠ ✐♥ ✇♦r❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✼✸ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r✱ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡

♦♥ ✏t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s✳✑ ❍❡ ♣r❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts t❤❡♥✿

✏▲❡t t❤❡♠ ❛❧s♦ str✐✈❡ ♠♦st ❛♥①✐♦✉s❧② t♦ ❢♦r❡st❛❧❧ ❣r✉♠❜❧✐♥❣ ❛❣❛✐♥st s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ♦r t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡

♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ▼♦st❧②✱ ❧❡t t❤❡♠ ✐♥s✐st✱ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✱ ❛♥❞ s♣❛r❡ ♥♦ ❡✛♦rts t♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t ❢♦✉❧

✽✼

9.8 Page 88

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❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ✶✶✼ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❣r❡❛t ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥s ♠❛② ❜❡ ❤❡❛r❞ ❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡

✜rst ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏♠♦st ❛♥①✐♦✉s❧②✑ ✐s r❡❛❧❧② ♥♦ ❧❡ss ✐♥s✐st✐♥❣ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡

✏✐♥s✐st✱ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞✱ ❛♥❞ s♣❛r❡ ♥♦ ❡✛♦rts✑✳ ❚❤❡ t✇❡❧❢t❤ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡

❤❛s ❛ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t✐t❧❡ ✏❧❡ ♠♦r♠♦r❛③✐♦♥✐ ✑ ✭❣r✉♠❜❧✐♥❣ ♦r ❝r✐t✐❝✐③✐♥❣✮✳ ■t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s t✇♦

♠♦r❡ ❧❛r❣❡ ♣❛rts ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ t❛❧❦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❡❧❞ ✐♥ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✼✻✳

❚❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡ ✐s ❛ ❢r❡❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❏❡s✉s✬ P❛r❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙♦✇❡r✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t❤❡

❜✐r❞s t❤❛t ♣✐❝❦ ❛✇❛② t❤❡ s❡❡❞s✿ ✐♥ ❤✐s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡② st❛♥❞ ❢♦r ✏t❤❡ ❣r✉♠❜❧✐♥❣✑✱ t❤❡

❝r✐t✐❝✐s♠ ♦♥ ❛ s❡r♠♦♥ ♦r ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❜♦♦❦✳ ✏❆❢t❡r ❤❡❛r✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐♥s♣✐r✐♥❣ s❡r♠♦♥✱ ♦♥❡ ❧❛❞ ❥♦✐♥s

❤✐s ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✜♥❞s ❢❛✉❧t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r❡❛❝❤❡r✬s ❣❡st✉r❡s✱ ✈♦✐❝❡ ♦r s♦♠❡ ✇♦r❞ ♦❢ ❤✐s✳

❍❡ ❞❡str♦②s t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡r♠♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ❆ t❤✐r❞ ♦♥❡ r✐❞✐❝✉❧❡s t❤❡ ♣r❡❛❝❤❡r✬s ■t❛❧✐❛♥✳

❆❣❛✐♥ t❤❡ s❡r♠♦♥ ✐s ♠❛❞❡ ❢r✉✐t❧❡ss✳ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❛✐❞ ❛❜♦✉t ❣♦♦❞ ❜♦♦❦s❀ ✜♥❞✐♥❣

❢❛✉❧t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ❞❡str♦②s t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❞♦✳ ▼✉r♠✉r✐♥❣ ✐s ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♥❛st✐❡r ❜❡❝❛✉s❡

✐t ✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ❞♦♥❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❧②❀ ✐t ❣r♦✇s ❛♥❞ t❤r✐✈❡s ✇❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧❡❛st ❡①♣❡❝t ✐t✳✑

❚❤✐s ✉tt❡r❛♥❝❡ r❡♠✐♥❞s ✉s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝r❡t✐✈❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✳

✏■❢ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♠✉r♠✉r✐♥❣ ♦r ❜❛❝❦✲❜✐t✐♥❣ ♦r s♦♠❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r t❤✐♥❣✱ ❛❧❧ ✐s ✇✐♣❡❞ ♦✉t ✐♥st❛♥t❧②✳

❲❤♦s❡ ❞✉t② ✐s ✐t t♦ s♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❧❛r♠✱ t❛❦❡ ❛ ✜r♠ st❛♥❞✱ ❝r② ♦✉t ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦❡ s✉r❡ t❤❛t

♠✉r♠✉r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ t❛❧❦ ❛r❡ s✐❧❡♥❝❡❞❄ ❨♦✉ ❬❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞❪ ❦♥♦✇

t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ▼② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s✱ ❛✈♦✐❞ ♠✉r♠✉r✐♥❣ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ✐s ❛ ✈❡r② ❣r❛✈❡ ❡✈✐❧✳ ❙❤✉♥

✐t ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ♣❧❛❣✉❡ ❛♥❞ tr② t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ♦t❤❡rs ❛✈♦✐❞ ✐t t♦♦✳✑ ■♥ ❛ s❤♦rt ✐♥t❡r✈✐❡✇ ❛❢t❡r t❤❛t

s♣❡❡❝❤✱ ❤❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ t♦ s♦♠❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✿ ✏❨♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞ s❡❡ t♦ ✐t t❤❛t ❝r✐t✐❝✐s♠ ❜❡ ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞

❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡ ✐t st♦♣♣❡❞ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥② ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ✇r♦♥❣❞♦✐♥❣✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✉♥❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ t❛❧❦✳ ✳ ✳

■ ✇❛♥t ✐t t♦ ❜❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ ❜♦r♥❡ ✇❡❧❧ ✐♥ ♠✐♥❞ t❤❛t ✇❤❡♥ ■ s❛② ❵♠✉r♠✉r✐♥❣✬ ❬❝r✐t✐❝✐s♠❪

■ ❞♦ ♥♦t ♠❡❛♥ ♠❡r❡❧② ❜❛❝❦✲❜✐t✐♥❣✱ ❜✉t ❡✈❡r② ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥✱ ❡✈❡r② ♣✉♥✱ ❡✈❡r② s✐♥❣❧❡ ✇♦r❞

t❤❛t ♠❛② ❞❡str♦② t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡s♦♠❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ●♦❞✬s ✇♦r❞✳ ■♥ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✱ ■ ✐♥s✐st t❤❛t ✐t ✐s ❛

s❡r✐♦✉s ❡✈✐❧ t♦ ❦❡❡♣ s✐❧❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ ✇r♦♥❣❞♦✐♥❣ t❛❦✐♥❣ ♥♦ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❛❝t✐♦♥ t♦ st♦♣ ✐t

♦r ❤❛✈❡ t❤♦s❡ ✐♥ ❝❤❛r❣❡ ❞♦ s♦✳✑ ✶✶✽ ❲✐t❤ t❤✐s ❧❛st q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❤❡ ✇❡♥t ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡ ♦❢

❤✐s st❛t❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❛t ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣✳

▲❛❝❦ ♦❢ ♦♣❡♥♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥❞✐❞ ❝♦♥t❛❝t ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❤✉rt ❛♥❞ s❛❞❞❡♥❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❞❡❡♣❧②✳ ❆❢t❡r

❛❧❧ ❤❡ ❤❛s ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r ✇❤♦ ✐♥✈✐t❡❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ✏♥♦ s❡❝r❡ts✑ ❢♦r ❤✐♠ ❛s

❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♥♦ s❡❝r❡ts ❢♦r t❤❡♠✳ ✏❍❡ ✇♦r❡ ❤✐s ❤❡❛rt ♦♥ ❤✐s s❧❡❡✈❡✑ ❛♥❞ tr✐❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡ t❤❡♠

t♦ ❞♦ t❤❡ s❛♠❡✳✶✶✾

✸✳✸✳✸✳✷ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t❛r② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣s ❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥✿

✏❇✉t ❤♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❜r✐♥❣ ♠② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s t♦ ❧✐❢❡ ❛❣❛✐♥❄✑ ❬✶✶❪

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡❛❝ts t♦ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏■ ❣r❛s♣✱ ■ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✳✑ ❏✉st❧② s♦

●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛s ❞r♦♣♣❡❞ ✏■ s❡❡✑ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❇ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥

❵s❡❡♥✬ ♦❢ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❤♦✇❡✈❡r t❤❡ r❡♣❡r❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✐♥

✶✶✼❊ ■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✷✶✳ ❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✵✴✽✻✳ ▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✵✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✹✾✹✳

✶✶✽▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✵✱ ✹✹✲✹✺✱ ✹✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✽✱ ✸✶✲✸✷✱ ✸✻✳

✶✶✾❙❡❡ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✹✻ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❆♥❞ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡

❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳✱ ✷✽✲✷✾✳

✽✽

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t❤❡ ❝❤❛♣❡❧ ❛♥❞ ✏❡❧s❡✇❤❡r❡✑✱ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ✇✐t❤ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞

❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✱ ✇❛s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t✳ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ s❡♥s❡❞ ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧ ✇❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

♠❡❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❢❡❧t✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐s ❛ ♠❛♥ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ■t ✐s q✉✐t❡ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s ❤❡ ❛s❦s ❤♦✇ t❤✐♥❣s ❝❛♥

❜❡ r❡♠❡❞✐❡❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❞❡❧❛②✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❤❡ t❤✐♥❦s ❤❡ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s s❤♦✉❧❞ t❛❦❡

♣r♦♣❡r ❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❆♥❞ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❤✐s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥ t❤❡ r❡♠❡❞② ❜♦✐❧s

❞♦✇♥ t♦ r❡♣❛✐r✐♥❣ ♦r r❡✲❛♥✐♠❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧✐❡r r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡✳ ❍❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❧② s♣❡❛❦s

❛❜♦✉t r❡♣❛✐r✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✏r❡❝✉♣❡r❛t✐♥❣✑ t❤❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡①❝❡❧❧❡❞ ❜② ✏❧✐✈❡❧✐♥❡ss✱ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss

❛♥❞ ❡①✉❜❡r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ❞❛②s✑✳ ■t ✐s t❤✐s ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ✉♥❞❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐rr❡s✐st✐❜❧❡ s♣❡❧❧ ❤❡

❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝❡♥❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵✳ ■t ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡s t❤❡ q✉✐♥t❡ss❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ✏s②st❡♠✑✳

■t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♦❝❝✉r t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡ ✇✐t❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤❡r❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs

t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ ❜❧❛♠❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r

t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♣✉t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❣✉✐❧t✳ ■t ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❝❧❡❛r ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

♥❡①t ♣❛rts ✇❤✐❝❤ ■ ✇✐❧❧ ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡ t✐t❧❡ ❵■♥t❡r♠❡③③♦✬ ♦r ❵✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥✬✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ✇✐❧❧ ❣❡t ✐ts ❢✉❧❧

❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡♥ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❧❛r❣❡✱ ❛❞❞❡❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❵❧♦♥❣ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✬ ✐♥ ❛♥♦t❤❡r

✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞②✳

❼ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ❤❡❛❧✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ r❡♠❡❞② ✐s ✏❧✬❛♠♦r❡✑ ❬❧♦✈❡✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❪ ❬✶✶❪

❚❤❡ ♦♥❧② r❡♠❡❞② ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ♦✛❡rs ✐s ❧♦✈❡✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✇♦r❞ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑ ✐♥ t❤❡

t❤r❡❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ✭❇✱ ❈✱ ❛♥❞ ❉ ✮ ❛t t❤❛t s♣♦t ✐♥ ❤✐s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t✳ ❍❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ✉s❡ t❤❡

✇♦r❞ ✏ ❝❛r✐tà✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■t ✐s ❛♥ ✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ r❡♠❡❞②✳ ❍♦✇ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ ✐t ❛s ✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❝❛♥

❜❡ r❡❛❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲❤❛t ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ♠❡❛♥s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ r❡q✉✐r❡s

❛ ♠♦r❡ ❛♠♣❧❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ r❡❛❞❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ✇✐❧❧ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧❧② ❜❡ ❣❡tt✐♥❣

❛ ❜❡tt❡r ❣r✐♣ ♦♥ ✐t t❤❛♥❦s t♦ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣❧② ❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ ♦♣♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞

✐t ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❝❧❡❛r ✇❤❛t ✐s ♥♦t ♠❡❛♥t ❜② ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣

❝❛♥ ❣r♦✇ ❛s t♦ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑ r❡❛❧❧② ✐s✳ ❚♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐s❡ t❤❡ ♥♦t✐♦♥ ✏❧♦✈❡✑✱ t❤❡

♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s❝❡♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ ✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥✳

❼ ❈❧❛r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ❜② ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ✏❛♠♦r❡✑ ✐s ♥♦t

❚♦ ❝❧❛r✐❢② ✇❤❛t ✏❛♠♦r❡ ✑ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♠❡❛♥ ❢♦r ❇✉③③❡tt✐✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❝❛♥ st❛rt t♦

❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ✇❤❛t ❤❛s ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ s♣♦❦❡ ♦r ✇r♦t❡ ❛❜♦✉t ❧♦✈❡✳

❚❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙♦❝r❛t✐❝ ✇❛②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❤❡r❡✳

➦ ❆ ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ ♣❧❡❛ ♣r♦ ❞♦♠♦ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ♦♥ ❛ ✇r♦♥❣ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥

♦❢ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑ ❬✶✶✲✶✷❪

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r ❛ s♣❡❡❝❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ s♦✉♥❞s ❧✐❦❡ ❛ str♦♥❣ ❞❡❢❡♥❝❡ ♣r♦ ❞♦♠♦✳

❍❡ ❣✐✈❡s ❛ s✉r✈❡② ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞♦✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❢♦rt② ②❡❛rs ❢♦r ❤✐s ❜♦②s✳ ❍✐s ❧✐st ✐s ❛♥

❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏❡✈❡r② ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❜❧❡ss✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❜♦❞✐❡s✱ t❤❡✐r s♦✉❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♠✐♥❞s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

❉✐✈✐♥❡ Pr♦✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❤❡❛♣s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✑ ✶✷✵ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❜❡♥❡✜ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞

✶✷✵❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✶✶❪✳ ❈❢✳ ❊❡♥ ♦♣✈♦❡❞✐♥❣s♣r♦❥❡❝t✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✼✴✶✱ ✷✾✶✴✶✰✷✳ ❈❢✳ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✽✴✶ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✷✽✾✴✶✰✷✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❧✐st✐♥❣ ❧♦♦❦s ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ✈❡r② ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛♥t ♦❢

❆✳▼✳ ❚❡♣♣❛✬s ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✳ ❚❤❛t ✇❡♥t ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❋♦r ❧♦✈❡ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs s❤♦✉❧❞ ❡♥❥♦② ❜❡❛r✐♥❣

t❤❡ ❡✛♦rts✱ t❤❡ tr♦✉❜❧❡s✱ t❤❡ ❛❣♦♥✐❡s✱ t❤❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t✐❡s✱ t❤❡ s✉✛❡r✐♥❣s ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡✐r t❛s❦ ❡♥t❛✐❧s✑ ✭❚❊PP❆✱

❆✳▼✳✱ ❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✻✷✮✳

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❇ ❢✉❧❧② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡❧② ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✳ ❬✶✷❪ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ✐t ✐s ❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐s❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦♥❡

●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆rt✐❝❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡♥

♦❢ ✶✽✼✼✳ ❚❤❛t ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r r✉❧❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss❡❞ ✉♣♦♥ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s

✏t❤❛t ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ s❡❡ t♦ ✐t ❤❡ ✐s ❧✐❦❡❞✳ ✳ ✳ ❍❡ ✇✐❧❧ r❡❛❝❤ t❤❛t ❣r❡❛t ❣♦❛❧ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ s❤♦✇s

✐♥ ✇♦r❞s ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ s♦ ✐♥ ❞❡❡❞s t❤❛t ❤✐s ❡♥t✐r❡ ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ❛✐♠❡❞ ❛t t❤❡

s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✇❡❧❢❛r❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s✳✑ ✶✷✶

❚❤❡ s❡❧❢✲❞❡❢❡♥❝❡ ❛❣r❡❡s ❛❧♠♦st ❧✐t❡r❛❧❧② ✇✐t❤ ✇❤❛t ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐♥

t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ♣❡rs♦♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❞❛②s ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s st❛② ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✳ ❖♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✸ ✶✽✽✹ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡

t♦ ❋r ❘✉❛✿ ✏❊✈❡r② ♠♦♠❡♥t ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ ❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ❤❡ ❧♦✈❡s ✉s ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ♠❛♥② s❛❝r✐✜❝❡s ❤❡

✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ♠❛❦❡s ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ♠❛♥② ❤✉♠✐❧✐❛t✐♦♥s ❤❡ ❜❡❛rs ❢♦r ❤✐s ❜♦②s✴s♦♥s ✭✏

✑✮✳ ❲❤❡♥

t❛❧❦✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣❛st✱ ❤❡ s♠✐❧❡s✳ ❇✉t ✇❤♦ ❧✐st❡♥s t♦ ❤✐♠✱ ❢❡❡❧s ❤✐s ❤❡❛rt ✐s s❤r✐♥❦✐♥❣✳

❍♦✇ ❤❡ ❤❛s s✉✛❡r❡❞ ❢♦r ❢♦rt② ②❡❛rs✦ ❚❤❛t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛ s✉❜❥❡❝t t♦ ❜❡ t❛❧❦❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t ❜②

❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ ❣r♦✇♥✲✉♣s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✿ t♦♦ ❜❛❞ r❡❛❧❧② s✐♥❝❡ ♦♥❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t t❤✐♥❦

❛❜♦✉t ✐t ❡♥♦✉❣❤✳ ❙♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ✇❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❛✐♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤✐♥❣s ✇❡ s❡❡♠ t♦ ♠✐ss ✇❤✐❧❡ ✇❡ ❢♦r❣❡t

❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ✐t t♦♦❦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ✉s ✇✐t❤ ✇❤❛t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡✳✑ ✶✷✷ ❲❤❡♥ ❋r✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡

t❛❧❦s ❛❜♦✉t ✏s♦♥s✑ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ❋r ❘✉❛✱ ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s ❜♦t❤ ✏❣r♦✇♥✲✉♣s✑ ❛♥❞ ✏②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✑✳

❲❤❡♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ✐t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ s♣❡❛❦ ♦r ♣r❡❛❝❤ ❛❜♦✉t t❤✐s ✐ss✉❡✱ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢

t❛❦❡s t❤❡ ❧❡❛❞ ❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✳

❍❡ ♠❛❦❡s t❤❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐t❡♠ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ♠♦r❡ t♦✉❝❤✐♥❣ ❜② ❤❛✈✐♥❣

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ s♣❡❛❦ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡✿ ✏■ ❤❛✈❡ ❞♦♥❡ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ■ ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ❝♦✉❧❞ ❢♦r

t❤❡♠✳✑ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❞♦♥❡✑ ✭t♦ ❞♦✦✮ ✐s str♦♥❣❧② ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡❞✳ ■t ✐s ♥♦t r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t t♦ ♣♦✐♥t

♦✉t t❤❛t ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s ❞♦♥❡ ❤✐s ✉t♠♦st ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇❡❧❢❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳

❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❡♠♣❤❛t✐❝❛❧❧② t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞✳ ✏❚❤❡② ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❡

❛✛❡tt♦ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ✇❤♦❧❡ ❧✐❢❡✱✑ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏

✑ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s s✉rr❡♣t✐t✐♦✉s❧② ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧②

❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ r❡♠✐♥❞s ✉s ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❤✐s

■❧ ●✐♦✈❛♥❡ Pr♦✈✈❡❞✉t♦✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐t s❛✐❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ ❤✐s ❛♣♦st♦❧❛t❡✿ ✏▼② ❞❡❛r ♦♥❡s✱

■ ❧♦✈❡ ②♦✉ ✇✐t❤ ❛❧❧ ♠② ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ t♦ ♠❡ ✐t s✉✣❝❡s ❢♦r ②♦✉ t♦ ❜❡ ②♦✉♥❣ t♦ ❜❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ ✈❡r②

♠✉❝❤✳✑ ✶✷✸ ▲♦✈❡ ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐♥❣ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡ ✇❛s ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t

✶✷✶❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✽✾✴✼✲✶✵✱ ✷✽✽✴✸✲✻✳ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ❋✳ ❆♣♦rt✐✬s ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥✿

✏❚❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r s❤♦✉❧❞ s❤♦✇ ❤✐s✴❤❡r s✐♥❝❡r❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥ ❢♦r t❤❡✐r ♠♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣✑ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱

P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✽✮✳

✶✷✷❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✲❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱ ❉♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✼✴✸✹✲✹✵✳ ❇♦t❤

❛✉t❤♦rs s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤✐s ❧❡tt❡r s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞❛t❡❞ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✸✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ ❊✳ ❈❡r✐❛ ✇r✐t❡s ✐t

s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ✇❡❡❦ ♦❢ ▼❛②✳ ✭▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✼✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥

✏❚❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡✿ ✏■ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs

❢♦r ❛❜♦✉t ❢♦rt② ②❡❛rs✳✑ ✭❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✵✾❪❀ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✸✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❤✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t

❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t s♣❛r❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✳ ■♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✻✶ ❋r ❘✉✣♥♦ ♥♦t❡❞✿ ✏❨❡s✱ ❜✉t ❤♦✇ ❝❛♥ ②♦✉ ❜❡ s♦ s✉r❡ t❤❛t ❜②

✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❧❡ss ■ ✇✐❧❧ ❧✐✈❡ t❡♥ ②❡❛rs ❧♦♥❣❡r❄ ❖ ♥♦✦ ❆s ❧♦♥❣ ❛s ■ ❝❛♥✱ ■ ✇❛♥t t♦ ✉s❡ ❛❧❧ ♠② ❡♥❡r❣✐❡s ❢♦r ●♦❞✬s

❣❧♦r② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❛❧✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦✉❧s✳ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r✉✐♥✐♥❣ ♠② ❤❡❛❧t❤✳ ◆♦t t❤❛t✱ ■ ❥✉st ✐♥t❡♥❞ t♦

❞♦ ❛❧❧ ■ ❝❛♥✑ ✭▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✽✽✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✺✷✹✮✳ ■t st✐❧❧ ♠❡❛♥s ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✇❛s ❣♦♦❞ ❢♦r ❤✐s

❤❡❛❧t❤✳ ▼❛r❝❤✐♦♥❡ss ❇❛r♦❧♦ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ t❤❛t ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ❖r❛t♦r② ②❡❛rs✳ ❙❤❡ ✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡

t♦❧❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s✿ ✏❇✉t ■ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇ ②♦✉ t♦ ❦✐❧❧ ②♦✉rs❡❧❢ ✑ ❛♥❞ ✏s♦ ♠❛♥②

❞✐✈❡rs❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ❛r❡ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t❛❧ t♦ ②♦✉r ❤❡❛❧t❤ ✳✳✳ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❣♦ss✐♣ ❛❜♦✉t ②♦✉r ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❤❡❛❧t❤✳✳ ✳ ✳

❨♦✉r ❤❡❛❧t❤ ✐s r✉✐♥❡❞✳✑ ■♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ r❡❛❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s❛②✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✿ ✏■ ✇✐❧❧

❞❡✈♦t❡ ♠②s❡❧❢ s❡r✐♦✉s❧② t♦ t❤❡ ❝❛r❡ ♦❢ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❡❞ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ✳✳✳ ▼② ❧✐❢❡ ✐s ❝♦♥s❡❝r❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞

♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳✑ ✭❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✶❀ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✷✼✲✶✷✽✳✮ ■t ✇❛s

❛❧❧ ❛❜♦✉t ❞❡❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡✳

✶✷✸❖❊ ■■ ❬✶✽✼❪ ✶st❡❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ✶✽✹✼❀ ❖❊ ❳❳❳❱ ❬✶✸✺❪ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ✶✵✶✱ ✶✽✽✺✳ ▼♦r❡ ♦♥ ✏ ❛✛❡tt♦✑ ❤❡r❡❛❢t❡r ✐♥ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡

✾✵

10 Pages 91-100

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10.1 Page 91

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❢❛❝t♦r ✐♥ ❤✐s ❧✐❢❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❢❛❝t♦r ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ✐s ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❞❡❢❡♥❝❡ ❜② t❤❡ ❡①tr❡♠❡

❡✛♦rt✱ t❤❡ ✉❧t✐♠❛t❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s ❜② ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❝❤❛r✐t②✳

➦ ❘❡♣❧② ❜② ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❬ ✶✷ ❪

❇✉③③❡tt✐ r❡❛❝ts t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s♦❧✐❞ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ q✉✐t❡ ❝♦♦❧❧②✿ ✏■ ❛♠ ♥♦t r❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ t♦

②♦✉✦✑ ❚❤✐s r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ s❡❡♠s t♦ s❤♦✇ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❛❝❝❡♣ts ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❍❡

❧❡❛✈❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞ ❛t ❧❡❛st t❤❛t ❤❡ ✐s ♦♥ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t tr❛❝❦ ✇❤❡♥ r❡❛❝t✐♥❣ s♦♠❡✇❤❛t

✐♥❞✐r❡❝t❧②✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❛✐♠ ❛t ❤✐s s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❜② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♥❛♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❛②

t♦ r❡♠❡❞② t❤✐♥❣s✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t❤❛t ❤❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢

✇❛s ♥♦t t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ❢❛✐❧❡❞✱ ❜✉t ♦t❤❡rs✳ ■❢ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ♠❡❛♥t ❤✐♠✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡

❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ❤✐s ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♣❛rt♥❡r s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ ❤✐s ❝❧♦s❡st ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡s✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❛❝❝❡♣t t❤❛t ❡✐t❤❡r✳

➦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣❧❡❛❞s ✐♥ ❢❛✈♦✉r ♦❢ ❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ❬✶✷❪

❍❡ ♣❧❡❛❞s ❢♦r t❤❡♠ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✈✐❣♦✉r✳ ❚❤❡② s❛❝r✐✜❝❡ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❢✉❧❧② ♥♦ ♠❛tt❡r

❤♦✇ ②♦✉♥❣ t❤❡② ♠❛② ❜❡✳ ❚❤❡✐r t♦t❛❧ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❡❛s✐❧② ♥♦t✐❝❡❞

t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡✐r ❞❛✐❧② ❡✛♦rt✱ st✉❞② ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❦✳ ❚❤✐s ❞❡❢❡♥❝❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝ts s♠♦♦t❤❧② ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ◆❡✇ ❨❡❛r ❧❡tt❡r✱ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✻ ✶✽✽✹✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♣r❛✐s❡❞ ❤✐s ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♦♥❧② ❛ ❢❡✇

♠♦♥t❤s ❡❛r❧✐❡rs✿ ✏❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ❧❡t ♠❡ s❛② t❤❛t ■ ❛♠ ✈❡r② ♣❧❡❛s❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡❛❣❡r♥❡ss

✇✐t❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ ②♦✉ ❢❛❝❡ ✉♣ t♦ ❛❧❧ ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ✇♦r❦✱ ❡✈❡♥ s❤♦✉❧❞❡r✐♥❣ ✐♠♠❡♥s❡ ❜✉r❞❡♥s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r

t♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡r ❣❧♦r② ♦❢ ●♦❞ ✐♥ ♦✉r ❤♦✉s❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ❛r❡

❡♥tr✉st❡❞ t♦ ✉s ❞❛② ❛❢t❡r ❞❛② ❜② ❉✐✈✐♥❡ Pr♦✈✐❞❡♥❝❡✳✑ ✶✷✹

❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❛❧s♦ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡❞ t❤❡♠ ❛t t❤❡ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♥❛♠❡✲❞❛② ❢❡❛st ✐♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✼✺✳

❚❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ✐t ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏■ ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ♠② ✇❤♦❧❡ ❧✐❢❡ t♦ ②♦✉ ❬❜♦②s❪ ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡

r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ t❤✐s ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❝❡✳ ❲❤❛t ■ s❛② ❛❜♦✉t ♠②s❡❧❢ ✐s t♦ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ❛s ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣

t♦ ❛❧❧ ②♦✉r ❙✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② ❤❡❧♣ ♠❡ t♦ s❛✈❡ ②♦✉r s♦✉❧s✳ ❆❧❧ t❤❛t ②♦✉ s❛② ❛❜♦✉t ♠❡

✭♠② ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✱ ♠② ❞❡❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ♠② s❡❧❢✲s❛❝r✐✜❝❡✮ ♠✉st ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ t♦ ❛♣♣❧② ♥♦t t♦

♠❡ ❛❧♦♥❡ ❜✉t t♦ ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ❡❧s❡ ✇❤♦ ✇♦r❦s ✇✐t❤ ♠❡ ❢♦r ②♦✉r ❜❡♥❡✜t✳ ◆♦✇ ■ ❛ss✉r❡ ②♦✉ t❤❛t

■ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧✇❛②s ❞♦♥❡ ✇❤❛t❡✈❡r ■ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❢♦r ②♦✉❀ ■ ❝❛♥♥♦t ♣r♦♠✐s❡ t❤❛t ■ s❤❛❧❧ ❞♦ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥

■ ❤❛✈❡ ❞♦♥❡✱ ❜✉t ■ ❞♦ ♣r♦♠✐s❡ t♦ ❣♦ ♦♥ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛s ❧♦♥❣ ❛s ♦✉r ▲♦r❞ s❤❛❧❧

♣❡r♠✐t ♠❡ t♦ r❡♠❛✐♥ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❧❞✳✑ ✶✷✺ ❚❤✐s ✇❛s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ✈❛❧✐❞ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ✇❤♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❤✐s

❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s t♦ t❤❡ ✇❡❧❢❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② r❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥✳

✶✹✻ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✶✷✹❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✾✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✳ ❍♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ♠❛st❡r② ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛❝t✐✈❡✱ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ❛s

❛♥ ✐❞❡❛❧ t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞✱ ✐s ❝❧❡❛r ❢r♦♠ ❛ ♥♦t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✽✼✷✳ ❚❤❡ r❡♣♦rt❡r ✇r♦t❡

❞♦✇♥✿ ✏❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♥♦t✐❝❡ ❛♥ ❛ss✐st❛♥t t❛❦✐♥❣ ❝❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣✱ t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❧♦✈❡ ❤✐♠✳✑

✭P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✸✮✳ ❙❡❡ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✻✸ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✶✷✺▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✵✳ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡

♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏■t ❢♦❧❧♦✇s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❘❡❝t♦r ♠✉st ❞❡✈♦t❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❡♥t✐r❡❧② t♦ t❤❡

❜♦②s ❤❡ ✇❛♥ts t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t❡✳✑ ✭❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✽✺✴✹✸✻❀ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳

✷✹✾✳✮ ❖♥ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✽t❤ ✶✽✼✽ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ t♦ t❤❡ s✐st❡rs✿ ✏■ ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡♠ ❬♣r✐♥t❡❞ ❝♦♣✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ r✉❧❡❪ ✳✳✮ ♠♦st

s✉✐t❡❞ t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ②♦✉ ❣r♦✇ ✐♥ ●♦❞✬s ❣r❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❧♦♥❣ t♦ ❏❡s✉s ❛s ②♦✉ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ②♦✉r ✇❤♦❧❡ ❧✐❢❡ t♦ ②♦✉r

❢❡❧❧♦✇ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② t♦ t❤❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦♦r ❣✐r❧s✳✑ ✭❊ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✷✶✳ ▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✶❀

❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✶✮✳

✾✶

10.2 Page 92

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■♥ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ t❡①t ✭❉ ✮ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r r❡str✐❝ts ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡✿

st✉❞② ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❦✳ ✭❇✱ t❤❡ ✜rst ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ❤❛❞ ♠♦r❡ t♦ ♦✛❡r✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢

t❤❡✐r ❧✐✈❡s ✐s ♥♦t ❛r❜✐tr❛r② s✐♥❝❡ ✐t ♦♣❡♥s t❤❡ ✇❛② ❢♦r ✇❤❛t ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳

❼ ❈❧❛r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✿ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ✐s ♠❡❛♥t ❜② ✏❛♠♦r❡✑✱ t❤❡ ✈❡r② ♥❛t✉r❡

♦❢ ✏❛♠♦r❡✑ ❬✶✷✲✶✹❪

■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ♠❛❦❡s ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♦♣❡♥✐♥❣ t♦ tr② ❛♥❞ ♣❡♥❡tr❛t❡ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r✳

❍❡ s❡❡s ❛♥❞ ❦♥♦✇s ❛❧❧ ♦❢ ✐t ❛♥❞ r❡❛❧✐③❡s ❤♦✇ t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r st❛♥❞s✳ ❇✉t ❤❡ st❛t❡s✿ ✏■t ✐s ♥♦t

❡♥♦✉❣❤✳✑ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♠♦r❡✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❜❡st t❤✐♥❣ ✐s ♠✐ss✐♥❣✳✑ ❆❢t❡r s✉❝❤ ❛♥ ✐♥tr✐❣✉✐♥❣✱ ♣r♦✈♦❦✐♥❣

✉tt❡r❛♥❝❡ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ✐♠♣❛t✐❡♥t q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s✿ ✏❲❤❛t ✐s ✐t t❤❛t ✐s ♠✐ss✐♥❣❄✑ ❬✶✷❪

❚❤❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s ♠❛② s♦✉♥❞ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡❛r✱ ❜✉t ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❛t ❛❧❧ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s✳

❚❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ♠❛❦❡s ❛ r❛t❤❡r ❡♥✐❣♠❛t✐❝ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❝♦♥✜r♠s

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡✿ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♠✉st ✏❜❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✑✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❝❧♦s❡st

❤❡❧♣❡rs ❞♦ ✇❡❧❧ ✇❤❡♥ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇✐t❤ s✉❝❤ s❡❧✢❡ss✱ s❡❧❢✲❡✛❛❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛❧tr✉✐st✐❝ ❧♦✈❡✱

❛s ❤❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ❛♥❞ st✐❧❧ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❡✈❡r② ❞❛②✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ✏❜✉t✑✳

■♥❞❡❡❞✿ ✏❚❤❡② ❬t❤❡ ❜♦②s❪ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❦♥♦✇ ❬s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛✇❛r❡❪ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❛r❡

❧♦✈❡❞✳✑ ❚❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✇♦r❞ ✏ ❝♦♥♦s❝❡r❡✑ ❝❛♥ ♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ❛s ❛♥ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡

♠✐♥❞ ✏❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥❞✱ ❣r❛s♣✱ s❡❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤✑ ❛s ✇❛s t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠

t❤❡ t❡♥ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❘✉❧❡s✳ ■♥ ❛♥ ✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ✇❛② ✐t ✐s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s

t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❦✱ t❤❡ ❜❡st t❤✐♥❣ s❡❡♠s t♦ ❜❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡♠ ♥♦✇✳ ❚❤❡

q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐s ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ♠❡❛♥s ✐t t❤❛t ✇❛②✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐s ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ❛✇❛②✳ ❙♦♠❡❤♦✇ ♣✐q✉❡❞✱ ❤❡ s❡✐③❡s ♦♥ t❤✐s ❛s ❛♥ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② t♦ ❛s❦✿

✏❍❛✈❡ t❤❡② ♥♦t ❣♦t ❡②❡s ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❤❡❛❞s❄✑ ❚❤✐s str♦♥❣ ♦✉t❜✉rst ✐s ♦♥❧② ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② s♦❢t❡♥❡❞

✐♥st❛♥t❧② ❜② t❤❡ r♦✉♥❞❛❜♦✉t ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥✿ ✏❉♦ t❤❡② ♥♦t ♣♦ss❡ss t❤❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♦❢ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡❄✑ ■t

❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ♠❡❛♥s✿ ❵❞♦ t❤❡② ♥♦t ✉s❡ t❤❡✐r ♠✐♥❞s❄✬ ❍❡ ✜♥✐s❤❡s ❜② ❛✐r✐♥❣ ❤✐s ❞✐s❛♣♣♦✐♥t♠❡♥t

❛♥❞ ❞✐s❜❡❧✐❡❢ ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡✳ ❍❡ ✇♦♥❞❡rs ❤♦✇ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✱ ❢♦r ●♦❞✬s s❛❦❡✱ t❤❛t ✏t❤❡② ❝❛♥♥♦t

✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❛t ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✐s ❜❡✐♥❣ ❞♦♥❡✱ ✐s ❞♦♥❡ ♦✉t ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡ ❢♦r t❤❡♠❄✑

❚❤✐s ♠❛ss✐✈❡ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ❜r✐♥❣s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ❤✐s s❡❧❢✲❞❡❢❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞

t❤❡ ♣❧❡❛ ✐♥ ❢❛✈♦✉r ♦❢ ❤✐s ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡s✿ ✏❍♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ✐s ❞♦♥❡❄✑ ❆♥❞ s♦ ❤❡ s❤♦✇s ❤♦✇ ❤❡ ❦❡❡♣s

t♦ ❤✐s ✈✐❡✇ ♦♥ ❧♦✈❡✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ♦♥❡ ♠♦r❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ❢♦r ❇✉③③❡tt✐ t♦ r❡♣❡❛t t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s ❛

❜❧✐♥❞ s♣♦t✱ ❛♥❞ t♦ ✉❧t✐♠❛t❡❧② ❝❧❛r✐❢② t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❤✐s st❛t❡♠❡♥t✿ ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ✏t❤❛t

t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❬❝❛♥❪ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥❞ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✳✑

■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ❛❞r♦✐t❧② ♠❛❦❡s t❤❡ r♦❛❞ s♠♦♦t❤❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♥❡✇ ✐♥s✐❣❤t✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦t ♦❢ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♥❛t✉r❡✿ ✏❲❤❛t ✐s ✐t t❤❛t ✐s ♠✐ss✐♥❣❄✑ ■t

✐s ♥♦✇ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✿ ✏❲❤❛t ❡❧s❡ ✐s ♥❡❡❞❡❞❄✑ ❬✏❲❤✐❝❤

t❤✐♥❣ ✐s r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✉s t❤❡♥❄✑ ❪ ❚❤❡ ✐♥s✐❣❤t s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ❜② t❤❛t q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐s ✿ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❡①♣❡❝t t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛❝❡✱ t❤❡②

t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ♣♦ss❡ss t❤❡ ❦❡② t♦ t❤❡ ✏r❡♥❡✇❡❞ ❧✐✈❡❧✐♥❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss✱ t❤❡ ✇❛r♠t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❧❞

❞❛②s✑ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳ ❚❤❡② ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss

❜② ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♥❣ ✏s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡✑ ❛♥❞ ♣✉tt✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✏t❤❡ ❜❡st t❤✐♥❣✑✳ ■t ✐s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ♥♦t ✉♣ t♦

t❤❡ ❜♦②s t♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥❞✳ ■t ✐s ✉♣ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥❛❜❧❡s t❤❡

❜♦②s t♦ ❜❡ ❛✇❛r❡ t❤❛t t❤❡✐r ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs

❛r❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡✳

✾✷

10.3 Page 93

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■t ✐s ♥♦t ❡❛s②✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t♦ ❞♦ ❥✉st✐❝❡ ✐♥ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ✐♥♣✉t✳

❇ ❚❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❛♥❞ ✐ts tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛❦❡ ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥t t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s

❈ s❤♦✉❧❞ ✏❜❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❡② ❡♥❥♦②✑✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❡② ❧✐❦❡✳ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❛♥❞

❉ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦ ❉✉t❝❤ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿ ✏❚❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❦♥♦✇ ♦r

❢❡❡❧ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✑ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✏t❛❦❡ ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ②♦✉t❤❢✉❧

✐♥t❡r❡sts✳✑ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❞❞❡❞ t♦ t❤✐s ✜♥❛❧ t❡①t ❛s ❛ ♠❡❛♥s ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛❦❡s ❧♦✈❡ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡✱

t❛♥❣✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧✳ ■t ❜♦✐❧s ❞♦✇♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❡①♣r❡ss ✐t ✐♥ st✐❧❧ ❛♥♦t❤❡r

✇❛② ❛♥❞ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ♠♦r❡ ❢❛✐t❤❢✉❧ t♦ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✿ ✏■❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛r❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s

t❤❡② ❡♥❥♦② ❜② ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ②♦✉t❤❢✉❧ t❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❛s ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✱ t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧

❧❡❛r♥ t♦ s❡❡ ❧♦✈❡ t♦♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ❚❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❤❛✈❡ ✏t♦ ❜❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡

t❤✐♥❣s t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❡♥❞ ♦r ✐♥❝❧✐♥❡ ❛s ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ♦r ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳✑ ❖♥❧② t❤❡♥ ❝❛♥ ✐t

r❡❛❧❧② ♣❡♥❡tr❛t❡ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ♠✐♥❞s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡♠✳ ❖♥❧② t❤❡♥ ✇✐❧❧ t❤❡②

r❡❛❧✐③❡ ❛♥❞ s❡♥s❡ t❤❛t t❤❡✐r t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡♠✳ ❚❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ s♦

❡✈❡♥ ✐❢ t❤❡✐r ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✐♥s✐st ♦♥ ✏❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡✱ st✉❞② ❛♥❞ s❡❧❢✲❞❡♥✐❛❧✳✑ ❬✶✸❪

❚❤❡ t❡①t✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✏♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤✐♥❣s ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡✐r ②♦✉t❤❢✉❧ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛t✐♦♥s ✭♦r

✐♥t❡r❡sts✮ t✉r♥ t♦✑✱ ❝❛♥ ♣❡r❤❛♣s ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ✇❡❧❧ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❚❡♣♣❛ ❣❛✈❡ t❤❡

❝❧❡r✐❝❛❧ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❤❛s ♣r♦✈❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❡❞ ❤✐s ♠❛♥✉❛❧

r❡❣✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡✐❣❤t✐❡s✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏❲❤♦❡✈❡r ✇❛♥ts t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s t♦ ❧♦✈❡ ❤✐♠✳ ✳ ✳ ♠✉st

♠❡❡t t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❢✉❧✜❧ t❤❡✐r ❤♦♥❡st ❞❡s✐r❡s ❛s ❢❛r ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❤✐♠✳ ❍❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤♦♥❡st❧②

s❤❛r❡ ❬♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t❡ ✐♥❪ ❛❧❧ t❤❡✐r ❧✐✈❡s✬ ❥♦②s ❬s✇❡❡t❪ ❛♥❞ s♦rr♦✇s ❬❜✐tt❡r❪ ❬s✇❡❡t ❛♥❞ ❜✐tt❡r

t❤✐♥❣s❪✳✑ ✶✷✻ ■♥ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❛♥s✇❡r t❤❡ r❡s❡♠❜❧❛♥❝❡ ✐s ♠♦r❡ str✐❦✐♥❣

t❤❛♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✏ ♣❛rt❡❝✐♣❛r❡✑ ❬♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t❡❪ ✐s ❝❧♦s❡r t♦ ✏ ♣r❡♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡✑

♦❢ ❚❡♣♣❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏ ♣✐❛❝❝✐♦♥♦ ♣♦❝♦✑ ✐♥ ✐ts t✉r♥ ✐s ❝❧♦s❡r t♦ t❤❡ ♥♦✉♥

✏ ♣✐❛❝❡r✐✑ ❬✇✐s❤❡s✱ ❞❡s✐r❡s❪ ♦❢ ❚❡♣♣❛✳

■t ✇✐❧❧ ❢✉rt❤❡r str✐❦❡ ✉s t❤❛t ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❞✐❣r❡ss❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❛t ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡✿ t❤❡

❜♦②s ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜✉t ❤❡❧♣ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ t♦ s❡❡ t❤❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❬t❤❡ ❢❡❧t ❧♦✈❡❪ ✐♥ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❛t ❞♦ ♥♦t

♣❧❡❛s❡ t❤❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧❧②✳ ❚❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r t❤❛t t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤♦s❡ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞

r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❧♦✈❡ ❢♦r t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ ❜❡st ✐♥t❡r❡sts✱ ❢♦r t❤❡✐r ✇❡❧❢❛r❡✳

❚❤❡ st♦r② ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧ ❚♦st✐ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s

✜rst st❛② ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✺✽ ✜ts ✐♥ ✇❡❧❧ ❤❡r❡ ❛s ❛♥ ✐❧❧✉str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤✐s

❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ t❛❦❡♥ s♦ ♠✉❝❤ ♣❧❡❛s✉r❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t t❤❛t ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t

❤❡❧♣ t❛❧❦✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ✐t t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❣❛✐♥ t♦ ❤✐s ②♦✉♥❣ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❙♦ t❤✐s ❛♥❡❝❞♦t❡ ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ♣❛rt

♦❢ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✬s ♣❧❡❛s❛♥t ❧❡❣❛❝②✳ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ♠❛② ❛❧s♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❤❡❛r❞ ❛❜♦✉t ✐t ♦♥❧②

❧❛t❡r✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✱ ❜✉t ♣❧❛♥♥❡❞ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦ ❣❡t

▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❤✐♠t♦ t❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣❛st✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❢t❤ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡✳ ❆s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦♦❦ ✉♣ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧ ❚♦st✐✬s ✐♥✈✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛♥ ♦✉t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❝❛rr✐❛❣❡✱

❤❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❨♦✉r ❊♠✐♥❡♥❝❡✱ ✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❢♦r♠ ❜♦②s ✇❡❧❧ ✐❢ t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ tr✉st ✐♥ t❤❡✐r

s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳✑ ❯♣♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧ ✇❡♥t ♦♥ t♦ ❛s❦ ❤♦✇ t❤❛t ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✇♦♥✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✿ ✏❇② tr②✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ttr❛❝t t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❜② ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t❡✈❡r ❛❧✐❡♥❛t❡s t❤❡♠✳✑

✶✷✻❈❢✳ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✻✷✱ ✻✺✱ ✻✻✱ ✻✽✱✼✸✳ ❚❊PP❆✱ ❆✳▼✳✱ ❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✷✳ ❋r ❈❡r✐❛ ❤❛s

tr✐❡❞ ❛t ♦♥❡ ♣♦✐♥t t♦ ❝❧❛r✐❢② t❤✐s t❡①t✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏❚❤❡② s❡❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ♦♥❡ ❧✐❦❡s t❤❡

t❤✐♥❣s t❤❡② ❡♥❥♦②✳✑ ❚❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❡② ❧✐❦❡ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❥♦②✳ ❈❊❘■❆✱ ❊✳✱ ❆♥♥❛❧✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✭✶✽✹✶✲✶✽✽✽✮✱ ♣✳ ✻✼✸✳ ❍❡

s✇✐t❝❤❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✈❡r❜ ✏s❡❡✑✳ ❚♦ s❡❡ ✐s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡✱ ✐t ♣r❡❝❡❞❡s ❣❡tt✐♥❣ t♦ ❦♥♦✇✱ ❦♥♦✇✐♥❣✱ ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❛✇❛r❡✱

r❡❛❧✐③✐♥❣✳

✾✸

10.4 Page 94

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❚❤✐s ❡♥t❛✐❧❡❞ t❤❡ ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✬s ♥❡①t ❛♥❞ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❍♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❛ttr❛❝t t❤❡♠ t♦ ✉s❄✑

❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ ✐♥❡✈✐t❛❜❧② t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✈❡r② t②♣✐❝❛❧ r❡♣❧②✿ ✏❇② ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡♠ ✜rst✱ ❜② tr②✐♥❣

t♦ ❛❞❛♣t t♦ t❤❡✐r t❛st❡s ❬✏ ❣✉st✐✑ ❪✱ ❜② ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡♠✑ ❬❜② ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s ❡q✉❛❧ t♦

t❤❡♠❪✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ tr② t❤❡ ♣r♦♦❢ ♦♥ t❤❡ P✐❛③③❛ ❞❡❧ P♦♣♦❧♦ ✇❤❡r❡ ♠❛♥②

❜♦②s ❣♦t t♦❣❡t❤❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧ ✇❛s q✉✐t❡ ♦♣❡♥ t♦ ✐t ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ✐♥

❤✐s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t✳✶✷✼

❼ ■♥s✐st❡♥❝❡ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✿ ✏P❧❡❛s❡✱ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤❛t ♠♦r❡ ❝❧❡❛r❧②✦✑ ❬✶✹❪

❙tr✐❝t❧② t❛❦❡♥✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤❛s ♥♦t ②❡t ❝❧❡❛r❧② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ✇❤❛t ❧♦✈❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❤❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞

❛s ❛ r❡♠❡❞✐❛❧ ♠❡❛♥s✱ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥s✐sts✿ ✏P❧❡❛s❡✱ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤✐s

♠♦r❡ ❝❧❡❛r❧②✦✑ ❚❤❡ ❡①❝❧❛♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛r❦ ❝❛rr✐❡s ✐ts ❢✉❧❧ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣✳ ■t ✐s ♥♦t ②❡t ❝❧❡❛r ❡♥♦✉❣❤

❢♦r ❤✐♠✳

❇✮ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐st❧❡ss r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹ ♣✉tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥

t❤❡ ❧✐♠❡❧✐❣❤t ❬✶✹✲✷✹❪

✸✳✹ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❝❡♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞✱ ♥♦✇ ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s

✸✳✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✿ ✉r❣❡♥t r❡q✉❡st ✏t♦ ❧♦♦❦ ❛t t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✑ ❬✶✹❪

❇✉③③❡tt✐ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ♣✉ts ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ t❡st✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞✐✛❡rs ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❞r❛❢t

❡❞✐t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❇ ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ❍❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❤❡❧♣ ❤✐♠ ❛❧♦♥❣ ❢♦r ❛ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♥♦t s♦ ♠✉❝❤ ❜② t❛❧❦✐♥❣ ❛s ❜②

s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ❤✐♠✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s✳ ❲✐t❤♦✉t ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛❞♦ ❤❡ ✐♥✈✐t❡s ❤✐♠ t♦ ❧♦♦❦ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❛t

t❤❡ ❧✐st❧❡ss r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♥❣❧❡ ♥♦✇✳

❚❤❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♥❣❧❡ ✐s ♥♦t ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ❝♦♥s♣✐❝✉♦✉s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❉✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐

❛❞✈✐s❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ■♥ ❤✐s ♦✇♥ ✇♦r❞s✿ ✏▲♦♦❦ ❛t t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ❆❣❛✐♥ ❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐t❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ✬②♦✉✬✿

✏ ♦ss❡r✈✐✑✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❞♦♥❡ s♦ ✐♥ ❤✐s ✈❡r② ✜rst q✉❡st✐♦♥✳ ❬✽❪ ■♥ t❤❡ ❞r❛❢t ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❇ ❛♥❞ ❈

❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ✬②♦✉✬ ✐♥ t❤❛t st❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ✐s ✭❡✈❡♥✮ ❧❡ss ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r♦♥♦✉♥s ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ✭❉ ✮✳

■t ❧♦♦❦s ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ❛s ✐❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s❝❡♥❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❤❛s ❝♦♠❡ t♦ ❛ st❛♥❞st✐❧❧

✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ✐s ♥♦✇ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❜❧❡♥❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❛❣❛✐♥ ✐♥ s❧♦✇ ♠♦t✐♦♥✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t

♥♦t✐❝❡ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛t ✜rst ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❧② ❡①♣r❡ss❡s s♦ ❜② ❛s❦✐♥❣✿ ✏❲❡❧❧ ✇❤❛t ✐s s♣❡❝✐❛❧

❛❜♦✉t ✐t❄✑

❋❛❝❡❞ ✇✐t❤ s♦ ♠✉❝❤ ♦❜t✉s❡♥❡ss✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❝❛♥ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛ t♦✉❝❤ ♦❢ ✐r♦♥②✳ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s t❛❦❡♥ ♣r✐❞❡ ✐♥ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ s❛❝r✐✜❝❡❞ ❤✐s ❧✐❢❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ❢♦r ✏❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❢♦rt② ②❡❛rs✑ ✐♥

❤✐s ♦r❛t✐♦ ♣r♦ ❞♦♠♦✳ ❙♦ ♥♦✇ ✏t❤❡ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜❡❛r❞✑ ❝❛♥ s✉❣❣❡st ✐t s✉r♣r✐s❡s ❤✐♠

t❤❛t ✏s♦ ♠❛♥② ②❡❛rs ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♥❣ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✑ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t ❣✐✈❡♥ ❤✐♠ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥s✐❣❤t✳ ❬▲✐t❡r❛❧❧②✿

✏❨♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ s♦ ♠❛♥② ②❡❛rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ②♦✉ st✐❧❧ ❞♦ ♥♦t

✶✷✼

▼❇ ❱✱ ♣✳ ✾✶✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✵✵✲✻✵✶✳ ❚❤❛t ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ t❛❦❡♥ ♣❧❛❝❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✺✽✳ ❈❢✳ ❢✉rt❤❡r

❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✷✶ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✾✹

10.5 Page 95

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✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞❄✑ ❪ ❍❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♣✉t ❤✐♠ ♦♥ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t tr❛❝❦✱ t❤❡♥✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s ❣♦t t♦ ✇❛t❝❤

✏♠♦r❡ ❝❧♦s❡❧②✑ ❬●✉❛r❞✐ ♠❡❣❧✐♦✦❪✱ ❜✉t ♥♦t ❜② ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳

❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ✐♥✈✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ♠✐s❧❡❛❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥ s♣✐t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r✬s

❧♦♥❣✲t✐♠❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❆s ❛♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r ❤❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ✜rst ❛♥❞ ❢♦r❡♠♦st ❧♦♦❦ ❛t t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱

❇ ❈ ②❡s ✏♦✉r✑ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ■♥ ❛♥❞ ✐t st✐❧❧ r❛♥ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❲❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ②♦✉r ❬✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❵②♦✉r✬❪

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s❄✑ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r r❡♠❛✐♥s t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❣✉✐❞❡✱ ❤❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠✐tt❡❞

❝♦♥❢r❡r❡✳ ❍❡ t❛❦❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s✐❞❡✳ ❍❡ ❦♥♦✇s ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣❛✐♥❢✉❧ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛✇❛✐ts t❤❡

❤♦♥♦✉r❡❞ ❧❡❛❞❡r✳

✸✳✹✳✷ ❙❤♦rt❝♦♠✐♥❣s ♦❢ ♣r✐❡sts ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ❛t t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧

♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❬✶✹✲✶✺❪

❼ ❋❡✇ ♣r✐❡sts ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ✇❡r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❬✶✹❪

❋r♦♠ t❤❛t ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❛♥❣❧❡ ✐t ✜rst str✐❦❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t❤❛t ✏♦♥❧② ❛ ❢❡✇ ♣r✐❡sts ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡r✐❝s

♠✐①❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✑ ❙❡❝♦♥❞❧② ❤❡ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ ✏❡✈❡♥ ❢❡✇❡r ❬❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s❪ st✐❧❧ ✇❡r❡ ❥♦✐♥✐♥❣ ✐♥

t❤❡✐r ❣❛♠❡s✳✑ ❆♥❞ ✐t str✉❝❦ ❤✐♠ ❛s ❜❡✐♥❣ ❡✈❡♥ ✇♦rs❡ ✏t❤❛t t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✇❡r❡ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r

t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧ ❬t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t♦rs❪ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳✑

❼ ❲❤❡r❡ t❤❡② ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ✇❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❛t t❤❡② ❞✐❞ ❬✶✺❪

✕ ❙♦♠❡✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r✐t②✱ ✏✇❡r❡ ✇❛❧❦✐♥❣ ✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❞♦✇♥✱ ❝❤❛tt✐♥❣ ❛♠♦♥❣

t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❛❦✐♥❣ ❛♥② ♥♦t✐❝❡ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ✇❡r❡ ❞♦✐♥❣✳✑ ❚❤❡

♠❛❥♦r✐t② s❡❡♠❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ s❛❞ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡rs ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✇❛r♥❡❞ ✏♥♦t

t♦ s♣❡♥❞ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❜✉t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✑ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt

♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✽✽✷✲✶✽✽✸ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r✳✶✷✽ ❖r ✇❡r❡ t❤♦s❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♣❡r❤❛♣s st✐❧❧ t❤❡ s❛♠❡

♦♥❡s❄ ❚❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r s❡❡♠s t♦ ❛❧❧✉❞❡ ❤❡r❡ t♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❛t ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t

♠❡❡t✐♥❣✳

✕ ❖t❤❡r ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✇❡r❡ ✇❛t❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❜✉t ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡✿ ✏❚❤❡②

❧♦♦❦❡❞ ♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❜✉t ♣❛✐❞ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❤❡❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✑

✕ ✏❖t❤❡rs s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛❢❛r✑ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐♥❣ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐t ✇❛s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② s♦

t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ❛ss✐st❡❞ ❛t ❛❧❧✳✶✷✾ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s ❛ ❣r❡❛t ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢

✶✷✽❈❢✳ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✺✹✳ ❈❢✳ ✐♥❢r❛ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣❛rt✱ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✸✾✳ ❆r♦✉♥❞ t❤❛t t✐♠❡ t❤❡ ❞✐♦❝❡s❛♥

♣r✐❡st ❋r ❖r✐♦❧✐ ✇❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❛ ✈❡r② ❣♦♦❞ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤♦✉❣❤✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ♣♦✐♥t ♦✉t s❡r✐♦✉s ❢❛✐❧✐♥❣s ♦♥ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✶ ✶✽✻✾✳ ❍❡ t❤❡♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ❛❧❧ ♠❡♠❜❡rs

♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣ s♦❝✐❡t②✳ ❍❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏■ ✇✐s❤ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ t❤❛t ②♦✉ tr② ❛❧✇❛②s t♦ ❜❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❞✉r✐♥❣

r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡r✐♦❞s✱ ❝♦♥✈❡rs✐♥❣✱ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ❣♦♦❞ ❛❞✈✐❝❡✳✑ ❍❡ s♣♦❦❡ ✐♥ t❤❛t

s❡♥s❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ❤❡ ✇❛s ✏♥♦t t♦♦ ❤❛♣♣② ❛❜♦✉t✳✑ ✏■ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞✿ ❝❧✐q✉❡s ♦❢

t✇♦✱ t❤r❡❡✱ ❢♦✉r✱ ♦r ✜✈❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✱ ❛❧✇❛②s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♥❡❛r❧② ❛❧✇❛②s ❛♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡st✳✑ ✭▼❇ ■❳✱

♣✳ ✺✼✻❀ ▼❇◆ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✷✼✶✳✮ ❆♥❞ t❤✐s ✇❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵✳

✶✷✾●✳ ▲❛③③❡r♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✷✺ ✶✽✽✷✳ ✭P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧✲

❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺✸✴✷✼✽✮ ■♥ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ♦❢ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✼✸ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✉r❣❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡❝ts t♦ ❛❝t ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛

✇❛② ✏t❤❛t t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ ❡①❡r❝✐s❡❞ ♣♦✇❡r✱ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞st ♦❢

t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✳✑ ✭❊ ✭♠✮ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✾✴✺✻✲✺✼✳✮

✾✺

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♣r✐❡sts ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❝❛r❡ ❧❡ss ❛❜♦✉t ❛♥ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡✱

✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐✈❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥

t✐♠❡✳✶✸✵

❚❤❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜② ♥♦t ♠✐①✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❜♦②s✱ ❝❤❛tt✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ✇❛r♥✐♥❣s ❛r❡ ♥❡✇ ❛♥❞ ❧❛t❡r ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥s

❉ ❇ ❈ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✳ ❚❤❡② ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ♥♦r ✐♥ ✳

✕ ❚❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥s ♣r♦♠♣t❧② ❡♥t❛✐❧❡❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥✱ ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥✳ ❖♥❡

❝❛♥ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❡ r❛r❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✇❤♦ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇ t❤✐♥❣s t♦ ❣❡t ♦✉t ♦❢

❤❛♥❞✳ ❍❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❜❡❧♦♥❣ t♦ ✏t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r✐t②✑ ♦❢ ✏✉♥✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞✑ ✭✐♥❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✮

♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✏✇❤♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛❢❛r✳✑ ■♥ ✐ts❡❧❢ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ✇r♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s

❛❝t✐♦♥✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ s♣♦✐❧s ❤✐s ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❛ ✇❛② t❤❛t ✐s q✉✐t❡ ✐♥❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s s♣✐r✐t✳ ❍❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡s ✏✐♥ ❛ t❤r❡❛t❡♥✐♥❣ ♠❛♥♥❡r✳✑ ❆♥❞ ✐s t❤✐s ♥♦t ❥✉st

❚❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ✇❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❞❡♥♦✉♥❝❡❞ ✐♥ ❤✐s tr❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥

❄ ❉✐❞

♥♦t t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ✏t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s

❛♥❞ ❧♦♦❦s ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♠✉st ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡ s❡✈❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ t❤r❡❛t❡♥✐♥❣✑❄✶✸✶ ❍❛❞

❤❡ ♥♦t ❧❡❝t✉r❡❞ ❤✐s ❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✇✐t❤

t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✿ ✏❆ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐ss✉❡ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ✇♦r❦ ♦♥ ✐s t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❈❤❛r✐t②

❛♥❞ ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss ✭❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✮ ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✳ ❚❤✐s s♣✐r✐t ✐s

✇❡❛❦❡♥✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ✉s ❛♥❞ ❛s ❢❛r ❛s ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♥♦t✐❝❡✱ ✐t ✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧②

✇❡❛❦❡♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧s✳✑ ✶✸✷

❼ ❚❤❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦♠❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✇❛s ✇❡❧❧ ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ ❛s s✉❝❤✱ ❜✉t ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧❧② r❡♣r❡✲

❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡✳ ❚❤✐s ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❜② ❛❞❞✐♥❣ t❤❛t s♦♠❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s s❤♦✇

❛ ♠♦r❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ t❛❦✐♥❣ st❡♣s ✏t♦ ♠✐① ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ❜♦②s✳✑

❚❤❡✐r ❡✛♦rts ❞♦ ♥♦t s✉❝❝❡❡❞ t❤♦✉❣❤✳ ❚❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s t❡♥❞ t♦ ❦❡❡♣ t❤❡♠ ♦✉t✳

■t ✐s ♥❡✐t❤❡r ♥❡✇ ♥♦r ❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥❛❧ t❤❛t s✉❝❤ ❜♦②s ❡①✐st❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠✉st

❤❛✈❡ ❢❛❝❡❞ t❤❡♠ q✉✐t❡ ♦❢t❡♥✳ ❖t❤❡r✇✐s❡ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣

❘✉❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s ✐♥ ❤✐s

✭✶✽✼✼✮✿ ✏❚❤❡ ♦♥❡s ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ ♥❡✈❡r s❡❡♥ ♥❡❛r t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs

❛❝t ❜❛❞❧②✳ ❚❤❡② ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❤✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ s♥❡❛❦ ♦✛ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② ❬t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs❪ ❛rr✐✈❡✳✑ ✶✸✸

❚❤✐s ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝♦♠❡ ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❧✉❡✳ ❍❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❤✐s ❞✐s❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐♥ ❛ ❣♦♦❞

♥✐❣❤t ✐♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✼✺✳ ■t ✇❛s ❛ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡ ♦r ✐♥t❡r✈✐❡✇✳ ❋r ❇❛r❜❡r✐s ❛s❦❡❞ q✉❡st✐♦♥s

✶✸✵❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆ss✐st❡♥t✐❡✳✳✳✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡rs ♣✳ ✺✽✳

✶✸✶❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✵✵❪✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✹✻✲✷✹✼✳

✶✸✷❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✵✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✹✽ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

❲❤❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞

♠❛✐♥❧② ②♦✉♥❣ ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ❛t ❤✐s ❞✐s♣♦s❛❧✱ ❤❡ ❛s❦❡❞ t❤❡♠ t♦ ❛ss✐st ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤❡② ❤❛❞

t♦ ✏❦❡❡♣ ❛♥ ❡②❡ ♦♥ ❝❧✐q✉❡s ❛♥❞ ✜♥❞ ❛ ✇❛② t♦ s❧✐♣ ✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❜r❡❛❦ t❤❡♠ ✉♣ ❞✐s❝r❡❡t❧②✳✑ ❬❖r✿ ✏❛♥❞ ❥♦✐♥

t❤❡♠ ✐♥ ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ❛♥❞ ♣♦❧✐t❡ ✇❛② ❛♥❞ ❞✐ss♦❧✈❡ t❤❡♠ ❝❛✉t✐♦✉s❧②✳✑ ❪ ✭▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✷✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✹✷✽✳✮

✶✸✸❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✼✷✴✹❪✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❢❛❝❡❞ t❤✐s✳ ❍❡ s❛✐❞ s♦ ✐♥ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ♦♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✻ ✶✽✻✼✳ ❍❡

r❡❝♦✉♥t❡❞ ❛ ❞r❡❛♠✳ ❍❡ ❜♦❧❞❧② s❛✐❞✿ ✏■ ❣♦t ❝❧♦s❡r t♦ s❡❡ ✐❢ ■ ❦♥❡✇ ❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡♠✳ ❆❧❧ ✇❡r❡ ❖r❛t♦r②

❜♦②s✳ ❱❡r② ♠❛♥② ■ ❤❛❞ ♥❡✈❡r ❜❡❢♦r❡ s❡❡♥✱ ❜✉t ❛❧❧ ❝❧❛✐♠❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ♣✉♣✐❧s✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ t❤♦s❡ ■ ❞✐❞

♥♦t ❦♥♦✇ ✇❡r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❛ ❢❡✇ ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ ♥♦✇ ❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡② ♥❡✈❡r ❧❡t t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ♥❡✈❡r

❛s❦ ❤✐s ❛❞✈✐❝❡✱ ❛❧✇❛②s ❞♦❞❣❡ ❤✐♠✿ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ✇♦r❞ t❤❡② ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❤❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❦♥♦✇ ②❡t✦✑ ✭▼❇ ❱■■■✱

♣✳ ✽✹✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✷✳✮

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❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡♣❧✐❡❞✳ ❍❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❉❡❛r ❜♦②s✱ t❤♦s❡ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♦♥❡s ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ t✐❣❤t✲

❧✐♣♣❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs❀ t❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦t ♦♣❡♥ t❤❡✐r ❤❡❛rts t♦ t❤❡♠❀ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♥♦t

s✐♥❝❡r❡✳ ❲❤❡♥❡✈❡r t❤❡② s❡❡ ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❝♦♠✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ✇❛②✱ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ♠❡❡t ❤✐♠✱

t❤❡② ❣♦ ♦✛ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥✳✳✳ ■ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ s❛✐❞✿ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡

✐♥ ②♦✉r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ ②♦✉ ♥❡✈❡r ♦♣❡♥ ②♦✉r ❤❡❛rt t♦ t❤❡♠✳ ◆♦✇ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ ②♦✉ r❡♠❡♠❜❡r

t❤✐s✿ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦❢ ❣r❡❛t❡r ❤❡❧♣ t♦ ②♦✉ t❤❛♥ ♦♣❡♥✐♥❣ ②♦✉r ❤❡❛rts

t♦ ②♦✉r ❙✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❣r❡❛t tr✉st ✐♥ t❤❡♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❜❡✐♥❣ ✉tt❡r❧② s✐♥❝❡r❡✳✑ ✶✸✹

❇② ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❤❡ ❜❧❛♠❡ ✐s s❤✐❢t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛❣❛✐♥✱ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐t ✇❛s ❛❧❧ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡ s❤♦rt ❡①tr❛❝t ✜ts

✐♥ ✇❡❧❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤❡r❡❛s t♦ ❢♦r♠ ❛ ♠♦r❡ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ ❝♦❤❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐t s❤♦✉❧❞

❤❛✈❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ✉♣ ♠♦r❡ ❝❧♦s❡❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ ✇❡r❡ ✏t❛❧❦✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❧♦✇ t♦♥❡s✑✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧♠♦st ✐ts

✈❛r✐❛♥t✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t❤❡ ❵❛✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡✬ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ❜♦②s r❛t❤❡r

❤❛s t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❡①❝✉s❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳ ❚❤✐s ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛❣r❡❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧

t❡♥❞❡♥❝② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s r❡♠❛r❦ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♦❢ ✏❛ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ❜♦②s✑

✐s t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡✈✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ s❝❡♥❡✳

❆❧❧ t❤❡ s❛♠❡✱ ♠♦st st❛t❡♠❡♥ts ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ ❛♥ ♦✉ts♣♦❦❡♥ ❛❝❝✉s❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛ s❤❛r♣ ❞✐s❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧✳

❚❤❡ ❛❧♦♦❢♥❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❡♥❥♦② ♦r ❧✐❦❡ ❞♦✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ❧❛①✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡

r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❞♦ ♥♦t ❞♦ ❥✉st✐❝❡ ❛t ❛❧❧ t♦ ❛ ❣❡♥✉✐♥❡

❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦❢ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ■t ✐s ❛s ❝❧❡❛r ❛s ❝r②st❛❧ t❤❛t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢

t❤✐s t❤❡② t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐st❧❡ss♥❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❜❛❞ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡✱ t❤❡ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣

❞✐str✉st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥ ♦❢ ✏t❤❡ ❢❛t❛❧ ❜❛rr✐❡r✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ t❛❧❦✐♥❣

❛❜♦✉t ❢✉rt❤❡r✳ ❬✶✽❪

✸✳✹✳✸ ❑❡② ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✿ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ❜② ✏❛♠♦r❡✑

❬❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡ ❧♦✈❡❪ ❬✶✺✲✶✼❪

❆❢t❡r t❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❧♦♦❦❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❢r♦♠ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❛♥❣❧❡✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t

s❛② ❝❧❡❛r❧② ♦r str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞❧② ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧②✱ ❜② ✏❛♠♦r❡ ✑✳ ■♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣

✏❛♠♦r❡ ✑✱ ❤❡ ❣♦❡s ❡✈❡♥ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❜❛❝❦ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♣❛st✱ ✏t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ❞❛②s ❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✑✱ t❤❡ t✐♠❡

❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵✱ ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✻✵✳ ■t ✐s t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ❱❛❧❢rè ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ❝❛❧❧ t♦ ♠✐♥❞✳

❚❤❡ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ t❤❛t t✐♠❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s t❤❡ ❧✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞ ♦❢ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛r② s♣❧✐tt✐♥❣ ♦✛

♦❢ t❤❡ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✜❣✉r❡✳

❼ ❊✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ✈✐❝❡ ✈❡rs❛

✐♥ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵✳ ❬✶✺✲✶✻❪

■♥ t❤❡ r❡♠✐♥✐s❝❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐st❛♥t ♣❛st✱ t✇♦ ✇♦r❞s ❛r❡ ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡②

❛❧r❡❛❞② ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t

t❤❡② ❝❛rr②✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ✇♦r❞ ✐s ✏ ❛♥t✐❝❤✐ t❡♠♣✐✑ ✭t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ❞❛②s✮✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ✏ ❛♥t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✑

✶✸✹

▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✻✷✲✷✻✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✺✳

✾✼

10.8 Page 98

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✭❢♦r♠❡r❧②✮ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❡✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❣♦❡s ❜❛❝❦ t♦ ❞❛②s ❧♦♥❣ ❣♦♥❡ ❜②✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤♦s❡ ✇❡r❡ ✏✇♦♥❞❡r❢✉❧ ②❡❛rs✑✱ ✏t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❛ ❢♦r❡t❛st❡ ♦❢ ❤❡❛✈❡♥✑ ❢♦r t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣✲

st❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳ ✏ ❆♥t✐❝❤✐✑ ✐s t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❜r✐❡❢

❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❥✉st ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❢❡❛st ♦❢ ❆❧❧ ❙❛✐♥ts ♦♥ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✼ ✶✽✼✻✳✶✸✺ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✇❛s

r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❢♦r ❛♥ ❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ st❛②❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛❢t❡r ✶✽✼✵✳ ❍❡ ❛❧s♦ r❡♠✐♥❞❡❞

t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏❢♦r♠❡r ❜♦②s✑ ✭❛♥t✐❝❤✐ ❣✐♦✈❛♥❡tt✐✮ ✇❤♦ ❞✐❞ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❤✐♠ ❛♥❞

♣r❛❝t✐s❡❞ ✇❤❛t ❤❡ st♦♦❞ ❢♦r✳ ■♥ ✶✽✽✹ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ✜rst t✐♠❡ t❤❡② tr② t♦ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ❛♥❞

✐♥s♣✐r❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❜② r❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❵✇♦♥❞❡r❢✉❧✬ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛st✳

■t ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ✜rst t✐♠❡ t❤❡ ♣❛st ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✉♣♦♥ t♦ s❡t ✉♣ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❞r✐✈❡✳

❚❤❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❛t ❤❡❛✈❡♥❧② ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ❤❛♣♣② ❞❛②s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛st

❝♦♥s✐st❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t r❡❛❧✐t② s✉♠♠❡❞ ✉♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✇♦r❞✿ ✏ ✐♥ ♠❡③③♦ ❛✑ ✱ ✭✏✐♥ t❤❡

♠✐❞st ♦❢✱ ❛♠✐❞✱ ❛♠♦♥❣✑✮✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛❧✇❛②s st❛②❡❞ ✏❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣

r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ❬❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐t❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ❵②♦✉✬ ❤❡r❡ ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

✐s ❝♦♥tr❛r② t♦ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ❇ ❛♥❞ ❈✳ ❆ ♠♦♠❡♥t ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❥✉st s✉❞❞❡♥❧②

♠❛❞❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣♦❧✐t❡ ❢♦r♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡♠✐♥❞❡r✳❪ ■♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ❖r❛t♦r② ②❡❛rs ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❤❛❞ ❜❡❣✉♥ t♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ ❧❡✐t♠♦t✐❢ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❤✐s ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s✱ ✇r✐t✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❤✐s

❛❝t✐♦♥✿ ✐t ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥ts ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✳

■♥ ✶✽✻✸ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♣♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ❋r ❘✉❛ ❛s r❡❝t♦r ❛t ▼✐r❛❜❡❧❧♦✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ✇r♦t❡ t❤❡ ✜rst ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❘❡♠✐♥❞❡rs ❢♦r ❘❡❝t♦rs ❛♥❞ ✐♥st✐❧❧❡❞

✐t ✐♥t♦ ❤✐♠✿ ✏❚r② ❛s ♠✉❝❤ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ st❛② ❛♠✐❞st t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡

r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✳✑ ✶✸✻ ❆s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❡ ❤❡ ♦✉❣❤t t♦ st❛② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞

tr② t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❛② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❞♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ st✐❧❧ ❞✐❞✳ ❍❡ ✇♦✉❧❞

r❡♣❡❛t t❤❛t r✉❧❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ t✐♠❡s ❧❛t❡r ♦♥ ✐♥ ❢r♦♥t ♦❢ s♦ ♠❛♥② ♥❡✇ r❡❝t♦rs✳ ❍✐s ❛❞✈✐❝❡

✇❛s ✉❧t✐♠❛t❡❧② r❛t✐✜❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧❛✐❞ ❞♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ✇❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡

Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✿ ✏▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❤❡ ❬t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r❪ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s s✉❜♦r❞✐♥❛t❡s✱

❬✐✳❡✳ ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s❪✱ ✇❤❡♥❡✈❡r t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❡♥❣❛❣❡❞ ✐♥ s♦♠❡ ♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ✶✸✼

❆❢t❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ t❤❡ ❞❡❝r❡❡ ♦❢ ❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥✱ ❤❡ ❤❡❧❞ ❛

❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss❡❞ ♦♥❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛♥ts✳ ❆♥❞

❤❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏■ ✇✐s❤ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ t❤❛t ②♦✉ tr② ❛❧✇❛②s t♦ ❜❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥

♣❡r✐♦❞s✱ ❝♦♥✈❡rs✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ♦r ♣❧❛②✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ❣♦♦❞ ❛❞✈✐❝❡✳✑ ✶✸✽

❆ss✐st❛♥❝❡ ❤❛s ❛ ✇✐❞❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❛❧❧ ✐s ✉♥❞❡♥✐❛❜❧② ✏❜❡✐♥❣

✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞st ♦❢ ✑ ♦r ✏❛♠♦♥❣✑✳

✶✸✺❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✶✻ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛❞❞r❡ss ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥

✶✽✽✵✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❜❡❛✉t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ❖r❛t♦r② ✭❧❛ ❜❡❧❧❡③③❛ ❞❡❧❧✬ ❖r❛t♦r✐♦ ❛♥t✐❝♦✮✳✑ ✭❋❞❇ ✶✵✽✺✽ ❈ ✼✮✳ ❚❤❡r❡

✇❛s t❤❡ ♥♦st❛❧❣✐❝ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ♦♥ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✷ ✶✽✺✾ ❤❡

♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❲❤❛t ❜❡tt❡r t❤✐♥❣ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛ ❤♦✉s❡ ❧✐❦❡ ♦✉rs ❤❛✈❡ t❤❛♥ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs❄ ❚❤✐s

❛❧♦♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥t♦ ❡❛rt❤❧② ♣❛r❛❞✐s❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦❡ ❡✈❡r②❜♦❞② ❤❛♣♣②✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣♣✳

✸✷✵✲✸✷✶❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✼✶✲✶✼✷✮

✶✸✻▼❖❚❚❖✱ ❋r✳✱ ■ ✏❘✐❝♦r❞✐ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥③✐❛❧✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ✱ ❘❙❙ ✭✹✮ ❛♥♥♦ ■■■✱ ♥➦✶✱ ✶✹✾✴✽✸✲✽✹✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱

❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✺ ❛♥❞ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✻✶ t❤❡r❡✳ ❈❢✳ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✾ ❛♥❞ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ t❤❡r❡✳

✶✸✼❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✽✴✶ ❛♥❞ ✶✸✷✴✶✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✾ ✭♣❛rt❧② r❡✲

tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞✮✳

✶✸✽▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✺✼✻❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✷✼✶✳ ▲❛t❡r ♦♥ ✐♥ ✏■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✑ ✭❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ✶✵✵ ❛♥❞ ✶✵✸✮✳ ❈❢✳

❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✹✼ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✷✹✾✳ ❍✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡❛r t❤✐s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ❛t ❛

♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❆✉❣✉st ✶✽✼✶✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✺✸ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✾✽

10.9 Page 99

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■♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ♦❢ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✼✸ ❤❡ ❣❛✈❡ t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡❝t t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✿ ✏❙❡❡

t❤❛t ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② s♦♠❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛r❡ ❛♠✐❞st t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♣❧❛②t✐♠❡✳✑ ✶✸✾

❊✳ ❈❡r✐❛ r❡❧❛t❡s t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❧✐st❡❞ s❡✈❡♥ s❡❝r❡ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❧❡✈❡♥t❤ ♣❛rt

♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✼✺✳ ❚❤❡ ✜❢t❤ ✇❡♥t ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❚❤❡

s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛❧✇❛②s ♦✛❡r❡❞ ♣❧❡♥t② ♦❢ tr✉st ❛♥❞ ❣❧❛❞❧② ♠✐♥❣❧❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ❜✉t ❛❧✇❛②s ✐♥

s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② ❛s t♦ ❞✐s❝♦✉r❛❣❡ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✳✑ ❚❤❛t s❡❝r❡t ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s ✇✐t❤ ❛ t❤♦✉❣❤t

❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡tr❡❛t ♦❢ ❆✉❣✉st ✶✽✼✺ ✐♥ ▲❛♥③♦✿ ✏■ ❛❧✇❛②s r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞

②♦✉ st❛② ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ✳ ✳ ▲❡t ✉s ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✇❡❧❧✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ st❛② ✇✐t❤

t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞st ♦❢ t❤❡♠✱ ❜✉t ♥❡✈❡r r❡❧❛t✐♥❣ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s✱ ♥❡✈❡r

♠♦r❡ ✇✐t❤ ♦♥❡ t❤❛♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r✳✑ ✶✹✵ ❚❤❛t ✐s ♣❧❛✐♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♠❛tt❡r ✐s

s❛❢❡❣✉❛r❞❡❞✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛ ✈❡r② ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ t❡①t ✐♥ ❤✐s ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬ ❖r❛t♦r✐♦ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡

✶✽✼✵s✿ ✏❚❤✐s ♦♥❧② s❡r✈❡❞ t♦ ✐♥✢❛♠❡ ♠② ❤❡❛rt t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ ♣r✐❡st ❛s q✉✐❝❦❧② ❛s ■ ❝♦✉❧❞ s♦

t❤❛t ■ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❬✏♣❡r tr❛tt❡♥❡r♠✐ ✐♥ ♠❡③③♦ ❛✐ ❣✐♦✈❛♥❡tt✐✑❪✱ ❤❡❧♣

t❤❡♠✱ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❡t t❤❡✐r ❡✈❡r② ♥❡❡❞✳✑ ✶✹✶ ❚❤❛t ✐s ❤♦✇ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❧♦♦❦❡❞ ❜❛❝❦ ♦♥ ❤✐s st✉❞②

t✐♠❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡♠✐♥❛r② ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ❤❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❝❧❡❛r t♦ ❤✐s r❡❛❞❡rs ✕ ❛t ✜rst ♦♥❧② ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✕ t❤❛t

t❤❡✐r ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♠✐❞st t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❛s ❛ ✈✐t❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❤✐s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡

❛ ♣r✐❡st✳

❍❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❡①♣r❡ss t❤✐s ✐♥♥❡r ❞❡s✐r❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r r❡t✉r♥✐♥❣ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✇♦r❞s✱ ❜✉t

❛❧s♦ ✐♥ ❞❡❡❞s✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❤✐s ♣❤♦t♦ t❛❦❡♥✱ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❢❛✈♦✉r✐t❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ✇❛s ✐♥ t❤❡

♠✐❞❞❧❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳✶✹✷

❚❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡❛❧❧② ♠❛❞❡ st❛②✐♥❣ ❛♠♦♥❣

t❤❡ ❜♦②s s♦ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ✇♦rt❤✇❤✐❧❡✱ ✐s ♥♦t ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r

❞❡❞✉❝❡ ✐t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st✐♥❣ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❛t ♦❢ ❛ ❧♦t

♦❢ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❚❤❡② ❥✉st ✐❣♥♦r❡❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✿ ❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t t❛❦✐♥❣ ❛♥② ♥♦t✐❝❡✳✳✳ ❚❤❡②

❦❡♣t ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✳ ✏❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ✭✶✹✲✶✺

❛♥❞ ✶✼✮ ❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ❛❜♦✉t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✏❛❧✇❛②s ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣

r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✑ ✐s q✉✐t❡ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ ♦❢ t❤❛t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❡❛♥s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ✈❡r② ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✐♥

t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ t❤♦s❡ ②❡❛rs✳ ❍❡ t♦♦❦ ❛♥ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ ✏t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❧✐❦❡❞✳✑ ❍❡

t♦♦❦ ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❣❛♠❡s✱ ✏♣❧❛②❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳✑ ❍❡ ❧✐✈❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳ ❆♥❞ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② t❤❡

♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛❧❧✿ ❤❡ t❛❧❦❡❞ t♦ t❤❡♠✳✶✹✸ ❚❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ♣♦✐♥t ✐s s❡t ♦✛ ✈❡r② s❤❛r♣❧②

✇✐t❤ ❛ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✿ ✏❲❤❡♥ ②♦✉✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❡ ✇✐t❤ ✉s

❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧②✳✑ ✭✶✻✱ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❑✮ ❵❈♦♥✈❡rs❡✬ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❝♦♥s✐st ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦

♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ❛ ♣❛rt❧② ❢❡❛r❡❞ ✏✇♦r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r✑✱ ✇✐t❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

✉s❡❞ t♦ ♣r❛✐s❡✱ r❡♣r✐♠❛♥❞ ♦r ❛❞✈✐s❡ s♦♠❡♦♥❡ ✐♥ ♣❛ss✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ❤♦✇ ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ ✐t ❞♦♥❡ ❜②

✶✸✾

❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✾✴✺✻✲✺✼✳ ▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✵✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✹✾✸✲✹✾✹✳

✶✹✵

❋♦r t❤❡ t✇♦ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ ✶✽✼✺✳ ❋✐rst ▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳

✷✵✸ ✭♣❛rt❧② r❡✲tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞✮✳

❋✉rt❤❡r ✐♥ ▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✵✴t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ t♦ ♣✳ ✺✽✸❀ ♦♠✐tt❡❞ ✐♥ ❊▼❇ ❳■✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱

❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✵✷✲✷✵✸✳

✶✹✶

❇❖❙❈❖✱

●✳✱

▼❡♠♦r✐❡

❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳✳✳✱

♣♣✳

✾✶✲✾✷❀

▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱

♣✳✽✵✳

❈❢✳

▼❇

■✱

♣✳

✸✼✼❀

❊▼❇

■✱

♣✳

✷✽✶✳

❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣✳✽✵✳

✶✹✷

❙❖▲❉❆✱ ●✳✱

❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦

♥❡❧❧❛

❢♦t♦❣r❛✜❛

❞❡❧❧✬✽✵✵✱

✶✽✻✶✲✶✽✽✽✱ ♣✳

✷✹✵✳

❈❢✳

❆❧❢r❡❞ ❖st✬s ❞r❛✇✐♥❣ ✐♥ ▼❇◆

❳■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✵✳

❆ss✐st❡♥t✐❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✸

❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✶✸✼ ❛♥❞ ✶✸✽ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❙❡❡ ❢♦r t❤✐s ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱

✱ ♣♣✳

✶✵✼✲✶✶✸✳

✾✾

10.10 Page 100

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❤✐s r❡❝t♦rs t♦♦✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛❝❡ ❜② ❋r ❘✉❛✳ ❍❡ ❣❛✈❡ ❤✐♠ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✿ ✏❚r②

❛s ♠✉❝❤ ❛s ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ t♦ s♣❡♥❞ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ❡♥❞❡❛✈♦✉r

t♦ ✇❤✐s♣❡r s♦♠❡ ❦✐♥❞ ✇♦r❞✱ ❛s ②♦✉ ❦♥♦✇✱ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❡❛r✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t s❡❝r❡t t♦ ✇✐♥ t❤❡

❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✑ ✶✹✹ ❚❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏ q✉❛❧❝❤❡ ❛✛❡tt✉♦s❛ ♣❛r♦❧❛ ✳✑ ✐s ✬s♦♠❡ ❦✐♥❞ ✇♦r❞✬✳

❚❤✐s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❝❧♦s❡♥❡ss ❝♦♥❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✉❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ✇❛s t❤❡ ♣❧❡❛s✐♥❣ s♦✉r❝❡

♦❢ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞✱ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❢❡st✐✈❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐t② ♦❢ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ♥❡❛r♥❡ss ♦✛❡r❡❞ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s t♦ ♠❡❡t ❛♥❞ t❛❧❦✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

✐s ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ✈❡r② ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❛♥❞ ♠❛❞❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✿ ✏❲❤❡♥ ②♦✉ ❝♦✉❧❞

❝♦♥✈❡rs❡ ✇✐t❤ ✉s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧②✑ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡♠♦r❛❜❧❡✱ ❞✐r❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ♣❤r❛s❡

❑ ✏✇✐t❤ ✉s✑✳ ❬ ✱ ✶✻❪ ■t ✐s r❛t❤❡r str❛♥❣❡ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ t❤❛t ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❧❡❢t ♦✉t ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② t❤❛t

s❡♥t❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ❡❧s❡✇❤❡r❡ ❛♥②✇❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❑ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ s❧✐❣❤t❧② ❛❞❛♣t❡❞

r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣❡r❢❡❝t❧② ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❦❡❡♣ t❤❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡✳ ■t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡✈❡♥

❤❛✈❡ ♣✉t ♠♦r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ t❤❛t ♥♦t s♦ ♠✉❝❤ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❡✛♦rts ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s

s❡❧✢❡ss s❛❝r✐✜❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ♠♦r♥✐♥❣ t✐❧❧ ♥✐❣❤t ♣r♦✈❡❞ ❤✐s ❣r❛t✉✐t♦✉s ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✱ ❜✉t ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❤✐s

❝♦♥st❛♥t✱ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♥❣ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❞✐❞ s♦✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s t❤✐s q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡❧②

r✐❝❤ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ s❤♦✇❡❞ ✏t❤❡ ❜❡st✑ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♦✛❡r❡❞✳ ❍✐s ❝❧♦s❡♥❡ss ❡❧✐❝✐t❡❞ t❤❡ r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧

❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ t✐♠❡s ❧♦♥❣ ❣♦♥❡ ❜②✳ ■t ✐s s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ✐t ❝♦✉❧❞ st✐❧❧ ❡❧✐❝✐t t❤✐s

t♦❞❛②✳ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② t❤❡ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡✱ t❤❡ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ t❛❧❦s✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ s❡r✐♦✉s✱

❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ✏✇♦r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r✑ ♠❛❞❡ ❧✐❢❡ ❛ ❤❡❛✈❡♥❧② ❢❡❛st ❛t t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳ ❚❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❛♥

✐♥✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ♦❢ ❜♦②s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡✐r ❛ss✐st❛♥t✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢

t❤❡ ✈❡r② ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ✇❛s ✇❤❛t ✐s ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✿ ✏❆♥❞ ✇❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t

❤♦❧❞ ❛♥② s❡❝r❡ts ❢r♦♠ ②♦✉✳✑ ❬t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐t❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ✏②♦✉✑ ✐s st✐❧❧ ❜❡✐♥❣ ✉s❡❞✳❪ ❚❤❡② ❡♥t❡r❡❞

✐♥t♦ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s✱ ❝❛♥❞✐❞ ❛♥❞ ❢❛✐r ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠✳

❼ ❚❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❦❡② ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✿ ✏❛♠♦r❡ ✑ ♠❡❛♥s ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✳ ■t

❬ ❪ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛♥❞ st✐❧❧ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞✳ ✶✻

❲❡ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❡✛❡❝t ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇r✐t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱ ❜✉t ✐t ✐s ♣r❡❝❡❞❡❞ ♥♦✇ ❜② ❛

❞✐❣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❛t ♣✉ts ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❛ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡

❡①♣❧❛♥❛t♦r② ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏t♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧②✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐s ♦♠✐tt❡❞✳ ■t ✐s

s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❝❧❛r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏❧♦✈❡✑ ✭✏ ❛♠♦r❡ ✑✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❝❧♦s❡♥❡ss✳ ❖♥❧②

t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❧♦✈❡✑ r❡❢❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ✇r✐t❡r ♣✉tt✐♥❣ ❛ ❧✐♥❦ ✇✐t❤ ❛ st❛t❡♠❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇❛②

♦r t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s ✏t♦ ❣❡t ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ❧✐✈❡❧✐♥❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❞❡❧✐❣❤t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ❞❛②s✳✑

❬✶✶❪ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ r❡♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛❢t❡r ❛❧❧✿ ✏❲✐t❤ ❧♦✈❡✑ ✭✏ ❝♦❧❧✬❛♠♦r❡ ✑✮✳

❆s ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❞♦♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ▼❛② ✶✵ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❇✉③③❡tt✐ s✉❞❞❡♥❧② s♣❡❛❦s ❤❡r❡ ✐♥ ❛

❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❝♦♠♠✐tt❡❞ ✇❛② ♦♥ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s✿ ✏❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢

✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦♥❞ ♠❡♠♦r✐❡s✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡♥ ❧♦✈❡ ✇❛s t❤❡ r✉❧❡ ❬❢♦r ✉s❪✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥

s❡❡♠s t♦ ❜❡ ❛ s✐❣♥ ✐t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s ❛ ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞

✐❢ ♦♥❡ t❛❦❡s ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t t❤❛t t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ✐s ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛ ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡

✶✹✹

▼❖❚❚❖✱

❋r✱

■

✏❘✐❝♦r❞✐

❝♦♥✜❞❡♥③✐❛❧✐✑✳✳✳✱ ♣✳

✶✹✾✴✽✸✲✽✺✳

❈❢✳

▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳

✶✵✹✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳

✹✹✾✳

❈❢✳

❛❧s♦

t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆ss✐st❡♥t✐❡✳ ✳ ✳

♣✳ ✶✶✺✲✶✶✻✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❛❞❞r❡ss✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✶✽✻✻✲✶✽✼✻ ❞♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❡tr♦✉✇❜❛r❡

✇❡❣✇✐❥③❡r✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✶✲✺✷✳

✶✵✵

11 Pages 101-110

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11.1 Page 101

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tr❡❛t✐s❡ ✏❚❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✑ ✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐t s❛②s✿ ✏❇② t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❛❝q✉✐r❡

❛ ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣✱ s♦ t❤❛t ❛♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r ❝❛♥ ❛❧✇❛②s s♣❡❛❦ t♦ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡

♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt✱ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❜✉t ❡✈❡♥ ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s✳✑ ✶✹✺ ■t

s❛②s ❧✐t❡r❛❧❧②✿ ✏ ■❧ ❙✐st❡♠❛ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦ r❡♥❞❡ ❛✛❡③✐♦♥❛t♦ ❧✬❛❧❧✐❡✈♦✑✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✏♠❛❦❡s t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧

❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡✑ ♦r t♦ ♣✉t ✐t ♠♦r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧②✱ ❝❛✉s❡s t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s t♦ ❧✐❦❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡✐r ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✱

t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳

❚❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ q✉♦t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s tr❡❛t✐s❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ ❣r❛s♣ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢

t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ❵❧♦✈❡✬ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏❧♦✈❡ ✇❛s t❤❡ r✉❧❡ ❢♦r ✉s✑✳ ✏ ❆✛❡③✐♦♥❛t♦✑ ✐s ✏❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡✱

❞❡✈♦t❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ ✏ ❛✛❡③✐♦♥❡✑ ✐s ✏❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳✑ ■♥ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ♠❡♠♦r② t❤❡ ♦❧❞ t✐♠❡s ❛r❡ ♥♦✇ ✉♥✲

♠✐st❛❦❛❜❧② ♠❛r❦❡❞ ❜② ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✱ s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❣❛✈❡ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛❢t❡r

t❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❧♦✈❡ ❢r♦♠ ❤✐♠✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ♠❡❛♥s s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡✱

❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ tr✉st ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡ ❧♦✈❡ ❡♠❡r❣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❝❛♠❡

str♦♥❣❡r t❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② t❤❡②

❝♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❤❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❡♠✳ ❍❡ ♠❛❞❡ t✐♠❡ ❢♦r t❤❡♠✱ ❤❡ ✇❛s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❍❡ ❧✐st❡♥❡❞

t♦ t❤❡♠✳ ❍❡ ♠❛❞❡ t❤❡♠ ❢❡❡❧ ❤❡ ❤❡❧❞ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ ❣r❡❛t ❡st❡❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇❤❛t t❤❡②

❡♥❥♦②❡❞✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡② ❝♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ r❡❛❧❧② s♦

✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❤✐♠ t❤❛t ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ s❡❡ t❤❡♠✱ t❛❧❦ t♦ t❤❡♠✱ ❡♥❥♦② t❤✐♥❣s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞

t❛❦❡ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ ✇❤❛t t❤❡② ❧✐❦❡❞✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏②♦✉ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❡ ✇✐t❤

✉s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧②✑ ✇❛s s♦ ✇❡❧❧ ❝❤♦s❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❬✶✻❪ ❚❤❡② ❝♦✉❧❞ s❡♥s❡

❤❡ ✇❛s ❣❧❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❤❛♣♣② t♦ s❡❡ t❤❛t t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❛r♦✉♥❞✳ P♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ t❤❡

♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣✳ ■t s♣r❡❛❞ ❧✐❦❡ ❛ s♣❛r❦✳ ❆✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡ ✏r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧ ❧♦✈❡ ❜❡❝❛♠❡

t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞✳✑ ✶✹✻ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥ ✐s ❝❧❡❛r ❛♥❞ ❝❧❛r✐❢②✐♥❣✿ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❛❧s♦ t♦❞❛②✬s

✶✹✺❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❆✉❣✉st ✶✽✼✼ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❋r❡♥❝❤ t❡①t ❥✉①t❛♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ❖❊ ❳❳❱■■■

r❡♥❞❡ ❛✛❡③✐♦♥❛t♦ ❬✹✷✽✲✹✷✾❪✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✏

✑ ♥❡①t t♦ ✏❢❛✐t q✉❡ ❧❡s é❧è✈❡s s✬❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥♥❡♥t ❞❡ ♣❧✉s ❡♥ ♣❧✉s à ❧❡✉r

■♥st✐t✉t❡✉r✳✑ ❈❢✳ ❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✽✹✴✹✷✶✳ ❇✉t ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✽✳

■t ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❝❧❡❛r q✉✐t❡ ❡❛r❧② t❤❛t ♥♦t ❡✈❡r② ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡r ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥❛❧ ✇♦r❞

✏❛✛❡③✐♦♥❛t♦✑✳ ✏❆✛❡③✐♦♥❛t♦✑ ✇❛s r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❜② ✏❛✈✈✐s❛t♦✑ ✭✇❡❧❧✲❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞✱ ✇❡❧❧✲❛❞✈✐s❡❞✮ ❛❧r❡❛❞②

❘✉❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢

✐♥ ✶✽✼✼✳ ❈❢✳ ❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✵✷❪✳ ❚❤✐s ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❝♦♣✐❡❞ ❜②

❉♦♥ ❇♦♥❡tt✐ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✐ss✉❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❇♦❧❧❡tt✐♥♦ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦ ♦❢ ✶✽✽✵✳ ❈❢✳ ❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛

♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ✶✸✶✴✺✳ ■t ❤❛s ❧❡❢t ✐ts tr❛❝❡s✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❋r❡♥❝❤ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦✈✐♥❝❡s ❋r✳ ❉❡sr❛♠❛✉t r❡❧❡❛s❡❞

❙❛✐♥t ❏❡❛♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥ ✶✾✺✽✿ ✏❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡s é❧è✈❡s ré✢é❝❤✐s✑ ✭❉❊❙❘❆▼❆❯❚✱ ❋r✳✱

✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✻✮✳ ■♥

t❤❡ r❡♥❡✇❡❞ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ✐t ✐s st✐❧❧ ✏❛✈✈✐s❛t♦✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❞❡s é❧è✈❡s ré✢é❝❤✐s✑ ✭❈♦st✐t✉③✐♦♥✐ ❡ ❘❡❣♦❧❛♠❡♥t✐✱

s✳❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✽ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❡t ❘è❣❧❡♠❡♥ts✱ ✶✾✽✻✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✽✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❉✉t❝❤ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ t❡rr✐t♦r✐❡s t❤❡

✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ✐s✿ ✏♠❛❛❦t ❞❡ ❧❡❡r❧✐♥❣ ③♦ ❜❡❞❛❝❤t③❛❛♠ ❞❛t✑ ✭❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐❡s ❡♥ ❆❧❣❡♠❡❡♥ ❘❡❣❧❡♠❡♥t✱ ✶✾✽✻✱ ♣✳

✷✺✺✮✱ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏❜❡❞❛❝❤t③❛❛♠✑ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ✏❞❛t ❞❡ ♦♣✈♦❡❞❡r st❡❡❞s ❞❡ t❛❛❧

✈❛♥ ❤❡t ❤❛rt ❦❛♥ ❜❧✐❥✈❡♥ s♣r❡❦❡♥✑ ✐s ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❡♥✐❣♠❛t✐❝✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ●❡r♠❛♥ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦✈✐♥❝❡s t❤❡ t✇✐st

✐♥ t❤❡ t✇❡♥t✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛st ❝❡♥t✉r② ✇❛s s♦❧✈❡❞ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❉❛s ✈♦r❜❡✉❣❡♥❞❡ ❱❡r❢❛❤r❡♥ ♠❛❝❤t ❡s ❞❡♠

❊r③✐❡❤❡r ♠ö❣❧✐❝❤ ♠✐t ❞❡♠ ❩ö❣❧✐♥❣❡ st❡ts ✐♥ ❞❡r ❙♣r❛❝❤❡ ❞❡s ❍❡r③❡♥s ③✉ r❡❞❡♥✳✑ ✭❉❘✳ ▲❊❈❍❊❘▼❆◆◆✱

❈❤❛r❛❦t❡r❜✐❧❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦s ♥❛❝❤ ❏♦❤❛♥♥ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✱ ❆♠❜❡r❣ ✶✾✷✶✱ ♣✳ ✺✵✮✳ ■♥ ✶✾✻✻ ❑✳●✳ ❋✐s❝❤❡r tr✐❡❞

t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿ ✏❉❛s Prä✈❡♥t✐✈s②st❡♠ ❡r♠❛❤♥t ❞❡♥ ❏✉❣❡♥❞❧✐❝❤❡♥ ❞❡r❛rt✱ ❞❛ss ❞❡r ❊r③✐❡❤❡r st❡ts ❞✐❡

❙♣r❛❝❤❡ ❞❡s ❍❡r③❡♥s r❡❞❞❡♥ ❦❛♥♥✑ ✭❋■❙❈❍❊❘✱ ❑✳●✳✱ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇♦s❝♦✱ Pä❞❛❣♦❣✐❦ ❞❡r ❱♦rs♦r❣❡✱ ♣✳

❑♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❡♥ ✾✺✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡

✐t ❜❡❝❛♠❡✿ ✏✇❡♥❞❡t s✐❝❤ ❞❡r ❊r③✐❡❤❡r s♦ ❛♥ ❞❡♥ ❏✉❣❡♥❞❧✐❝❤❡♥✱ ❞❛ss ❡r

✐♠♠❡r ❞✐❡ ❙♣r❛❝❤❡ ❞❡s ❍❡r③❡♥s s♣r❡❝❤❡♥ ❦❛♥♥✳✑ ✭❑♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❙❛t③✉♥❣❡♥✱ ✶✾✽✹✮✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✺✳ ❆❧❧

❛✈✈✐ss❛t♦ ❛✛❡③③✐♦♥❛t♦ t❤♦s❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ ♦♥❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ ✏

✑ t♦ ✏

✑✳

✶✹✻❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✹✲✹✺✱ ✹✼✲✹✽✳ P❡r❤❛♣s ❛♥ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t ♦❢

s♦♠❡ ②❡❛rs ❛❣♦ ✐♥ ❋❧❛♥❞❡rs ♠❛② s❤❡❞ s♦♠❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡✳ ❆ ❣r❛♠♠❛r s❝❤♦♦❧ ♣✉♣✐❧ ✇❛s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r

s♦ ♣❧❡❛s❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s s❝❤♦♦❧ ❛❢t❡r ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ②❡❛rs✳ ❍❡ s✇✐t❝❤❡❞ t♦ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ✐♥ ❛ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❙❝❤♦♦❧✳ ❆❢t❡r ♦♥❡ ♦r t✇♦ ❞❛②s ❤❡ ❝❛♠❡ ❤♦♠❡ ❛❢t❡r s❝❤♦♦❧ ✐♥ q✉✐t❡ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♠♦♦❞✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❛❞❡

✶✵✶

11.2 Page 102

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❜♦②s ✭✐♥ ✶✽✽✹✮ ♠❛② ✏r❡❛❧✐③❡ ❬❣r❛s♣✱ ❢❡❡❧✱ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡✐r ✇❤♦❧❡ ❜❡✐♥❣❪ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❜❡✐♥❣

❧♦✈❡❞✳✑ ❚❤❡② ✐♥ t✉r♥ ❝❛♥ ❡①♣r❡ss t❤❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❣❧❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❤❛♣♣② ❤❡ ✐s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞

t❤❡② ♦✛❡r ❤✐♠ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ✐t s❡❡♠s t♦ ♠❡ ✐♥❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡♠✐♥❞❡r

♦❢ ✏❝♦♥✈❡rs✐♥❣ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧②✑ ❛s ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ st❛♥❞❛r❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛♣♣❡❛r

♦r ❤❛s ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✳ P❡r❤❛♣s s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏❝♦♥t✐♥✉✲

♦✉s✑ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✏❝♦♠♠♦♥✑ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈✱ ✐♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥✱

❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❜② t❤❡ ♣❧✉r❛❧ ♦❢ ✏t❤❡✐r r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✬✱ t❤❡✐r ♣❡r✐♦❞s ♦❢ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵ ✇❛s t❤❡ s♦rt ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜② ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡② s♣♦♥t❛✲

♥❡♦✉s❧② ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞✱ ✏♦♣❡♥❡❞ ✉♣ t❤❡✐r ❤❡❛rts ❢✉❧❧② t♦ t❤❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦rs t❤❡② ❧♦✈❡❞

❛♥❞ ♦❜❡②❡❞✑ t♦ s❛② ✐t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✈❡r② ✜rst ✇♦r❞s ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✭❆✮✳ ❆♥❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✈❡rs✐♦♥✿

✏❲❡ ❤❛❞ ♥♦ s❡❝r❡ts ❢r♦♠ ②♦✉✳✑ ❖♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞♥❡ss ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦♦❢ ♦❢ ❛ ✈❡r② ❣r❡❛t✱ ✉♥❧✐♠✐t❡❞

tr✉st ❛♥❞ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐t ✐s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② t❤❡ ♠♦st ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❤✐s ❣r❛t✉✐t♦✉s✱ ❧♦✈✐♥❣

♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ■t ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦♦❢ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt✳

❚❤✐s ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✐s ❢✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡ s♦ ❜✐❣ ❛♥❞ str♦♥❣ ✐t ✐s ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐♥❣ ❢❛❝t♦r ❢♦r ❧✐❢❡✳ ■t

✐s s♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✐t ❧❡❛❞s ❇✉③③❡tt✐ t♦ s❛② ✐♥❞❡❡❞✿ ■t ✇❛s ✏❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦♥❞

♠❡♠♦r✐❡s✳✑ ■t ✐s ❛ str✐❦✐♥❣ tr❛♥s♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ②❡❛rs ❜❡❢♦r❡✿ ✏s♦

t❤❛t ❛♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r ❝❛♥ ❛❧✇❛②s s♣❡❛❦ t♦ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt✱ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣

t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❜✉t ❡✈❡♥ ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s✳✑ ✶✹✼

❚❤✉s t❤❛t ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✐s t❤❡ ❦❡② ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✐s

r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧✿ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣✱ r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❣✐✈✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r t②♣❡ ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡ ✐s

✇❤❛t ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ♠❡❛♥t ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❲✐t❤ ❧♦✈❡✑ ✭✏ ❝♦❧❧✬❛♠♦r❡ ✑✮✳ ❆✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✐s ✏t❤❡

❜❡st t❤✐♥❣✑ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♠✐ss✐♥❣✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹✳ ■t ✐s ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ✏t♦ r❡❛♥✐♠❛t❡

t❤❡ ❜♦②s✑✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✏t♦ ❣❡t ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ❧✐✈❡❧✐♥❡ss✳✳✳ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ❞❛②s✳✑

❆ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ r❡❛❞❡rs ❛r❡ st✐❧❧ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❡♠❡r❣❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛

s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ♦r ❧♦♥❣ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳

◆♦t t❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♦t❤❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛❦❡ s✉❝❤ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥

❤✐❣❤❧② ✉♥❧✐❦❡❧②✱ ✐t ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ❤❡r❡ t❤❡r❡ ✇❛s ♥♦ r❡❛s♦♥ ❛t ❛❧❧ t♦ ❥✉st✐❢② ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡

♦♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❦❡② ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ s✐❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛s ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ♦r ✏r✉❧❡✑ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❥✉st t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣ t♦ ✜t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦

❤✐s ♠♦t❤❡r ❛s❦ ❤✐♠ ✐❢ ❤✐s ♥❡✇ s❝❤♦♦❧ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ♣❧❡❛s❡❞ ❤✐♠ s♦ ✇❡❧❧✳ ❨❡s ♠✉♠✱ ❤❡ r❡♣❧✐❡❞✳ ❚❤❡

t❡❛❝❤❡r ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ♠❡ ❜② ♠② ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ♥❛♠❡✳ ■✬♠ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r✳

■t ✐s ✈❡r② ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ t❤❛t ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✇❤♦ ❧❛t❡r ♦♥ st❛rt s♣r❡❛❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡✐r ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❝♦♥✲

❢r❡r❡s ❝❤♦♦s❡ ❛♥ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✏❛♠♦r❡✑ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❜② ✏❛✛❡tt♦✑✿ ✏✉♥✬ ❡♣♦❝❛ ❝❤❡ r✐❝♦r❞✐❛♠

s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥ ❛♠♦r❡✱ ♣❡r❝❤è ❧✬❛✛❡tt♦ ❡r❛ q✉❡❧❧♦ ❝❤❡ ❝✐ s❡r✈✐✈❛ ❞✐ r❡❣♦❧❛✳✑ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡✿ ✏❜❡❝❛✉s❡

❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳ t❤❡♥ ❧♦✈❡ ✇❛s t❤❡ r✉❧❡✳✑ ✭❈❢✳ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥

✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✽✮ ❚❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✐♥ ✐♥t✳❛❧✳ ❊

■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✹ ❛♥❞ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✵ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ▼❇◆ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✼✷✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦

❛✛❡tt♦ ▲❛ ❧❡tt❡r❛✳ ✳ ✳ P✳ ❇r❛✐❞♦ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ✏

✑ ✐s str✐❝t❡r✱ ♠♦r❡ ♥❡✉tr❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❧❡ss ✇❛r♠✳ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱

✱ ♣✳

✶✾✮ ■t ♠❡❛♥s ✏❡♠♦t✐♦♥✑✳ ❱❡r② ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✳ ■❢ ✐t ✐s s♦✱ t❤❡ s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥ ❧✐♥❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♦♥❡✿

✏❛✈✈✐s❛t♦✑ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ✏❛✛❡③✐♦♥❛t♦✑✳ ■❢ ✏❛✛❡tt♦✑ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ✇❛s ❛ s②♥♦♥②♠ ♦❢ ✏❛✛❡③✐♦♥❡✑✱ ✏❛tt❛❝❝❛♠❡♥t♦✑

t❡♥❡r❡③③❛ ✭❛tt❛❝❤♠❡♥t✮✱ ✏

✑ ✭t❡♥❞❡r♥❡ss✮✱ ✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ♠❡❛♥ t❤❛t t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ ♣✉t t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤✱ ❝❛♣✲

❙✐♥♦♥✐♠✐ ❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐ t✉r❡❞ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✇❡❧❧ ✐♥ t❤❛t r❡s♣❡❝t✳ ✭❈❢✳ ❩❆◆■❈❍❊▲▲■✱

✱

❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛ ❇♦❧♦❣♥❛✱ ✶✾✽✼✮✳ P✳ ❙t❡❧❧❛ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ tr❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s

❛s ✏t❤❡

❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ✭♦r t❤❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤✮ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦♥❡ s❤♦✇s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ s②♠♣❛t❤②✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥

❛✛❡tt♦ ▲❛ ✭

✮✱ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛ss✐♦♥✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♣❡rs♦♥✬s ❧✐❢❡✳✑ ✭❙❚❊▲▲❆✱ P✳✱

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥❛ r✐✢❡tt❡ s✉❧❧❛ ✈♦❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ♥❡❧❧❛ ❈❤✐❡s❛ ❞✐ ♦❣❣✐✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱ ❊❧❧❡ ❉✐ ❈✐✱ ✶✾✼✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✷✮✳✳

✶✹✼❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳✽✹✴✹✷✶✲✹✷✸✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✽✴✹✳

✶✵✷

11.3 Page 103

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t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❇✉t t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ♠❛❞❡ ✐t ✉♣ ②❡t✳ ❚❤❛t t❤♦✉❣❤t ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ♠✐ss✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❇

❛♥❞ ❈✳ ■t ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ t❡①t ❛t ❛ ❧❛t❡r st❛❣❡✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❝♦♥✜r♠ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❛♣♣② ♣❛st ❛♥❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❝❧❛r✐❢②✐♥❣

✇♦r❞s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ ✏❨❡s✱ ✐♥❞❡❡❞✦✑ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r t❤❡② ❡❧✐❝✐t ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t❤❡ ♥♦st❛❧❣✐❝

r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s t❤❛t t❤❡ t②♣❡ ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♠❡❛♥t✱ ❤❛s ♥♦t❤✐♥❣

t♦ ❞♦ ✇✐t❤ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s❤♦✇ ♥❡✐t❤❡r ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♥♦r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✶✹✽ ❚❤❡② ❡♥❥♦②❡❞

❥♦✐♥✐♥❣ ❤✐♠✳ ❚❤❡② ❧♦✈❡❞ ❜❡✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠✳ ❇✉t ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧❧② t❤✐s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛♣♣❡♥ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡

t❤❡② ❢❡❧t✱ ♥❛② t❤❡② ✏❦♥❡✇✑ ❬❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞❪ ❤❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❡❞ t❤❡♠ ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧ ✇✐t❤

❛❧❧ ❤✐s ❤❡❛rt✳ ✏❚❤❡② ✉s❡❞ t♦ r✉s❤ t♦ ❣❡t ♥❡❛r ❤✐♠ ❛♥❞ t❛❧❦ t♦ ❤✐♠❀ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❛♥①✐♦✉s

t♦ ❤❡❛r ❤✐s ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♣✉t ✐t ✐♥t♦ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳✑ ❬✶✻❪ ❆♥❞✱ ✐❢ ♦♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♣✉t ✐t t❤❛t ✇❛②✱ ❤❡

♠❛❞❡ ❢✉❧❧ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❛tt❛❝❤♠❡♥t✱ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞♥❡ss ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✈❡r② ❣r❡❛t tr✉st✱ ✏t♦ ❣✐✈❡

t❤❡♠ ❣♦♦❞ ❛❞✈✐❝❡✳✑ ✶✹✾ ❆❢t❡r ❛❧❧ ✐t ✇❛s ♥♦t r❡str✐❝t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss ♦❢

❜❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞ ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s✐❞❡✳ ❆❧❧ t❤❡ s❛♠❡✱ ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❤✐❞❡ t❤❛t t❤❡✐r ❛tt❛❝❤♠❡♥t

❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ ❝♦✲♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✇❡r❡ ❛ ❣r❡❛t s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ ❥♦②✿ ✏❊✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ✇❛s ❛ ❥♦② ❢♦r ♠❡ t❤❡♥✳✑

❬✶✻❪ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ t❤❡ ✇✐s❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❤❛♥❣ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ❤✐♠

s♦ ♠✉❝❤✳ ❍❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♣r❡❢❡r t❤❡♠ t♦ t❛❦❡ ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳✶✺✵

❼ ❆♣♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❬✶✻❪

❚❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❤❛♣♣② ♣❛st ♠❛❦❡s ❤✐♠ r❡❛❧✐③❡ ❤❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✐s ❤❛r❞❧② ♣❛ss✐♥❣ ❛♥② t✐♠❡

❛♠✐❞st t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ♥♦✇✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❤❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞s t❤✐s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡

✐s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❤✐♠✳ ❍❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤✐s ❛ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❜✐t✳ ❆♣♣♦✐♥t♠❡♥ts ♦r

✏t❤❡s❡ ♥❡✈❡r✲❡♥❞✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡r✈✐❡✇s✑✱ ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❛❢t❡r ✏❜✉s✐♥❡ss ♠❛tt❡rs✑ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❞❡t❡r✐♦r❛t✐♥❣ ♦r

✏♣♦♦r ❤❡❛❧t❤✑ ♣r❡✈❡♥t ❤✐♠ ❢r♦♠ st❛②✐♥❣ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❯♥❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡❧② t❤❡r❡

✐s ♥♦ ♦t❤❡r ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡✳ ❈♦♥tr❛r② t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡

✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✉♥✐t❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❤✐s ❤❡❛❧t❤ ✐s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞

❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡✱ ❜✉t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❛♣♦❧♦❣②✳

❼ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦✉t t❤❡ st✐❧❧ ❧❛st✐♥❣ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❬✶✻✲✶✼❪

❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✐s ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ t♦ ❛❝❝❡♣t ❤✐s ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❛t✬s ❛❧❧ ✏✇❡❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❣♦♦❞✑✱ ❤❡

s❛②s✳ ❆s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❣♦♦❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❤❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❧❡t t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r r❡st✳ ❚❤❡ s♦✉♥❞

✶✹✽❈❢✳ ❋♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✹✵ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❈❢✳ t❤❡ t❡st✐♠♦♥② ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧ ✐♥ ✶✽✻✼✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏❋♦r ■ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞

②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧✇❛②s ❧♦✈❡❞ ♠❡ ❛♥❞ s❤♦✇ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♠❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♥♦t ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❜✉t ❞✐✈✐♥❡✳✳✳

❨♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ♥❡✈❡r ❢♦r❣♦tt❡♥ ♠❡ ❛♥❞ ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ t❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉ s✐♥❝❡r❡❧② ❢♦r ✐t ❜② t❤✐s s❤♦rt ♥♦t❡✳✑

❘✐❝♦r❞✐ ❡ r✐✢❡ss✐ ❆♥❞✿ ✏✇❤❡♥ ■ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ t❤❛t ②♦✉ st✐❧❧ ❧♦✈❡ ♠❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛❧❧ ②♦✉r ❤❡❛rt✳✑ ✭▼❖❚❚❖✱ ❋r✳✱

❞✐ ✉♥✬❡❞✉❝❛③✐♦♥❡ r✐❝❡✈✉t❛✳ ❯♥ ❡①❛❧❧✐❡✈♦ ❞❡❧ ♣r✐♠♦ ❖r❛t♦r✐♦ s❝r✐✈❡ ❛ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❘❙❙✱ ❱■ ✭✶✶✮✱ ♣♣✳

✸✻✸✱ ✸✻✺✳ ■s t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ♦❢ t❤✐s r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥✿ ✏❊❛❝❤ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❜❡❝❛♠❡ s♦ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ t♦ ♠❡

t❤❛t t❤❡② ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❧✐st❡♥❡❞ ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧ t♦ ♠② ♦r❞❡rs✱ ❜✉t ✇❡r❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ✈❡r② ❦❡❡♥ ♦♥ ❣❡tt✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥

t❛s❦✑❄ ❆♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r✿ ✏▼② ♣✉♣✐❧s✬ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❜♦r❞❡r❡❞ ♦♥ ♠❛❞♥❡ss✳✑ ✭❇❖❙❈❖✱

●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧ ❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✹✻✴✷✾✶✲✷✾✸ ❛♥❞ ✷✾✼✲✷✾✽✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✾✻ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✶✹✾❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✸✽ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✶✺✵▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✽✽✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✺✷✺✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✹✶✳ ❈❢✳ ✐♥ t❤✐s

❝❤❛♣t❡r ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✵✸✳

✶✵✸

11.4 Page 104

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❛r❣✉♠❡♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♥♦ ❡①❝✉s❡ t♦ s✐t ❜❛❝❦✱ ❞♦ ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s❤❛❦❡ ♦✛ ❛❧❧ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t②✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s ❛ ♥❡✇ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ❛❞❛♣t❡❞ ✐ts❡❧❢ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s

♦❢ ❧✐❢❡✳ ■t ✐s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ st❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞st ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛s ❤❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞♦✳

❍❡ ❝❛♥ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ✏✐♥s✐st✑✱ ❡✈❡♥ ✏❞❡♠❛♥❞✑ t❤❛t ❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤❡ ✇❛②

❤❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞♦✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❡r❜s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ✇❡❛❦ ❛t ❛❧❧✳ ✏❈♦♠♠❛♥❞✑✱ ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❇ ❛♥❞ ❈ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s

❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♥♦✇ ✏❞❡♠❛♥❞✑✳ ❚❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r ✐s t❤❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✿

✏t❤❛t t❤❡② tr❡❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛s ②♦✉ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞♦✑ ❬✏❛s ②♦✉ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠❪✳✑ ❬❍❡ ✐s

st✐❧❧ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡s♣❡❝t❢✉❧✱ ②❡t s♦♠❡✇❤❛t ❞✐st❛♥t ♣♦❧✐t❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ❵②♦✉✬✳❪ ■t r❡♠✐♥❞s

♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✏❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜r♦❛❞ s❡♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡

✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❞❡♠❛♥❞✑ ♦r ✏r❡q✉✐r❡✑ ❤❛s ❛ ❤❛r❞ r✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ✐t✳ ❚❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ q✉❡st✐♦♥

✐ts❡❧❢ ❵✇❤② ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❞♦ ✐t✬ ❤❛s ❛♥ ❡✈❡♥ ❤❛r❞❡r r✐♥❣✳

❼ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✈❡❤❡♠❡♥t ❝♦✉♥t❡r✲♣❧❡❛ ❛♥❞ ❜✐tt❡r ❞✐s❛♣♣♦✐♥t♠❡♥t ❬✶✼❪

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡❛❝ts ✈❡❤❡♠❡♥t❧② t♦ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛❞❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡s✲

s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ✉♥❞✐s❣✉✐s❡❞ r❡♣r♦❛❝❤✿ ✏■ s♣❡❛❦✱ ■ t❛❧❦ t✐❧❧ ■✬♠ ❜❧✉❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡✳✑ ❚❤✐s ✈❡❤❡♠❡♥❝❡

r❡❝❛❧❧s ❛♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐ts ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✿ ✏❆ ♥❡①t

✐ss✉❡ ✇❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ t❛❝❦❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s t♦✱ ✐s t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❈❤❛r✐t② ❬✏ ❝❛r✐tà ✑ ❪ ❛♥❞

❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss ❬✏ ❞♦❧❝❡③③❛ ✑✿ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✱ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❝❤❛r♠❪ ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✳ ■t ✐s ✇❡❛❦❡♥✐♥❣

✇✐t❤ ✉s ❛♥❞ ❛s ❢❛r ❛s ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♥♦t✐❝❡ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❤♦✉s❡s✱ ✐t ✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❞❡✲

❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧s✳✑ ✶✺✶ ❚❤❛t ♠♦♠❡♥t t♦♦ ❤❡ s♣♦❦❡ ♣❧❛✐♥❧②✳ ❚❤❡♥ t♦♦ ❤❡ ✏✇❛s t❛❧❦✐♥❣

t✐❧❧ ❤❡ ✇❛s ❜❧✉❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡✳✑

■♥ ✶✽✽✹✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❤❡ ❤❛s ②❡t t♦ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❜✐tt❡r❧② t❤❛t ✏❜✉t ✉♥❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡❧② ♠❛♥②

❛r❡ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ t♦ ✇♦r❦ ❛s ❤❛r❞ ❛s ✇❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❦❡❡♣s ❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡

✇♦r❞ ✏♠❛♥②✑✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣✑ ♦r ❡✈❡♥ str♦♥❣❡r ✏♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥②

❞❡s✐r❡ ❧❡❢t✑ ❣❡ts ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ t♦✉❝❤ ♦❢ ✐♥❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❣✉✐❧t② ✈❡r❞✐❝t ❜② t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡

✏✉♥❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡❧②✑✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ s♦✉♥❞s ❡✈❡♥ ✜❡r❝❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡

❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥♥❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ❡①❝✉s✐♥❣ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❇

❛♥❞ ❈ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞r♦♣♣❡❞✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐t s❛✐❞✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✿ ✏■ s♣❡❛❦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ❜✉t ❜❡ s✉r❡ ■

t♦♦ s❡❡ ❤♦✇ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ✭❇ ✮ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧② t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ✭❈ ✮ ❛r❡ t✐r❡❞ ❢r♦♠

t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✭❇ ✮ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❛t ❛ ♣✐t② ✐t ✐s t❤❡② ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❢❡❡❧ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r ❡✛♦rts

✭❈ ✮✳✑ ✶✺✷ ❬✶✼❪

✶✺✶■ ❱❡r❜❛❧✐ ❞❡❧ ❈● ✷✳ ❈♦♣✐❛ ♣✉❧✐t❛ ❞✐ ❉♦♥ ❇❛r❜❡r✐s✱ ❋❞❇ ✶✽✺✼ ❈ ✾✲ ✶✽✺✼ ❊ ✶✷✳ ❘❖❈❍❖❲■❆❑✱ ❏✳✱ ■❧

❈❛♣✐t♦❧♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❡ ✷➦ ❀ ♣✳ ✶✵✼ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✶✵✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✵✳ ❈❢✳

❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✹✽ ❛♥❞ ✶✸✷ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s ❝❛♥♦♥✐❝❛❧ ✈✐s✐t t♦ t❤❡ ▲❛♥③♦ ❤♦✉s❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢❡❧t

✐t ❤✐s ❞✉t② t♦ ♥♦t❡✿ ✏❲♦✉❧❞ ✐t ♣❧❡❛s❡ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r t♦ ♠♦r❡ ♦❢t❡♥ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ❣❡t t♦

❦♥♦✇ t❤❡✐r s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ♥❡❡❞s ❛♥❞ s♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t ❝❧✐q✉✐s❤♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❛tt❡♠♣ts t♦ t♦ ❣❡t ❛✇❛②✳✑

✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❡ ❘✉❛ ♣r✐♠♦ ❛✉t♦❞✐❞❛tt❛ ✏❱✐s✐t❛t♦r❡✑ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦✱ ❘❙❙✱ ✶✻✱ ■❳✱ ♥➦ ✶✱ ✶✾✾✵✱

♣✳ ✶✻✵✴✺✷✽✲✺✷✾✳

✶✺✷■♥ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❇ ❛♥❞ ❈ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏t♦ ❢❡❡❧ ✉♥❛❜❧❡ t♦✴♥♦t ❢❡❡❧ ✉♣ t♦✑ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❥✉st✐✜❡❞

❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❢❛t✐❣✉❡ ❝❛♥ r❡❛❧❧② ❜❡ ❛♥ ♦❜st❛❝❧❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✇❤❡r❡ ❡①❝✉s❡s ❛r❡ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞✱

✏ ♠♦❧t✐ ♥♦♥ s✐ s❡♥t♦♥♦ ♣✐ù ❞✐ ❢❛r ❧❡ ❢❛t✐❝❤❡ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ✈♦❧t❛ ✏ ✐s tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ❛s ✏♥♦t ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ♥♦✇❛❞❛②s ❢❡❡❧s

❧✐❦❡ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❛s ❤❛r❞ ❛s ✇❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦✑✳ ✭❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✽✳✮ ■♥ t❤❡ ❋r❡♥❝❤ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ r❡❣✐♦♥s t❤❡②

st✐❝❦ t♦ ✏❜❡❛✉❝♦✉♣ ♥❡ s❡ s❡♥t❡♥t ♣❧✉s ❧❛ ❢♦r❝❡ ❞❡ s✉♣♣♦rt❡r ❧❡s ❢❛t✐❣✉❡s ❞✬❛✉tr❡❢♦✐s✳✑ ✭❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❡t

❘è❣❧❡♠❡♥ts✑✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✼✮✳ ❚❤❡ ●❡r♠❛♥ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❝❤♦s❡♥ ✏✜♥❞❡♥ ✈✐❡❧❡ s✐❝❤ ♥✐❝❤t ♠❡❤r ❜❡r❡✐t✳✑

✭❑♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❙❛t③✉♥❣❡♥✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✼✮✳

✶✵✹

11.5 Page 105

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◆♦ ♠♦r❡ ❡①❝✉s❡s ❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡② ❥✉st ❤❛✈❡ t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❡ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♠♠✐tt❡❞ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s

t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣ ❤✐s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛♥❞ t❤✐s r❡q✉✐r❡s ❝♦♥st❛♥t str♦♥❣ ❡✛♦rts✳ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ♠❛❞❡ t❤❛t ❝❧❡❛r t♦ t❤❡♠ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❤✐s ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✱

❛t ✜rst ✐♥ ❛ s♦rt ♦❢ ❝♦✈❡r✲✉♣✿ ❬❚❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠❪ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ❛ ❢❡✇ ♦❜st❛❝❧❡s✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✏❙♦♠❡

♠❛② s❛② t❤❛t t❤✐s s②st❡♠ ✐s ❞✐✣❝✉❧t ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳✑ ❇✉t ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s ❤❡ s♦✉♥❞s ✈❡r② ♦♣❡♥

❛♥❞ ❝❧❡❛r✿ ✏❆♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✳✳✳ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ r❡❛❞② t♦ ❢❛❝❡ ❡✈❡r② ❞✐✣❝✉❧t② ❛♥❞ ❢❛t✐❣✉❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r

t♦ ❛tt❛✐♥ ❤✐s ♦❜❥❡❝t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ ❝✐✈✐❝✱ ♠♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡❧❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s✳✑ ✶✺✸

❚❤❡r❡ ✇❛s ♥♦ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❝❧❛r✐t② ♦r ✐♥s✐st❡♥❝❡ t❤❡♥✳ ◆❡✐t❤❡r ✇❛s t❤❡r❡ ❛♥② ♦♥ ❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦✬s

♣❛rt✱ ✇❤♦ t♦♦❦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s t❡①t ✐♥ ❤❛♥❞ r❡❣✉❧❛r❧②✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❝❧❡❛r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r

❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ❤❡ ♣r❡s✐❞❡❞✳

❼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❜② ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ❬✶✼❪

❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤❛s ❧✐tt❧❡ ❞❡❢❡♥❝❡ ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❛t ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ■❢ t❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❝❛s❡✱ ❤❡ ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧②

❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ t❤❛t ✏t❤❡②✑✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ♠❛♥②✱ ❛r❡ ✇r♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ st✉♣✐❞✳ ✏❚❤❡② ♥❡❣❧❡❝t t❤❡ ❧❡ss❡r

♣❛rt✑ ❛♥❞ s♦ ✏t❤❡② ✇❛st❡ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡r✳✑

❚❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✐s ♥♦t ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛✲

t✐✈❡ ✏❧❡ss❡r✑ ❝♦♥tr❛sts ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r❧❛t✐✈❡ ✏♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❇✉③③❡tt✐

❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ✏❛❧❧ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ❬t❤❡ ❡✛♦rts❪ t❤❡② ♣✉t ✐♥✳✑ ■♥ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ t❤✐s ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t r❡❢❡rs

t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ♦❢ ✏t❤❡✐r st✉❞② ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❦✑ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♣❧❡❛ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❞❡✲

❢❡♥❞❡❞ t❤❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❥✉st ❛ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❛❣♦✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s ✐t r❡❢❡rs t♦ t❤❡✐r ❡♥♦r♠♦✉s ❞❡✈♦t✐♦♥ ❛t

t❤❡ ❡①♣❡♥s❡ ♦❢ ✏t❤❡✐r ②♦✉t❤✳✑ ■t r❡♠✐♥❞s ✉s ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♠♠✐t♠❡♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜♦❧❞❧②

❛♥❞ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❧② ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♠❛rt②r❞♦♠✳ ❬✶✷❪ ■♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❇ ✐t ✇❛s st❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ❝❧❛r✲

✐t②✿ ✏❛♥❞ t❤✐s ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤✐♥❣✑✱ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧②✿ ✏♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤✐♥❣✑✱ ❤❛♣♣❡♥s t♦ ❜❡

♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ✏t❤❡✐r ❡✛♦rts✳✑ ❬✶✼❪ ✏❚❤✐s ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤✐♥❣✑ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ✏t❤✐s ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t

t❤✐♥❣✑ ❬❈❢✳ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✾✿ ✏❙♦ ❜② ♥❡❣❧❡❝t✐♥❣ t♦ ❞♦ ✇❤❛t ❝♦sts t❤❡♠

❧❡❛st✱ t❤❡② ❧♦s❡ ✇❤❛t ✐s ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❛st❡ ❛❧ t❤❡✐r ❡✛♦rts t❤❡r❡❜②✳✑ ❪ ♠❡❛♥s ❵t❤❡✐r

❛❝t✐✈❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❬✏ ❝❛r✐tà ✑ ❪ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬✳ ❆s ❛ ❝♦✉♥t❡r♣❛rt ✏t❤❡ ❧❡❛st t❤✐♥❣✑ ✐s t❤❡♥

♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ✏t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♠✐❞st t❤❡ ❜♦②s✑ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t t❤❡

♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ✏❧❡❛st t❤✐♥❣✑ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✱

♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② t❤❡ s②♠♣❛t❤✐③✐♥❣✱ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳

■❢ t❤❛t ♠❡❛♥t t❤❡ ❧❡❛st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤✐♥❣ ✈❡rs✉s t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♦♥❡✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st

❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛❣r❡❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ♥♦r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳

✶✺✸❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✾✵✴✺✵✻✲✺✵✽✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✶✳ ❙t✐❧❧✱ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥

r❡♠❛✐♥s ❥✉st✐✜❡❞ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ ♥❡❣❧❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❡✐r t❛s❦ ✇❛s ♦♥❧② ❛ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❢❛t✐❣✉❡ ♦r ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❞♦❧❡♥❝❡✳

▼✐❣❤t ✐t ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ✇✐t❤ s♦♠❡❄ ❏✉st ❧✐❦❡ s♦♠❡ ❞✐♦❝❡s❛♥ ♣r✐❡sts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs

❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❣❛✐♥st ✐t❄ ❲❤❛t ▼♦♥s✳ ●❛❡t♦♥❡ ❚♦rt♦♥❡ ✇r♦t❡ t♦ ❘♦♠❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✻✽ ♠❛② ✇❡❧❧ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡ t❤✐s✿ ✏■

❤❛✈❡ ✈✐s✐t❡❞ t❤✐s ♣❧❛❝❡ ❬t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦❪ s❡✈❡r❛❧ t✐♠❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✳ ■ ♠✉st ❝♦♥❢❡ss

t❤❛t ✐t ♠❛❞❡ ❛❧✇❛②s ❛ ♣❛✐♥❢✉❧ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✇❤❡♥ ■ s❛✇ t❤♦s❡ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ♠✐①✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ❛tt❡♥❞❡❞

❝❧❛ss❡s t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ t❛✐❧♦r✱ ❛ ❝❛r♣❡♥t❡r✱ ❛ s❤♦❡♠❛❦❡r ❡t❝✳ ❚❤♦s❡ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ✇❡r❡ r✉♥♥✐♥❣✱ ♣❧❛②✐♥❣✱ ❥✉♠♣✐♥❣

❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ❣❡tt✐♥❣ ❛ ❜✉♠♣ ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❤❡❛❞s s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ✇✐t❤ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❞✐❣♥✐t② ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦r

♥♦ r❡s♣❡❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ♣❛②s ❧✐tt❧❡ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ t♦ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♥❣ ♦♥

t❤❡♠ t❤♦s❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛♠❡♥ts ❢♦r ❞✐❣♥✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t❡ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❛s♣✐r✐♥❣ t♦✳✑ ✭❙❚❊▲▲❆✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

♥❡❧❧❛ st♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ r❡❧✐❣✐♦s✐tà ❝❛tt♦❧✐❝❛✱ ✈♦❧✳ ■✱ ❩ür✐❝❤✱ P❆❙✲❱❡r❧❛❣✱ ✶✾✻✽✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✵✳✮

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■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❤❡ ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡s t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦✈❡rs✐❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦♠❡♥t ❜❡❢♦r❡✱ ✐✳❡✳

t❤❛t ✏t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❦♥♦✇ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❧✐❦❡ ❬t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡✐r ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛t✐♦♥s t❡♥❞❪✳✑ ❍❡ ❞♦❡s

s♦ ❜② r❡s✉♠✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤♦✉❣❤t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❛②✿ ✏▲❡t t❤❡♠ ❧✐❦❡ ✇❤❛t ♣❧❡❛s❡s t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳✑ ❚❤✐s ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡ r❡♠❛✐♥s t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r✱ t❤❡ ❜❡st t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✇❛s

♠✐ss✐♥❣ ❬✶✷❪ ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✳ ■t ❢♦❧❧♦✇s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡

✏❧❡❛st ✈✳ ♠♦st✑ ♦r ✏s♠❛❧❧❡r ✈✳ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✑ ❝♦♥tr❛st ✐s ♦♥❧② ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ ✐❢ ✐t ✐s ♠❡❛♥t

✐r♦♥✐❝❛❧❧②✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❡❛♥s ✐t ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ❛s ❛♥ ✐r♦♥✐❝❛❧ r❡♥❞❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢

❜♦t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠✐st❛❦❡ ♦❢ ♠❛♥② ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❥✉❞❣❡♠❡♥t

t❤❡② t❤✐♥❦ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t❧② ❛s ✐❢ ❛❝t✐✈❡✱ ♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣✱ s❡❧❢✲❡✛❛❝✐♥❣ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ✐s t❤❡

♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡✱ ❡♠♣❛t❤✐❝✱ s②♠♣❛t❤✐③✐♥❣ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss

t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧❡r✱ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ t❤❡ ❧❡ss ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r✳

❲❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❛②✿ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✏s♠❛❧❧✲

❡st✑✱ t❤❡ ❧❡❛st t❤✐♥❣ ✐s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ✇❤❛t r❡q✉✐r❡s t❤❡ ❧❡❛st ❡✛♦rt✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ ❡❛s✐❡st

♦❜❥❡❝t t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❡✳ ❆♥❞ t❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

s♣✐r✐t✱ ❛ ✇❛② ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛♥② ❞♦ ♥♦t ❢✉❧❧② ✈❛❧✉❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ♥❡❣❧❡❝t✳ ■♥ t❤❛t ❝❛s❡ t❤❡

s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✏♠♦r❡✴♠♦st✑ ♦r ✏♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✑ ✐s ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t r❡q✉✐r❡s ❛ ❧♦t ♦❢ ❡✛♦rts✱

✈❡r② ❤❡❛✈② str❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣s②❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❢❛t✐❣✉❡✳ ▼❛♥② ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❡st✐✲

♠❛t❡ t❤✐s ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡❧② ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤❧② ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡✳ ❘❡❛❧✐t②✬s ✐r♦♥② ❤♦✇❡✈❡r s❤♦✇s t❤❛t

✏t❤❡ ♠♦r❡✴♠♦st✑ ✐s ✉s❡❧❡ss ✐❢ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✏t❤❡ ❧❡❛st✑✳

❚❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✕ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❜♦t❤ ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧♦✈❡ ✕ ✐s ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❛❣r❡❡❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞

❧✐❣❤t❡r ❧✐❢❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✈♦✐❝❡s ✐t ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦♠❡ t♦ ❧✐❦❡ ✇❤❛t ♣❧❡❛s❡s t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳✑ ❬✶✼❪ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♠✉t✉❛❧

❧♦✈❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♣✉t t❤❡ ✐❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❛❦❡✿ t❤❡ ❞❛✐❧② ❡✛♦rts ❛♥❞ ✏❢❛t✐❣✉❡✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❤♦✉❧❞ r❡❛❧❧②

♥♦t ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡rr❛t❡❞✱ ✏✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❧✐❣❤t t♦ ❜❡❛r✑✳ ■t ✐s ❛ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡✳

❖❜s❡r✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✶✽✽✹ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ s❝❡♥❡ ❛❣❛✐♥ t❤✉s ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❛ r❡❛s♦♥ t♦ ♣r♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t❡

t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐❞❡❛ ♦r t❤❡ ❦❡② ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ✜rst ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡

r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ s❝❡♥❡✳

▲♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❛t ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❇✱ ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ t❤❛t ❛❢t❡r ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✱

▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛s❦ t❤❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❆♥❞ ✇❤❛t t❤❡♥ ✐s ✬t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧❡st t❤✐♥❣✬

♦r ✬t❤❡ ❧❡❛st t❤✐♥❣✬ ❄✑ ❬✶✽❪ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✇❛s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ❛♥s✇❡r ❜r✐❡✢② ❛♥❞

❝♦♥❝✐s❡❧②✿ ✏❋❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✦✑ ❆s ❝♦♥❝✐s❡❧② ❛s ❜❡❢♦r❡✿ ✏❈♦❧❧✬❛♠♦r❡ ✑ ✭❲✐t❤ ❧♦✈❡✴❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✮✳ ❬✶✶❪

❚❤❡ r❡s❡♠❜❧❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ st②❧❡ ❣✐✈❡s ❛ ❢♦r❡t❛st❡ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s ❜② t❤❡ ✉♥✉s✉❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✳ ❋❛✲

♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡ ✭❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✮ s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ t✇♦ ✇♦r❞s ❢♦r t❤❡ s❛♠❡ r❡❛❧✐t② t❤❡r❡✳ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡

✇♦r❞ ✬❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✬ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✜rst t✐♠❡✱ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❇ ✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ❛s❦ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❲❤❛t ❛♠ ■ t♦ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞

t❤❡♥ t♦ ♠② ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s❄✑ ❚♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ r❡♣❧✐❡❞✿ ✏❋❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♣❛rt✐❝✉✲

❧❛r❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✳✑ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤✐s t❡rs❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ❤❡ t❛❦❡s ✉♣ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✐❞❡❛ ❢r♦♠

❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❛♥②✇❛②✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡ t❡①t ✭❉ ✮ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥s ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦

❇✉③③❡tt✐✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐s ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t❡❞ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧②✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ■ s❤❛❧❧ ❞✇❡❧❧

♦♥ t❤✐s ✐♥ t❤❛t ✜♥❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛❢t❡r ❛♥ ✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t❛r②✳

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11.7 Page 107

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✸✳✹✳✹ ■♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣t✐♥❣ t❤❡ tr❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ❬✶✼✲✶✽❪

■♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ❢♦❝✉ss✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢

❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✱ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ♦❢ ❉ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣ts t❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❝♦✉rs❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞

str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞❧② ✐♥ ❈ ✳ ❲✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥ ♣❤r❛s❡ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ s✉❞❞❡♥❧② ❝♦♠❡s ✉♣ ✇✐t❤

❛ r❡♣❧② t♦ ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ ❡✈❡♥ ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ❛s❦❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡✳ ❏✉❞❣✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣

♦❢ t❤❛t ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✱ ♦♥❡ ♠❛② s✉♣♣♦s❡ ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛s❦❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✲❞❛②

❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ❤❛s ❇✉③③❡tt✐ r❡♣❧② t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❛❧❡❞ q✉❡st✐♦♥ s✐♠♣❧②

✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❇❡❢♦r❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡

❜♦②s✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛s❦❡❞ t❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✈❡r② ❞❡✜♥✐t❡❧②✿ ✏❲❤❡r❡ ❞♦❡s t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡

❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❵t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤❡♥✬ ❛♥❞ ❵t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♥♦✇✬ ❝♦♠❡ ❢r♦♠❄✑ ❍✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦

t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✜tt❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧✳ ❬✾❪ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥

✇❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❧② ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ s♦ ❢❛r ♥♦t

♣❧❛②❡❞ ❛♥② s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐t❡♠ ❢♦r t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✱ ♥♦r ✇♦✉❧❞ ✐t ❞♦ s♦ ✐♥

t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣❛❣❡s✳ ■t s✉✣❝❡s t♦ ❝♦♥s✉❧t t❤❡ s②♥♦♣t✐❝ t❛❜❧❡s t♦ ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤✐s✳

▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t r❡✲❛rr❛♥❣❡ t❤❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦

t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ◆♦r ❞✐❞ ❤❡ ❥✉st✐❢② ♦r ❝❧❛r✐❢② t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ❜② ❛♥ ❡①♣❧❛✲

♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ ❜♦t❤ t❡①ts ✐t ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❝♦♥s♣✐❝✉♦✉s t❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛s ❞❡❧❡t❡❞ ❛ r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧❡

❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ■t ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s✱

♥❡❛r ❛♥❞ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉✐♥❣ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ✏❉♦ ②♦✉ r❡♠❡♠❜❡r t❤♦s❡ ✇♦♥❞❡r❢✉❧ ②❡❛rs

✇❤❡♥ ②♦✉✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❧② ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ✉s❄ ■t ✇❛s ❛ ❤❡❛✈❡♥❧② ❢❡❛st ❛♥❞ ✇❡

❤❛❞ ♥♦ s❡❝r❡ts ❢♦r ②♦✉✳✑ ❬✶✻❪

❆ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡ ❧✐t❡r❛❧ ❝♦♣② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✭❑ ✮ ✐s t❤❛t

t❤❡ ❜❧❛♠❡ ✐s ♣✉t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❊✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❢✉❧❧ ❜❧❛♠❡✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞ ✐t r❡❛❞s ♥♦✇✿ ✏ ❚❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ✭❧❛

❝❛✉s❛✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❝❤❛♥❣❡✑ ✇❤❡r❡❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✏❝❛✉s❡✑

✭❝❛✉s❛✮ ✇❛s ❝❛✉t✐♦✉s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐t❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❜❧❛♠❡ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ❝♦♥tr❛sts str♦♥❣❧② ✇✐t❤ ✇❤❛t

❤❛s ❥✉st ❜❡❡♥ s❛✐❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛s t❤❡

♠❛✐♥ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳

❼ ❚❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ♠❛❧❛✐s❡ ✐s t♦ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❜♦②s ❬ ✶✼✲✶✽ ❪

❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❧♦②❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱

t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡♥ ❛♥❞ ♥♦✇ ✐s ❛❢t❡r ❛❧❧ t♦ ❜❡ ♣✉t ♦♥ ❵❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❜♦②s✬

♦r ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✏♠❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✑✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❜♦②s ❛r❡ ♥♦t✐❝❡❛❜❧❡ ❜②

t❤❡✐r ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳ ❖♥❡ ♠❛② s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s❧② ✐♠❛❣✐♥❡ t❤❛t t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ t❤❡ ✈❡r② ❜♦②s

✇❤♦ s❤✉♥♥❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② t❤♦s❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ s❡❝❧✉❞❡❞ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s

✐♥t♦ s♠❛❧❧ ❝❧✐q✉❡s✱ ✏t❛❧❦❡❞ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✐♥ ❧♦✇ t♦♥❡s ❛♥❞ ❝❛st ❢✉rt✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ s✉s♣✐❝✐♦✉s

❣❧❛♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❡✈❡r② ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥✳✑ ❬✽✲✾❪ ❚❤✐s ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♠❛❦❡s t❤❡♠ str✐❦✐♥❣❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠

t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r ❜♦②s✱ ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ q✉❛❧✐✜❡❞ t✇✐❝❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❛s ❝❛♥❞✐❞ ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞ ❛♥❞

❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② tr✉st✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❤✐❣❤❧②✳ ❚❤✐s tr✉st ✇❛s ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ t❤❡

✜rst t✐♠❡ ❜② ❱❛❧❢rè ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❬✻❪ ■t ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ t✐♠❡

✇❤❡♥ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ r❡♠✐♥❞❡❞ t❤❡♠ ♦❢ ✏❤❛✈✐♥❣ ♥♦ s❡❝r❡ts ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✑ ✐♥ ❡❛r❧✐❡r ②❡❛rs✳

❬✶✻❪ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ✏t❤❡② ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❧♦✈❡✑ t❤❡✐r t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛♥❞ ✏t❤❡② ❣❛✈❡

t❤❡♠ ♣r♦♠♣t ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❬✶✼❪ ❆❧s♦ ❱❛❧❢rè ❤❛❞ ❞r❛✇♥ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ✏✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss✑ ❬✻❪✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣

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t❤❡ t❛❧❦ ✇✐t❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ r❡❥♦✐❝❡❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✏t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✉s❡❞ t♦ r✉s❤ t♦ ❣❡t

♥❡❛r t♦ ❤✐♠ ❛♥❞ ✇❡r❡ ❛♥①✐♦✉s t♦ ❤❡❛r ❤✐s ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♣✉t ✐t ✐♥t♦ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳✑ ❬✶✻❪

❚❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❢♦✉♥❞ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡s ♦❢ tr✉st✱ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♠♣t

♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ✇❛② t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✲❞❛②

❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜♦②s✳ ■ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❛❞♠✐t ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡♥ ■ ✉s❡ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥

✏t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✲❞❛② ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜♦②s✑✳ ■ ❞♦ s♦ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r t❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❡①t ❛s ❛ ❜❛s✐s✳ ❚❤❡

t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❜❛❝❦❡❞ ✉♣ ❜② ♣❤r❛s❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s ✏❜✉t ♥♦✇❛❞❛②s✑ ❛♥❞ ✏

❬❛❧s♦

t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ❛s s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞❪ ❛r❡

✳✑ P✉tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ✈♦✐❝❡✱

✐t r❡❛❞s✿ ❤❡ ❜♦②s ❬✐♥ ❛ ✈❡r② ❜r♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ s❡♥s❡❪ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✏❛s s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✑✳✬

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♠❛❦❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t ❜② t❤✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ tr❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t

❆ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ t♦ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♦♥❡ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ▼❛② ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✳ ✭ ✮ ❚❤❡

❆ ❜✐tt❡r ✇♦r❞ ✏❢❡❛r❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✈❛❣✉❡ ❛❜❜r❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ✏❡t❝✳✑ ✭ ✮ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ ❞✐s❛♣♣♦✐♥t✐♥❣

st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✏❜✉t ♥♦✇❛❞❛②s t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✑✳ P❡r❤❛♣s t❤❡ ✈❛❣✉❡

❛❜❜r❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ✏❡t❝✳✑ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ s✉❣❣❡st✐✈❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ r❡♠✐♥❞ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢

▲✐tt❧❡ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❞r❛✇♥ ✇❤❡♥ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡

❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✳ ✏❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤✐s ❬r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡❪ s②st❡♠ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ❛♥❞

❧♦♦❦s ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♠✉st ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡ s❡✈❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ t❤r❡❛t❡♥✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❣✐✈❡

✇❡✐❣❤t t♦ ❤✐s ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② t❤❡ ❘❡❝t♦r ♠✉st r❛r❡❧② ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❤✐s s✉❜❥❡❝ts✱ ❛♥❞ ❛s ❛ r✉❧❡

♦♥❧② ✇❤❡♥ ✐t ✐s ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣✉♥✐s❤✐♥❣ ♦r t❤r❡❛t❡♥✐♥❣✳✑ ✶✺✹ ❙✉❝❤ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ♠✉st ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧②

❜❡ ❢❡❛r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡❞ ✇✐t❤ str♦♥❣ ❛✇❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✳

■♥ t❤❡ ▼❛② ✶✵ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❞ t❤❡ ✏❡t❝✳✑ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st✐♥❣ ❛♥❞

❞❡s✐r❡❞ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡❤✐♥❞ ✐t✿ ✏❛♥❞ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❬t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢❪ ❛s ❢❛t❤❡rs✱ ❜r♦t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞s✳✑

❚❤❡r❡ ❤❡ s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❤❛❞ t♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❜♦t❤ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s✳✶✺✺ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡ ❤❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ ✏❛♥❞ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✑ t♦ ✏❢❡❛r❡❞✑ ✐♥ t❤❡

❆ ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ✐♥ ✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦✇ ✇❡❧❧ ❜❡ ❛ r❡♠✐♥❞❡r ♦❢ t❤❡

t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱ ❛t ❧❡❛st ♣❛rt❧② ❛s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞✱

✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r✱ t❤❡ ❘❡❝t♦r ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❤❡ ❧♦♥❣❡❞ ❢♦r ❛s ✏❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡ ❬❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝❛r✐♥❣❪

❢❛t❤❡rs✳✑ ✶✺✻ ❈♦♣②✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ♥♦✇ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ s✉❣❣❡sts ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧❧② t❤❛t t❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r❧②✱

❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❧♦st ♥♦✇❛❞❛②s ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r

✶✺✹❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✽✸✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✹✻✲✷✹✼✳

✶✺✺❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s t❤❡② ❤❛❞ t♦ r❡s♣❡❝t t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛s ❢❛t❤❡rs✳ ✭❖❊ ❳❳■❳

✶✼✷✴❛rt✳✼✮ ❙❡❡ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✾✵ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❙❧✐❣❤t❧② ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ❧✐t❡r❛❧ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r

✐s r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡♠ ❛❧❜❡✐t q✉✐t❡ ♦♥❡✲s✐❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ str❡ss ♦♥ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✳ ✏▼❛② t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧ ❜❡ ❧❡❞

❜② ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✳✑ ■♥ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ♦❢ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✻✽ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s✐♠✐❧❛r t❤♦✉❣❤ts ♣♦♣♣❡❞ ✉♣✿ ✏▲❡t t❤❡♠

♣r♦♠♣t❧② ♦❜❡② t❤❡ ❜❡❧❧❀ ❧❡t t❤❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ▲❡t t❤❡♠ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣❧② ♦❜❡② t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ✉♣♦♥

t❤❡♠ ❛s ❜♦r✐♥❣ ✇❛t❝❤❞♦❣s✱ s❡❧❢✲✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ❝♦✉♥s❡❧❧♦rs ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ❡♥❡♠✐❡s✳ ▲❡t t❤❡♠ ♥♦t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ✐t ❛

❣r❡❛t ✈✐❝t♦r② ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② s✉❝❝❡❡❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♥❝❡❛❧✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ✇r♦♥❣❞♦✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❡s❝❛♣✐♥❣ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t✳✑ ✭▼❇ ■❳✱

♣✳ ✶✻✵❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✽✵✮ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t❤✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ♦♥ ✶ ▼❛② ✶✽✻✽✳

❚❤❡r❡ t❤❡② s♣❡❛❦ ❛❜♦✉t ✏s❝❤❡♠✐♥❣ ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ r✉❧❡s✳✑ ✭▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✸❀

❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✽✷✳✮

✶✺✻❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✽✸✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳✷✹✼✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✉s❡❞ t❤❡

❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✏❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❢❛t❤❡r✑ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✸ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ r❡♠❡♠❜❡r❡❞ t❤❡ ✉♥❢♦r❣❡tt❛❜❧❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦❧❞

♣r✐❡st ❋r ❈❛❧♦ss♦ ✐♥ ❤✐s ✏ ▼❡♠♦✐rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✑ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✸✳ ❚❤✐s ✇❛s ✇❤❛t t❤✐s ❣♦♦❞ ♠❛♥ s✉❣❣❡st❡❞

❤✐♠ ❛s ❛ ②♦✉♥❣ ❜♦②✿ ✏❙♦✱ ❧❡❛✈❡ t❤❛t ✉♥r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡ ❜r♦t❤❡r ♦❢ ②♦✉rs✳ ❈♦♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❧✐✈❡ ✇✐t❤ ♠❡✳ ❆♥❞

②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❬❧♦✈✐♥❣❪ ❢❛t❤❡r✳✑ ✭❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳✳✳✱ ✺✵✴✹✺✷✳ ▼❇ ■✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✹❀ ❊▼❇

■✱ ♣✳✶✺✾✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✹✻✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❧❡ss ❢❛✐t❤❢✉❧ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s t❡①t✳✮✳

✶✵✽

11.9 Page 109

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❛♥❞ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❝r❡❛t❡s ❛ ❣❛♣✿ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ✏t❤❡② ❛♥❞ t❤❡♠✑ ✭t❤❡

s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✮ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ✏✇❡ ❛♥❞ ✉s✑ ✭t❤❡ ❜♦②s✮✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✇✐❧❧ s♦♦♥ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ t❤❡

✏❢❛t❛❧ ❜❛rr✐❡r✑ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❆ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t✳ ❚❤❡ ❣❛♣ ✐s ❞❡❡♣❡♥❡❞ ❛♥❞

✇✐❞❡♥❡❞ ❜② ❢❡❛r✳ ■♥ ❤✐s ♦✇♥ ✇♦r❞s✿ t❤❡ ❜❛rr✐❡r ✐s ❤❡✐❣❤t❡♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ str❡♥❣t❤❡♥❡❞ ❜② ❢❡❛r✳

❚❤❡ ✈❡r❜ ✏t❡♠❡r❡ ✑ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ r✐❣❤t❧② tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ❜② ✏t♦ ❢❡❛r✑✳ ✏❚♦ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇✐t❤ ❛✇❡

♦r r❡s♣❡❝t✑ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t♦♦ ✇❡❛❦ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✳ ❙❡♣❛r❛t✐♥❣ ❢❡❛r r❡✐❣♥s ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ✉♥✐t✐♥❣

❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss✳ ❚❤✐s ❤❛s t❤❡ ❞✐s❛str♦✉s ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✏❛r❡

❢❡❛r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ ❛ ✏❜❛rr✐❡r✑ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❡r❡❝t❡❞✳

■t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①❝❧✉❞❡ ❛♥② ❡①❛❣❣❡r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❨❡t t❤❛t ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ♣✉t t❤✐♥❣s

✐♥ ❢♦❝✉s ❛♥❞ r❡❢❡r t♦ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ t❛❦❡♥ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ②❡❛r ❜❡❢♦r❡✳

❚❤❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t✿ ✏❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❢❡❛r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✑ ♠✉st s♦✉♥❞

✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❧✐❦❡ ❛♥ ❡❝❤♦ ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥t ❛t t❤❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣✱ ▼❛r❝❤ ✾ ✶✽✽✸✱ t♦ t❤❡

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❆❢t❡r t❤❛t ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ t❤❡② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❧❡❛✈❡ ✐t ❛s s✐♠♣❧② ❛♥ ✐♥s✐❣❤t ❣❛✐♥❡❞✳ ❚❤❡

❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇❛s ❛❞❞❡❞✿ ✏❚❤✐s ✐s ❛❣❛✐♥st ♦✉r s♣✐r✐t ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st ❛❣❛✐♥st ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s♣✐r✐t✳✑ ✶✺✼

■t ✇❛s ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❛♥ ❤♦♥❡st t❤♦✉❣❤t✱ t❤❡♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✉t❡s ❜② s❡❝r❡t❛r②

❋r ▲❛③③❡r♦ ✇❛s ♥♦t ❞❡✈♦✐❞ ♦❢ ❛♥② ✐r♦♥②✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ♦♥❡ ♠❛② ♣r❡s✉♠❡ t❤❛t ❛ ②❡❛r ❧❛t❡r

♥♦t ❛❧❧ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❤❛❞ ❢♦r❣♦tt❡♥ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s s♣♦❦❡♥ ❛t t❤❛t ♠❡❡t✐♥❣✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡

❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✇❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t t❤❡ q✉♦t❡ ✏❢❡❛r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧✐tt❧❡

❧♦✈❡❞✑ ❛s ❛ ❞✐s❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❛ ❝❛❧❧ ❢♦r r❡✈❡rs❛❧✳ ■t ♦✉❣❤t t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r

✇❛② r♦✉♥❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥ ❧✐♥❡ ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s♣✐r✐t✿ ♠✉❝❤ ❧♦✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❢❡❛r❡❞ ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ♥♦t

❢❡❛r❡❞ ❛t ❛❧❧✳ ✏❚♦ ❢❡❛r✑ ✐s r❡❛❧❧② ♠❡❛♥t t♦ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏✐♥ ❢❡❛r ♦❢ ✑✳

P❛r❡♥t❤❡s✐s ❛❜♦✉t s♦♠❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ♦❢

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳

❚❤❡ ♠♦tt♦✿ ❆♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛✐♠ ❛t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❢❡❛r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♥♦r

s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❡ ❦❡❡♣ t❤❡♠ ❛t ❛ ❞❡❢❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡

❚❤❡ ❡①❤♦rt❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ✏♠❛❦❡ s✉r❡ t❤❡② ❧✐❦❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡ ②♦✉✑ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❛❢r❛✐❞

♦❢ ②♦✉ ❤❛s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ ❧✐❢❡ ♠♦tt♦ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❧② r❡❝✉rr✐♥❣ ❝❛❧❧ t♦

❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs✳ ❇r❛✐❞♦ ❤❛s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❜② ❛ ❧✐st ♦❢ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✳✶✺✽

❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛♥ ❛♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡q✉❡❧ t♦ ❤✐s ▼❡♠♦✐rs✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❛❧ ✶✽✹✶

❛❧ ✶✽✽✹✲✺✲✻✱ q✉✐t❡ ❡❛r❧② ✐♥ ❤✐s ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡

❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠♦tt♦ ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣❛rt ♦❢ ✐t✳ ❆♥②❤♦✇

✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❤❡❛❞✐♥❣ ✏❚❡♠♣✐ ❞✐✈❡rs✐✑ ❤❡ r❡❝♦r❞❡❞✿ ✏▼❛❦❡ s✉r❡ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✱ t❤❡♥ ✐t ✇✐❧❧

❜❡ ❡❛s② t♦ ❜❡ ♦❜❡②❡❞✳✑ ✶✺✾ ■♥ t❤❛t ♠❡♠♦r② ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ t❤❡

❢❛✈♦✉r❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡✿ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss✱ ❛♥ ❡✛❡❝t ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ♠❛❞❡ ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥t

❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❛ str♦♥❣ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✬s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t② t♦♦✳ ❍❡ ✐s t♦

♠❛❦❡ s✉r❡✳ ❍❡ ✐s t♦ t❛❦❡ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡✳

❆❞❞r❡ss✐♥❣ ❤✐s ❜♦②s ✐♥ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ♦♥ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✷✶✽✺✾✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜r♦✉❣❤t ✉♣ t❤❡

s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦tt♦✳ Pr❡♣❛r✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❖✉r ▲❛❞②✬s ■♠♠❛❝✉❧❛t❡

❈♦♥❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❤❡ ❣❛✈❡ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤♦✉❣❤t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❛②✿ ✏■✬❧❧ tr② t♦ ♣✉t

✶✺✼❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✻✽ ❛♥❞ ✽✾ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛♥❞ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✸✼ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✶✺✽❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✽✸✲✷✽✹✳ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❞ t❤✐s ✐♥ ❇■❊❙✲

▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✏❉✐❡ ▲✐❡❜❡ ✈♦♥ ❋r❛♥③ ✈♦♥ ❙❛❧❡s s♦❧❧ ♠✐r ✐♥ ❛❧❧❡♠ ❱♦r❜✐❧❞ s❡✐♥✑✱ ❇❡♥❡❞✐❦t❜❡✉❡r♥✱ ✶✾✾✹✱

♣♣✳ ✹✹✲✻✻✳ ■❉✳✱ ❋❛tt✐ ❛♠❛r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✲✹✶✳

✶✺✾❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✷✴✼✾✳ ◆♦t t❛❦❡♥ ✉♣ ✐♥ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✻✳

✶✵✾

11.10 Page 110

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❣r❡❛t tr✉st ✐♥ ♠② s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳✑ ❍❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❜❛s✐❝ r✉❧❡✿ ✏❲❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❞♦ ♥♦t ✇❛♥t t♦ ❜❡

❢❡❛r❡❞❀ ✇❡ ✇✐s❤ t♦ ❜❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ tr✉st❡❞✳✑ ✶✻✵ ✏❚♦ ❢❡❛r✑ ❤❛s t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✐♥❣

✇✐t❤ r❡s❡r✈❡✑✱ ❡✈❡♥ ♣❧❛✐♥ ✏❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❢r❛✐❞ ♦❢✳✑ ❚❤❛t ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ❤❡ ❝❧❡❛r❧② ♠❡❛♥t t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❧♦♦❦❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡❞ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳

❚❤✐s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ❛♥❞ ❛✉t❤❡♥t✐❝ ❛❞❞r❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❣♦t ❛♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡✱ ♠♦r❛❧✐③✐♥❣ t♦✉❝❤

✐♥ ❛♥ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ♦✉t❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐♥ ✶✽✻✷✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏❆ ❧♦♥❣✲st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡

❤❛s s❤♦✇♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ r❡s✉❧t ❬s✉❝❝❡ss❪ ♦❢ ②♦✉t❤ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡s ✇✐t❤

❵♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s ❧♦✈❡❞✬ t♦ ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s ❵♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s ❢❡❛r❡❞✬✳✑ ✶✻✶ ◆♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t

t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs t❤❡♥✳ ❍❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤♦✉❣❤ ❤♦✇ t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❞♦ t❤✐s ♦r ❣♦ ❛❜♦✉t ✐t✳ ❚❤❡

✇♦r❞ ✏❢❡❛r❡❞✑ r❛t❤❡r ♠❡❛♥s ✏r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞✱ ❤❡❧❞ ✐♥ ❤✐❣❤ r❡❣❛r❞✳✑ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❛t ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡

❜♦t❤ ❛r❡ ♥❡❡❞❡❞✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡①t✿ ✏✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ♠❛❦❡ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s

r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞✳ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏❛

❧♦♥❣✲st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✑ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ♠❡❛♥t ❤✐s t✇❡♥t② ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞

✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳

❚❤❡ ♥❡①t ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ♠❛❞❡ ❤✐♠ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡ ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦r❡

r❡✜♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♥✉❛♥❝❡❞ ✇❛②✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❛♣♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ❋r ❘✉❛ r❡❝t♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥

♦✉ts✐❞❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ✐♥ ✶✽✻✸✱ ❤❡ ❣❛✈❡ ❤✐♠ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❈♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❘❡♠✐♥❞❡rs✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ✇❛s✿

✏❚r② ♠❛❦❡ ②♦✉rs❡❧❢ ❧♦✈❡❞ s♦♦♥❡r t❤❛♥ ❢❡❛r❡❞ ❬❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②❪✳✶✻✷ ✏❇② tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♥❣ ✏ ♣r✐♠❛

❞✐✑ ❛s ✏s♦♦♥❡r✑ ■ r❡s♣❡❝t t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ✏ ❞✐ ♣♦✐✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❡❛♥s ✏s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✑ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✻✷

♣✉t ❛ ❝❤r♦♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✏❜❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❜❡✐♥❣ ❢❡❛r❡❞✑✳ ❇♦t❤ ❛r❡ ✇♦rt❤ ❜❡✐♥❣

❛✐♠❡❞ ❛t✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ✏t♦ ❢❡❛r✑ ♠❡❛♥s ❛❝q✉✐r✐♥❣ r❡❣❛r❞✱ r❡s♣❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✳

❚❤❡ ❝❤r♦♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✏♠❛❦❡ ②♦✉rs❡❧❢ ❧♦✈❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ ✏♠❛❦❡ ②♦✉rs❡❧❢ ❢❡❛r❡❞✑ ❛♣✲

♣❡❛rs t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❝❛✉s❡❞ s♦♠❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s t♦ ❤✐s ❛ss✐st❛♥ts t❤♦✉❣❤✳ ❚❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r r❡♣♦rt

♦❢ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✽✼✷ ❜❡❛rs ✇✐t♥❡ss t♦ t❤✐s✳ ❚❤❡② ❡①♣r❡ss t❤❡✐r ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥

✐♥ t❤✐s ✇❛②✿ ✏❆❧❧ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛✐♠ ❛t ♠❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❜♦t❤ ❧♦✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❛r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✑

✏❋❡❛r❡❞✑ ❝❧❡❛r❧② ♠❡❛♥s ✏r❡❣❛r❞❡❞✑ ♦r ✏r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞✑✳ ✏❚❤✐s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡❛s✐❧② ❞♦♥❡✱✑ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt❡r

❛❞❞❡❞ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧②✳ ❍❡ ❜❛❝❦❡❞ t❤❛t ✉♣ ❛♥❞ t❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ✐t ✐s r✐❣❤t ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣❡r t♦ q✉♦t❡ t❤❡

r❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt✿ ✏❲❤❡♥ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs s❡❡ ❛♥ ❛ss✐st❛♥t ❣❡♥✉✐♥❡❧② ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡✐r

✇❡❧❢❛r❡✱ t❤❡② ❝❛♥♥♦t ❤❡❧♣ ❜✉t ❧♦✈❡ ❤✐♠✳ ❙♦ ❛❧s♦✱ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② s❡❡ ❤❡ ❦❡❡♣s ❛ t✐❣❤t r❡✐♥

♦♥ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❝❛❧❧s t❤❡♠ t♦ t❛s❦ ✐❢ t❤❡② ❦✐❝❦ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ tr❛❝❡s✱ t❤❡② ❝❛♥♥♦t ❤❡❧♣ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣ ❛

❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❢❡❛r ♦❢ ❤✐♠✱ ❛ r❡✈❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢❡❛r ❬✏ ✉♥ t✐♠♦r❡ r✐✈❡r❡♥③✐❛❧❡✑ ❪ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡

❢♦r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳ ❖♥❡ t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♠✉st ✈❡r② ❝❛r❡❢✉❧❧② ❛✈♦✐❞ ✐s ❧♦✇❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s

t♦♦ ♠✉❝❤ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❧❡✈❡❧ ✐♥ s♣❡❡❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ ❣❛♠❡s✳ ❚❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞

❥♦✐♥ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✱ ❜✉t ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❦❡❡♣ t❤❡✐r ♣❧❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ s❤♦✇ ❜② t❤❡✐r

❞❡♠❡❛♥♦✉r t❤❛t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳ ❚❤✐s ✈❡r② r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ♠❛❞❡ ❧❛st ②❡❛r ❜✉t

✶✻✵▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✷✵✲✸✷✶❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✶✳ ❈✉rs✐✈❡ ❧❡tt❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡①t ♦❢ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡✳ ❈❢✳ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡

✶✼✽✳ ■t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ❙❛✐♥t ❏♦❤♥ ❤❛❞ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ r✉♥s ❛s

❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏▲♦✈❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇ ❢❡❛r✳ P❡r❢❡❝t ❧♦✈❡ ❞r✐✈❡s ♦✉t ❢❡❛r✳✑ ■t ✇❛s ❛♥ ✐❞❡❛ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞

❙t ❆✉❣✉st✐♥❡✿ ✏P❡r❢❡❝t❛ ❞✐❧❡❝t✐♦ ❢♦r❛s ♠✐tt✐t t✐♠♦rt❡♠✳✑ ✭▼■●◆❊✱ ❏✳✲P✳✱ ❆✉❣✉st✐♥✐ ♦♣❡r❛ ♦♠♥✐❛✱ ✈♦❧✳

■✱ P❛r✐s✱ ✶✽✼✼✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✺✵✳✮

✶✻✶❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣❡r ✐ ❣✐♦✈❛♥✐✿ ✏❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦ ✉♥❛ ✏❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❣❧✐ ❖r❛t♦r✐✑ ✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ ▲❆❙✱

✶✾✽✽✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✸✲✻✹✳ ■❉✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✸✽✲✶✸✾✳ ❱❛r✐❛♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♣✐❡s

❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡ ❤♦✇ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♣②✐sts ❣r❛♣♣❧❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ r❡♥❞❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❤✐s ✐❞❡❛✳

✶✻✷▼❖❚❚❖✱ ❋r✳✱ ■ ✏❘✐❝♦r❞✐ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥③✐❛❧✐✳✳✳✑ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✻✴✷✸✳ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✼✳

✶✶✵

12 Pages 111-120

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12.1 Page 111

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✐t ❜❡❛rs r❡♣❡❛t✐♥❣✳✑ ✶✻✸

❚❤❡✐r ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ✐t ❛r❡ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❤❛❞ ❤❛r❞❧② r❡t✉r♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❱❛r❛③③❡ t♦ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ♦♥ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✺✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞

❜❡❡♥ ✈❡r② ✐❧❧ ✐♥ ❱❛r❛③③❡ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❢✉❧❧ r❡❝♦✈❡r② ✇♦✉❧❞ t❛❦❡ q✉✐t❡ s♦♠❡ t✐♠❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t✐♠❡

t❤❡② ♠❡t ✉♥❞❡r ❋r ❘✉❛✬s ❧❡❛❞❡rs❤✐♣✳✶✻✹ ❚❤❡✐r r❡✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✏♠♦tt♦✑ ✐s ❛❧❧ t❤❡

♠♦r❡ r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❛t r❡❛s♦♥✳ ❚❤❡② ❦❡♣t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❝♦♥tr❛st✐♥❣ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s✱

❜✉t ♥♦t ❤✐s ✇❛② t♦ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t ❜♦t❤ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡✐r ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❧❡❢t ♥♦

❞♦✉❜t ❛s t♦ ✇❤❛t t❤❡② ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ❜② ✏❢❡❛r✑✳ ■t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ✏❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❢❡❛r✑✱ ✐✳❡✳ r❡❣❛r❞

♦r r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐st✐♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ s♦rt ♦❢ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✱ ♥♦ ♠❛tt❡r ❤♦✇ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ✐t

❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳ ■t r❡♠❛✐♥s ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡② ❣♦t t❤❡ t❡r♠ ✏ t✐♠♦r❡ r✐✈❡r❡♥③✐❛❧❡✑

❢r♦♠✳ ❚♦ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥ t❤❛t ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ r❡❣❛r❞ ✐t s❡❡♠❡❞ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ t❤❡♠ t❤❛t ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ✭❛♥❞

t❡❛❝❤❡rs✮ ❛✈♦✐❞ ✏❧♦✇❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❧❡✈❡❧✳✑ ❚❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ✏t❛❦✐♥❣ ♣❛rt

✐♥ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣✑ ✐♥ ✐ts t✉r♥ r❡✢❡❝ts ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s♣✐r✐t✳

❚❤❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡✐t② ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡❞ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠♦♥t❤s ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✐♥ ❆✉❣✉st ✶✽✼✶✳

■t ✇❛s ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ t❤❡♥ t♦ st✐♠✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❵❛rt✐s❛♥s✬ ✏t♦ st❛♥❞ ✉♥✐t❡❞ t♦ ❛✐♠ ❛t

♦♥❡ ❣♦❛❧✱ ✐✳❡✳ t♦ ❧♦✈❡ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ t♦ ❝♦✉♥s❡❧ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✇❡❧❧ t♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ t❤❡♠ t♦ ❣❛✐♥ t❤❡

❜♦②s✬ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭❛♠♦r❡✮ ❛♥❞ ❡st❡❡♠ ✭st✐♠❛✮✳✑ ✶✻✺ ❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏ st✐♠❛✑

❝❛♥ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ t❤❡② ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ✏ t✐♠♦r❡✑

✭❢❡❛r✮ ❛♥❞ ✏ t❡♠❡r❡✑ ✭t♦ ❢❡❛r✮ ♦♥ t❤❛t ❞❛②✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏r❡✈❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢❡❛r✑ ♦❢ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✽✼✷

✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r✳ ❇② ✐ts ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s t❤❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✶ ❧✐♥❦❡❞

♠♦r❡ ❝❧♦s❡❧② ✇✐t❤ ❚❡♣♣❛✬s ✇♦r❞✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ❤✐s ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ✇♦r❦ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ st❛t❡❞ t❤❛t ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs

✏❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥② ♠♦r❛❧ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② ✐❢ t❤❡② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❞❡s❡r✈❡ ✐t✳✑ ❚♦ ♣✉t ✐t ♠♦r❡ ❝❧❡❛r❧②✿

✏❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❞❡s❡r✈❡ ✐t ❜② ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ r❡❣❛r❞❡❞✱ r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡❞✳✑ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡

t❤r❡❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❤❡r❡ ❜✉t ♥♦ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❡❛r ✇❤❛ts♦❡✈❡r✳ ❚❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ♥♦t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❝❧♦s❡❧②

❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧ t❤r❡❡ ❛r❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ■t str✐❦❡s ♦♥❡ t❤❛t ✏r❡❣❛r❞❡❞

❛♥❞ r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞✑ ❝♦♠❡ ✜rst✳ ❚❤❛t ❛✉t❤♦r ❛❧s♦ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝✐s❡ ❢♦r♠✿ ✏❲❤❡♥ ❛ t❡❛❝❤❡r ✐s

r❡❛❧❧② ❧♦✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ r❡❣❛r❞❡❞ ❜② ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧✳✑ ✶✻✻

✶✻✸P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✻✸✲✷✻✹✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✷✹ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✻✲✸✶✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✾✳ ❆♥❞ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✶✽✻✻✲✶✽✼✻ ❞♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❡tr♦✉✇✲

❜❛r❡ ✇❡❣✇✐❥③❡r✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✷✲✹✸✳ ❚❤❡② ❞✐❞ ♠❡❛♥ ✏❧♦✈❡✑ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ✏r❡s♣❡❝t✱ r❡s♣❡❝t❢✉❧ ❡st❡❡♠✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s

♣r♦✈❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠♦♥t❤s ❜❡❢♦r❡✳ ❚❤❡♥ t❤❡② ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ✏❧♦✈❡✑ ❬❛♠♦r❡❪ ❛♥❞ r❡s♣❡❝t ♦r

❡st❡❡♠ ❬st✐♠❛❪✳ ❈❢✳ P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✷✴✹✹✳ ❚❤❡ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡✐t② ✐s ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ ❛

♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ ❇r♦t❤❡r ❆❣❛t❤♦♥ ✭✶✽✸✺✮✳ P✳ ❇r❛✐❞♦ t✇✐❝❡ q✉♦t❡s ❢r♦♠ ❤✐s ✇♦r❦✳ ❆ ✜rst q✉♦t❡ ✐s✿

✏❍❡ ❬t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r❪ ✇❛♥ts t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ r❡❣❛r❞❡❞ ❛♥❞ r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞✳✑ ❆ s❡❝♦♥❞ q✉♦t❡✿ ✏❚❤✐s ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②

✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞ ❜② ❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss ✇✐t❤ ✈✐❣♦✉r ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡ ❬❛♠♦r❡❪ ✇✐t❤ ❢❡❛r ❬t✐♠♦r❡❪✑ ✐♥✿ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱

P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✶✻✲✶✶✼✳

✶✻✹▼❇ ❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✵✼✲✸✶✵✱ ✸✶✺✲✸✶✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ✶✺✷✲✶✺✺✱ ✶✺✽✲✶✺✾✳

✶✻✺P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✷✴✹✸✲✹✺✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✶✽✻✻✲✶✽✼✻ ❞♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❡tr♦✉✇❜❛r❡

✇❡❣✇✐❥③❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✳ ■♥ ✶✽✻✸ ❇r♦t❤❡r ❚❤é♦❣❡r ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏ ✐♥s♣✐r❛r ❧♦r♦ r✐✈❡r❡♥t❡ t✐♠♦r❡✑✳ ❈❢✳ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱

P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✽✳

✶✻✻❚❊PP❆✱ ❆✳▼✳✱ ❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✻ ✭✐♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥✿ ✏ ❝♦❧ ❢❛rs✐ st✐♠❛r❡✱ r✐s♣❡tt❛r❡ ❡❞ ❛♠❛r❡✑✮ ❛♥❞ ♣✳

✹✸✳ ■t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦♦ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❦♥❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❈❤❛r❧❡s ❘♦❧❧✐♥ ❜♦♦❦✿ ✏❉❡❧❧❛ ♠❛♥✐❡r❛

❞✬✐♥s❡❣♥❛r❡ ❡ st✉❞✐❛r❡ ❧❡ ❜❡❧❧❡ ❧❡tt❡r❡✑ ❢r♦♠ ✶✽✷✽✳ ❚♦ ❤✐♠ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r ♣r✐♠❛r✐❧② ❝♦♥s✐st❡❞

✐♥ ✏♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❡st❡❡♠❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡❞ ✭♥❡❧ ❢❛rs✐ st✐♠❛r❡ ❡❞ ❛♠❛r❡✮✱ ✇✐♥♥✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r tr✉st✱✑ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱

P✳✱ ❇r❡✈❡ st♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧ ✏❙✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✑ ✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ ▲❆❙✱ ✶✾✾✸✱ ♣✳ ✺✼✮✳ ❚❤❡r❡ t♦♦ ❜♦t❤ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛♥❞

t❡r♠s ❛r❡ ❥✉①t❛♣♦s❡❞✳ ■♥ ❈✳ ❘♦❧❧✐♥ ✇❡ r❡❛❞ t♦♦✿ ✏❙♦ ❛ ❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡ ♠✐①t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss ❛♥❞ str✐❝t♥❡ss✱

♦❢ ❧♦✈❡ ✭❛♠♦r❡✮ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❛r ✭t✐♠♦r❡✮✳✑ ✏❙✉❝❤ ❛ t②♣❡ ♦❢ t❡❛❝❤❡r ✇✐❧❧ ❦♥♦✇ ❤♦✇ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❜♦t❤ ❢❡❛r❡❞

✭t❡♠❡r❡✮ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡❞ ✭❛♠❛r❡✮✑ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❇r❡✈❡ st♦r✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✺✻✮✳ ❙♦ ✇❡ ✜♥❞ ❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥

♦❢ ❢❡❛r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈✐♥❣✳ ❋❡❛r ❝♦♠❡s ✜rst t❤♦✉❣❤✱ ❜✉t ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡✐t② ✐s s✉❣❣❡st❡❞✳ ■♥

✶✶✶

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❉❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ st❛rt❡❞ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬ ❖r❛t♦r✐♦

▼❡♠♦✐rs ♦r ❤✐s

✐♥ ✶✽✼✸✳ ❇❡t✇❡❡♥ ✶✽✼✸ ❛♥❞ ✶✽✼✺ ❤❡ r❡❝❛❧❧s ❤✐s s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧ ❞❛②s✳

❍❡ r❡♠❡♠❜❡r❡❞ ❤✐s t❡❛❝❤❡r ❇❛♥❛✉❞✐ ✇✐t❤ ❣r❡❛t ❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥✳ ■t ✐s ❝❧❡❛r

❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥✿ ✏❲✐t❤♦✉t ❡✈❡r ❤❛✈✐♥❣ r❡❝♦✉rs❡ t♦ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t✱ ❤❡ s✉❝❝❡❡❞❡❞ ✐♥

♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s ❢❡❛r ❬r❡s♣❡❝t❪ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡ ❤✐♠✳ ❍❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❡♠ ❛❧❧ ❛s ✐❢ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❤✐s ♦✇♥

s♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❧♦✈❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❛s ❛ t❡♥❞❡r ❢❛t❤❡r✳✑ ✶✻✼ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❦❡♣t t❤❡ ♣❛✐r ♦❢ ♥♦t✐♦♥s✱ ❜✉t

s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣❧② ♣✉t ✏t♦ ❜❡ ❢❡❛r❡❞✑ ✐♥ ❢r♦♥t ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r ❤❡ t❤❡♥ s❤❛r❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥

♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ str✐✈❡ ❛❢t❡r ❜♦t❤ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✳ ■t ✐s ♥♦t r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t t♦ ♣♦✐♥t

❛t t❤❡ ♠❛♥♥❡r ♦❢ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ✏❛s ❛ ❞❡❛r ❢❛t❤❡r✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❡❡♠s t♦ s✉❣❣❡st ❤❡ ✇❛s t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢

❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✳

❋♦r ❛ ♥❡✇ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❈♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❘❡♠✐♥❞❡rs t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ▼❛r❝❤

✶✽✼✻✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡t✉r♥❡❞ t♦ ❤✐s ❢♦r♠❡r s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛✐r ♦❢ ♥♦t✐♦♥s✱ ❜✉t ❛t t❤❡

s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❤❡ r❡✲✇r♦t❡ t❤❡ ♠♦tt♦✳ ❍❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ✐t t❤✐s ✇❛②✿ ✏❙tr✐✈❡ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ②♦✉rs❡❧❢

❧♦✈❡❞ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ✇❛♥t t♦ ❜❡ ❢❡❛r❡❞✳✑ ✶✻✽ ❚❤❡ r❡❛❞❡r ❢❡❡❧s ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s ❜② ✏❢❡❛r✑✿ ✏■❢ ②♦✉ ✇❛♥t

t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✱ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ✇❛♥t t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ❥✉st✐✜❡❞ ❛✇❡ ♦r

r❡❣❛r❞ ❢♦r ②♦✉✳✑ ❙♦ ❤❡ r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ❢❛✐t❤❢✉❧ t♦ ❤✐s ✉s❡ ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢

❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❛r✐♥❣✳ ❇❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② ♦r ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ✉♣ ❛t

s♦♠❡♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛✇❡✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ❤♦✇ ❤❡ s❤♦✇❡❞ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✬ ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✬

❞❡s✐r❡ ♦❢ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② ❛♥❞ r❡s♣❡❝t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ❤❡

❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡❞ ❤✐s ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✐t ❝♦♠❡s ❞♦✇♥ t♦ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧✐❦❡❞ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡

r❡st ❬❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✱ ❛✇❡✱ r❡s♣❡❝t❪ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧②✳ ❇✉t ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❞♦ ♥♦t s✉❝❝❡❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣

t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❧♦✈❡ ②♦✉✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ✐s ✐♥❡✈✐t❛❜❧❡✿ t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❢r❛✐❞ ♦❢ ②♦✉✱ ❢❡❛r ②♦✉

r❡❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ ❛✈♦✐❞ ②♦✉✳

❚❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❛s♣❡❝ts ✇❛s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✼ ✐♥ ❛♥ ♦✣✲

❝✐❛❧ ✇❛② t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡♥ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆rt✐❝❧❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡

Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❨♦✉♥❣✳

■♥ ❛ ✜rst ❞r❛❢t ♦❢ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆rt✐❝❧❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡t✉r♥❡❞ t♦ ❤✐s s✐①t✐❡s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥

❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❛rt✐❝❧❡✿ ✏❊✈❡r②♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧✇❛②s r❡♠❡♠❜❡r✿ t♦

♠❛❦❡ ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ ❢❡❛r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠❛❦❡ ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ ❧♦✈❡❞ ✜rst✳✑ ✏❋❡❛r✑ ❤❛s ♥♦

♣❡❥♦r❛t✐✈❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❛t ❛❧❧✳ ■t ✐s ❛♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ✐ts ♣❧❛❝❡ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱

❛❝q✉✐r✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ✏❛✉t❤♦r✐t② ❛♥❞ r❡❣❛r❞✑ ✐s ♦♥❧② ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛❝q✉✐r✐♥❣ t❤❡

❜♦②s✬ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✜rst✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ❤❛s ♥♦t ❧❛st❡❞ ❧♦♥❣✳ ■t ❞✐❞ ♥♦t s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r②✳

■♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♠❡ ❛❜♦✉t ♥♦t ♠✉❝❤ ❧❛t❡r✱ t❤❡ ❝❧❡❛r❧②

❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s r❡st♦r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❛rt✐❝❧❡✿ ✏❊✈❡r②♦♥❡ ❤❛s t♦ ♠❛❦❡

❆ s✉r❡ ❤❡ ✐s ❧♦✈❡❞ ✐❢ ❤❡ ✇❛♥ts t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❢❡❛r❡❞✳✑

❢✉rt❤❡r ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞✿

✏❍❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ t❤✐s ❤✐❣❤ ❣♦❛❧ ✐❢ ❤❡ s❤♦✇s ✐♥ ✇♦r❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❤✐s ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥

❤✐s ❧❡ss♦♥s ♦❢ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣② ●✳ ❇❛r❜❡r✐s ✇✐❧❧ st✐❧❧ ❬♦r ❛❣❛✐♥❄❪ ♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡✐t② ❛♥❞ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥❝❡ t♦

t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥✐♥❡t✐❡s✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥t ✇✐❧❧ ✇❛❧❦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞❞❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r♦❛❞ s♦ ❛s t♦ ❜❡

❧♦✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❛r❡❞ ❬tr❡❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛✇❡❪✑ ✭❇❆❘❇❊❘■❙✱ ●✳✱ ❆♣♣✉♥t✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✷✮✳ P❡r❤❛♣s ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦

t❛❦❡ t❤❡✐r ②♦✉♥❣ ❛❣❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✳

✶✻✼❖♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♠❡r❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✱ s❡❡ ❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬ ❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✽✲✶✾

❛♥❞ ✻✳ ◗✉♦t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✼✶✴✾✵✼✲✾✵✾✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✻✶✳

✶✻✽▼❖❚❚❖✱ ❋r✳✱ ■ ✏❘✐❝♦r❞✐ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥③✐❛❧✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✑✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✶✴✈❛r✐❛♥ts ♦♥ ❧✐♥❡ ✶✸✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜② ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t❀ ♣♣✳ ✶✸✹✲✶✸✺❀ ✶✹✵✲✶✹✶❀ ✶✹✹✳ ❈❢✳ ❋❞❇ ✶✳✸✻✷ ❊✳ ❆❧s♦ ▼❇ ❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✹✵✲✶✵✹✶❀

❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✹✻✲✹✹✼✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✳

✶✶✷

12.3 Page 113

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✐s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❜❡♥❡✜t ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s✳✑ ✶✻✾ ❋r♦♠ t❤✐s

♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣❡❛rs ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ❤♦✇ ❜✐❣ ❛♥❞ str♦♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✇❛s ✐♥ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ✈✐❡✇ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❧♦✈❡✳

❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤✐s s❛♠❡ ♠♦♥t❤ ♦❢ ❆♣r✐❧ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛

❧✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✳ ■♥ ✐t ❤❡ r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ❢❛✐t❤❢✉❧ t♦ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥

♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ r✉❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❡r② ❝♦♥❝✐s❡ ❧❛st ❝❤❛♣t❡r

✳ ❍❡

✇r♦t❡ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❆♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r s❤♦✉❧❞ s❡❡❦ t♦ ✇✐♥ t❤❡ ❧♦✈❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s ✐❢ ❤❡ ✇✐s❤❡s t♦

✐♥s♣✐r❡ ❢❡❛r ✐♥ t❤❡♠✳✑ ✶✼✵ ❚❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ❤❛s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❧② t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏r❡s♣❡❝t ❤✐♠✑✱ ✏❣r❛♥t

❤✐♠ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✳✑

❚❤❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♥❣ t❤✐♥❣s ❜② ❵✐❢ ✬ ♦r ❵✇❤❡♥✬ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ q✉✐t❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❢♦r ❉♦♥

▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛t t❤❛t t✐♠❡ ❛s ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ✏❚❤❡ ❙t♦r② ♦❢ ❛ ❈❧❡r✐❝ ✐♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❳■■■ ♦❢ t❤❡

❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ tr❛✐♥❡❡✱ ❇❡r♥❛r❞♦ ❱❛❝❝❤✐♥❛✱ t❤❡ t❛s❦ ♦❢ s❝❤♦♦❧

t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✳ ❖♥❡ ❞❛② ❤❡ ❛s❦❡❞ ❤✐♠ ✐❢ ❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡❞ t♦ ❦❡❡♣ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ssr♦♦♠✳ ✏◆♦t

❛❧✇❛②s✱✑ ❱❛❝❝❤✐♥❛ ❛♥s✇❡r❡❞✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❣❛✈❡ ❤✐♠ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ✐♥ ♣❧❛✐♥ ❛♥❞

✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✿ ✏▲✐st❡♥ ✇❡❧❧✳ ■❢ ②♦✉ ✇❛♥t t♦ ❜❡ ♦❜❡②❡❞ ❛♥❞ r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞✱ ♠❛❦❡ ②♦✉rs❡❧❢

❧♦✈❡❞✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ t❛❦❡♥ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ✇❛②✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s✐♥❣ ✏t♦ ❜❡ ♦❜❡②❡❞

❛♥❞ r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞✑ ❝❧❛r✐✜❡s ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧ ✇❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠❡❛♥s ❜② t❤❡ ♥♦t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏❢❡❛r✑ ✐♥ t❤❡

♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ s❡♥s❡✳ ■t ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❛t r❡s♣❡❝t ✐s ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ ❜❡✐♥❣ ♦❜❡②❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❍❡

❛❞❞❡❞ ❛♥ ❡①tr❛ ❤✐♥t ❛t ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ ❧♦✈❡❞✱ ❛❧❜❡✐t t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ♣r♦❤✐❜✐t✐♦♥✿ ✏❇✉t✱ ♠✐♥❞

②♦✉✱ ♥♦ ❝❛r❡ss✐♥❣✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② t❤❡✐r ❢❛❝❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ♥♦ ❤♦❧❞✐♥❣ ❤❛♥❞s✳✑ ✶✼✶ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ♥♦

♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♥❣ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ r❡❢✉s❡❞ t♦ ❛❝❝❡♣t s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t❛❧✐t②✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♥♦t ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ❝♦♣✐❡❞ ❤✐s ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈❡ ♥❡✇ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❥✉st ❧✐❦❡ t❤❛t✳ ❚❤❡

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ P✳ ●✉✐❞❛③✐♦ r❡♣♦rt❡❞ ♦♥ ❤✐s ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❛s ❛ t❡❛❝❤❡r ✐♥ ▼♦♥t❡✜❛s❝♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✾✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛s❦❡❞ t♦ t❛❦❡ ♦✈❡r ❛♥ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ t❤❡r❡✳

●✉✐❞❛③✐♦ ❛s t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ✜♥❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t❤❡r❡ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡❛s② s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✳ ❙t✐❧❧✱ ❤❡

✇❛s ♣❧❡❛s❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ s✉❝❝❡ss✿ ✏◆♦♥❡t❤❡❧❡ss ■ ♠❛❦❡ ❢✉♥ ❛♥❞ ❧❛✉❣❤t❡r ✐♥ ❝❧❛ss ❛♥❞

❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♠❛♥② ♦t❤❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ ❜♦②s ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ r❡s♣❡❝t ♠❡✳✑ ✶✼✷ ❍❡ t♦♦ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞

t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏❧♦✈❡✑ ❛♥❞ ✏r❡s♣❡❝t✑✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② t♦ t❤❡

r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❚❡♣♣❛ ❛♥❞ ●✉✐❞❛③✐♦✬s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❱❛❝❝❤✐♥❛ ❞✐❞

♥♦t ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞ ❢❛✐t❤❢✉❧ t♦ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❵❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥✬ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ♦r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐t t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥

♦❢ ❤✐s ✐♥s✐❣❤t✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t❡❞ ❤✐s ♥❛♠❡✲❞❛② ♦♥ ✷✾ ❏✉❧② ✶✽✽✵✱ ❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ❛ ❣r♦✉♣

♦❢ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❞✐♦❝❡s❛♥ ♣r✐❡sts✳ ❍❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡♠ t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ❤✐♠ ✐♥

②♦✉t❤ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ✜❡❧❞✳ ✏❈♦♠❡ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛✐❞ t♦ ❛tt❛✐♥

✶✻✾❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✽✽✴✸✲✹ ❛♥❞ ✷✽✾✴✼✲✶✵✳ ■♥ ✶✾✹✶ ❊✳ ❈❡r✐❛ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t❤✐s

❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥✿ ❈❊❘■❆✱ ❊✳✱ ❆♥♥❛❧✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ s♦❝✐❡tà s❛❧❡s✐❛♥❛ ❞❛❧❧❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥✐ ❛❧❧❛ ♠♦rt❡ ❞✐ ❙✳ ❉✳ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐

❇♦s❝♦ ✭✶✽✹✶✲✶✽✽✽✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱ ❙❊■✱ ✶✾✹✶✱ ♣✳ ✻✻✺✳

✶✼✵❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✾✶✴✺✸✷✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✷✳

✶✼✶▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✷✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✸✾✲✻✹✵✳ ■♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✐t r❡❛❞s ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏ ❱❡❞✐✱ s❡ ✈✉♦✐ ❡ss❡r❡ ♦❜❜❡❞✐t♦✱

❢❛tt✐ ✈♦❧❡r ❜❡♥❡✳✑ ❍❡ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ②♦✉ t♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❤✐♠✳ ❍❡ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ♣❤r❛s❡

✏ ✈♦❧❡r ❜❡♥❡✑✱ ♥♦t t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✏ ❛♠❛r❡✑✳ ❆♥❞ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥♦t s♦ ✉♥❛♠❜✐❣✉♦✉s ✏ t❡♠❡r❡✑ ❤❡ ✉s❡s

t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ✏ r✐s♣❡tt❛r❡✑✳ ❈❢✳ t❤❡ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇r♦t❤❡r ❆❣❛t❤♦♥ ✐♥ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✹✽✳

✶✼✷▲❡tt❡r ✐♥ ▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✾✽✵✳ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♥♦ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❧❡tt❡r✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s

s❡❡ ▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✾✷✱ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✸✷✲✺✸✹✳

✶✶✸

12.4 Page 114

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❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ r❡❛❞✐❧② ❛♥❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡r s❝❛❧❡ ♦✉r ♥♦❜❧❡ ❣♦❛❧s ✕ t❤❡ ✇❡❧❢❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤✉r❝❤

❬t❤❡ s♣r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ ♦❢ r❡❧✐❣✐♦♥❪ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ ❝✐✈✐❧ s♦❝✐❡t② ✕ ❜② ❝❛r✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❬❜②

❡❞✉❝❛t✐♥❣❪ ❞❡st✐t✉t❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ✳ ✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s✉❝❝❡❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✑✱ s♦ ❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss❡❞

♦♥ t❤❡s❡ ♣❛r✐s❤ ♣r✐❡sts✱ ✏t❛❦❡ ❣r❡❛t ♣❛✐♥s t♦ ❜❡ ❦✐♥❞ t♦ t❤❡♠❀ ✇✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❧♦✈❡✱ ♥♦t t❤❡✐r

❢❡❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ■♥ ❛ ✇♦r❞✱ ❛❝t ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② t❤❛t ♦♥❝❡ t❤❡② s♣♦t ②♦✉✱ t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ r✉♥ ♦✈❡r t♦ ②♦✉

r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❞❛s❤ ♦✛✱ ❛s s♦ ♦❢t❡♥ ❤❛♣♣❡♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❥✉st✐✜❛❜❧② s♦ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② ❢❡❛r ❛ ❜❡❛t✐♥❣✳✑

✶✼✸ ❚❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r t❤♦✉❣❤t ❡①♣r❡ss❡s ✇❡❧❧ ❤♦✇ t❤❡② ❤❛❞ t♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t ✏❢❡❛r✑✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛s ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❢r❛✐❞

♦❢✱ ♥♦t ❧✐❦✐♥❣ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤✱ ❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣✱ ✏r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛t ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✳✑ ■t ❛❧s♦ s❤❡❞s ❛ ❧✐❣❤t ♦♥ t❤❡

♣❤r❛s❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹✿ ✏❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❢❡❛r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✳✑ ❆❞❞r❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛st

♣✉♣✐❧s✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠❛❞❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛ str♦♥❣ ❝♦♥tr❛st ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡❝❛❧❧s ♠❡♠♦r✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ str✐❦✐♥❣

❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ✐♥ ✶✽✺✾✳

❚❤❡ ❯s❡ ♦❢ P✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞r❛❢t ♦♥

✭❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✸✮ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ✇❛s ❢♦r♠✉✲

❧❛t❡❞ ❜② ❋r ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ✐♥ ②❡t ❛♥♦t❤❡r ✇❛② ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤✿ ✏❛♥❞

❧❡t ✉s ❡♥❞❡❛✈♦✉r t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s ❧♦✈❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ❬r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥❪ ❢❡❛r❡❞✳✑ ✶✼✹ ❋❡❛r ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡

✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ❛s ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ✉s ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛✇❡s♦♠❡✱ ❤✐❣❤❧② r❡s♣❡❝t❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ✇❛②✳ ❚❤❡r❡

✐s ✐♥ t❤❛t ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡ ♥♦ ♠♦r❡ t❛❧❦ ♦❢ ❝❤r♦♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♥♦r ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐st✐♥❝t✐♦♥ ♥♦✇ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❞❡❣r❡❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡

❡✛♦rts ❜② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛ t❡❛❝❤❡r tr✐❡s t♦ ❜❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❜② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡

tr✐❡s t♦ ❜❡ r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✇✐♥ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✳ ▲♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ♣r❡✈❛✐❧ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥✳

❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ✐s s♦ st✉♥♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ tr❛❣✐❝ ✐♥ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✽✽✸✳ ❚❤❡ ❜♦②s

❢❡❛r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ t❤❡② ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡♠✳ ✏❚❤❡ ❜♦②s✑ ✕ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ ✈❡r② ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ❛♥❞

✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② s❤❛❞❡ ♦❢ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ✕ ❛r❡ ❛❢r❛✐❞❀ t❤❡② ❛✈♦✐❞ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✱ ❧✐t❡r❛❧❧②

✏✉s✑✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛❧s♦ s❛✐❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✇❛② ✇✐t❤♦✉t ♥✉❛♥❝❡✳ ■t ✐s ❛ ❣r❡❛t ♣✐t② t♦♦ t❤❡② ❝❛♥♥♦t

✜♥❞ ♦✉t ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ❧✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ❤❛✉♥t✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳

❙✉r❡✱ ❤❡ st❛②❡❞ ✐♥ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❛t t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣✳ ❍❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡❞ t❤♦✉❣❤

✐♥ ♦♥❡ ✇❛② ♦r ❛♥♦t❤❡r✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥❢❡rr❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♠❡♥✐❝♦ ❈❛♥❡♣❛✬s ❛♥s✇❡r t♦ ❛♥ ❡♥q✉✐r②

✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❧❛t❡r✱ ✐♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✽✹✳ ❈❛♥❡♣❛ ✇❛s ❛ ❝❛t❡❝❤✐st ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

♣✉♣✐❧s ❛t t❤❛t t✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❧✐❢❡✳ ❍❡ st❛rt❡❞ ❤✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✽ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏■t ✇❛s

♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❧❛st ②❡❛r t♦ ❡①❛♠✐♥❡ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✇❤② t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❝❧❛ss❡s ❤❛❞ ♥♦

tr✉st ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ♥♦ tr✉st✳ ❲❤❛t ■ ❛♥s✇❡r❡❞ t❤❡♥✱ ■✬❧❧ ❛♥s✇❡r ♥♦✇✳✑ ✶✼✺ ■t s❤♦✇s

t❤❛t t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❜❡✐♥❣ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r✱ ❛♥❞ s❡❡❦✐♥❣ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣✐❡❞

✶✼✸▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✺✶✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ✹✵✷✲✹✵✸✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ●✳ ❇♦♥❡tt✐✬s ♥♦t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✵ ✐ss✉❡

♦❢ t❤❡ ❇♦❧❧❡tt✐♥♦ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦✱ ②❡❛r ■❱✱ ♥♦✳ ✶✱ ✶✽✽✵✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✳ ✭❆❧s♦ ▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✺✶✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳

✹✵✵✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✾✳✮

✶✼✹❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✸✷✾✴✾✼✳ ❈❢✳ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✵✳ ■♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥✿ ✑ ❊ ❝❡r❝❤✐❛♠♦

♣r✐♠❛ ❞✐ ❢❛r❝✐ ❛♠❛r❡ ❝❤❡ t❡♠❡r❡✳✑ ▲✐t❡r❛❧❧②✿ ✏❆♥❞ ❧❡t ✉s ♠❛❦❡ ❛♥ ❡✛♦rt t♦ ❜❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ t♦

❜❡ ❢❡❛r❡❞✑ ❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏ ♣r✐♠❛ ❞✐✳✳✳ ❝❤❡✑ ♠❡❛♥s ✏r❛t❤❡r✑ ♦r ✏♣r❡❢❡r❛❜❧②✑✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✐s ✈❡r② s✐♠✐❧❛r

✇✐t❤ ❈✳ ❘♦❧❧✐♥✬s ♦♥❡✱ ❛ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ❛✉t❤♦r ✇❤♦ ✇❛s q✉✐t❡ ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❆✳ ▼♦♥❢❛t ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ■t

r✉♥s ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❇❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ ✐t ❜❡✐♥❣ ♣r❛❝t✐s❡❞ ❜② ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❤♦ ♣♦ss❡ss t❤❡ r❛r❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢

♠❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❢❡❛r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✳✑ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❇r❡✈❡ st♦r✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✺✻✳✮ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛

♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❣r❛❞❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❛t ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❇❡♥❡❞✐❝t✐♥❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥✿ ✏❡t st✉❞❡❛t ♣❧✉s ❛♠❛r✐ q✉❛♠

t❡♠❡r✐✑ ❬❛♥❞ ❤❡ ✲ t❤❡ ❛❜❜♦t ✕ ✇✐❧❧ ❛✐♠ ♠♦r❡ ❛t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❛♥ ❢❡❛r❡❞❪✳✑ ✭❘✉❧❡✱ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ▲❳■❱✱ ♣✳

✶✺✮✳ ❈❢✳ ❙t ❆✉❣✉st✐♥❡✱ Pr❛❡❝❡♣t❛ ✭❘✉❧❡ ♦❢ ❙❛✐♥t ❆✉❣✉st✐♥❡✮✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✱ ✶✸✳ ❆❣❛t❤♦♥✱ ❇r♦t❤❡r ♦❢ t❤❡

❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ s❝❤♦♦❧s✱ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ✐t ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❋❛r ❢r♦♠ r❡s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② t♦ ❜❡ ❢❡❛r❡❞ ❬r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞❪✱ ❤✐s ♠❛✐♥

♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐s t♦ ✇✐♥ tr✉st✳✑ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✻✳✮

✶✼✺P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏▼✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✷✴✺✲✻✳

✶✶✹

12.5 Page 115

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t❤❡ ♠✐♥❞s ❛♥❞ ✇❛s ❛ t♦♣✐❝ ♦❢ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳

■♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ❛♥❞ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹ ❛♥②✇❛② ✐t ✇❛s ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♠✐♥❞ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ❛s

✇❡❧❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ t♦ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ✐♥ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r t♦ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛s s❡❝r❡t❛r② t♦

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦❧❞ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡

❆ ❬♠❛♥s✉❝r✐♣t ❪✱ ❣✐✈❡s ❛✇❛② ❤✐s ✇♦rr②✿ ✏❚❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛r❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢ ❛s s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✴✳ ✳ ✳ ✴

❆ ❢❡❛r❡❞ ❡t❝✳✑ ❬ ✱ ✶✼✲✶✽❪ ❚❤❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t ❡✈❡♥ s✉❣❣❡sts ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt

♦❢ ▼❛r❝❤ ✾ ✶✽✽✸✳ ✏❋❡❛r✑ ❤❛s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt✳

❍❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❢❛❧❧✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐♥t♦ ❛ ♣❡ss✐♠✐st✐❝ ❡①❛❣❣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts✱

❤❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♣✉t r❡❛❧❧② ✏❢❡❛r❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❛t ✏♥♦t ❜❡❧♦✈❡❞✑✳ ❍❡ ❦❡❡♣s t❤❡ ♥✉❛♥❝❡

✏❧✐tt❧❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✑ ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳

❊✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❣❛t❤❡r❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✉s❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♠♦tt♦ ❧❡❛❞s

✉s t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ✇❡❧❧ ❤♦✇ ✉r❣❡♥t ❤❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✐t ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ❛❞✉❧ts

t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ r❡❛❝❤ ❛❣❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❛r✐♥❣ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦r ♥♦t ❛t ❛❧❧✳

❆♥❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ✏t❤❡ ❜❛rr✐❡r ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❜r♦❦❡♥ ❞♦✇♥✳✑

◆♦t ♦♥❧② ❛❜♦✉t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❞✐❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ✇♦rr②✳ ❆❧s♦ ♦t❤❡r ❤♦✉s❡s ❡✈❡♥ ✐♥ ❙♦✉t❤

❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣✐❡❞ ❤✐♠✳ ■t s❤♦✇s ✐♥ ❤✐s ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ❇✐s❤♦♣ ❈❛❣❧✐❡r♦✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡ t♦ ❤✐♠ ♦♥

s♦♠❡ ♠♦♥t❤s ❧❛t❡r✱ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✵ ✶✽✽✺✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❣❛✐♥ ♠❛❞❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ❜❧❛❝❦✲❛♥❞✲✇❤✐t❡

❝♦♥tr❛st ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢♦r ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧ ♣r✐❡sts ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ②❡❛rs ❜❡❢♦r❡✳ ✏❯r❣❡ ❛❧❧ ♦✉r

❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s t♦ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡ ❛❧❧ t❤❡✐r ❡✛♦rts ✳✳✳ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❧♦✈❡❞ ❜✉t ♥♦t ❢❡❛r❡❞✳✑ ✶✼✻

■t ✐s ❛ ✈❡r② str♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❛♥ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♥❣ ♦✉ts♣♦❦❡♥ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r

♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ ❧♦✈❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇❛②

✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐t ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞✳

❲❤❡♥ ✐t ✇❛s ❞❡❝✐❞❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♠❡♠♦r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t❡ t❤❡ ✹✺t❤ ❛♥♥✐✈❡rs❛r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r✲

❛t♦r②✬s ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✽ ✶✽✽✻ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇♦✉❧❞ r❡✈✐❡✇ t❤❡ ❈♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❘❡✲

♠✐♥❞❡rs ❢♦r t❤❡ ❘❡❝t♦rs✳ ❍❡ ❝❤♦s❡ t♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡ ❤✐s ♠♦tt♦ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❙t✉❞✐❛ ❞✐ ❢❛rt✐

❛♠❛r❡✱ ♣✐✉tt♦st♦ ❝❤❡ ❢❛rt✐ t❡♠❡r❡✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s✿ ✏❙tr✐✈❡ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ②♦✉rs❡❧❢ ❧♦✈❡❞ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥

❢❡❛r❡❞✳✑ ✶✼✼ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛ ❝❧❡❛r ❝♦♥✜r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❜②

❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❞❡❣r❡❡✳ ❇♦t❤ ❛r❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✱ ❜✉t ❧♦✈❡ ♠♦st ♦❢ ❛❧❧✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ✇❤❛t ✐s

✐♠♣r❡ss❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹✳

❼ ❚❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r ❛s ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❬✶✽❪

❚❤❛t ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ r❡✈❡❛❧s ✇❤❛t t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs s❤♦✉❧❞ str✐✈❡ ❛❢t❡r ❛❣❛✐♥

❛❜♦✉t ✶✽✽✹✳ ❚❤❡ t❡①t s✉❣❣❡sts ✈❡r② ❝❧❡❛r❧②✿ t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❛♣♣❧② t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s t♦ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞

✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ❛♥❞ ✏❢❡❛r❡❞✑ ✈❡r② ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦r ♥♦t ❛t ❛❧❧✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ t❤❛t ✕ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡

t❡①t ✕ t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❢❛t❤❡rs✱ ❜r♦t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞s ❢♦r t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛s s✉❝❤ ❧♦✈❡

✶✼✻❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✵✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✹✳

✶✼✼▼❖❚❚❖✱ ❋r✳✱ ■ ✏❘✐❝♦r❞✐ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥③✐❛❧✐✳✳✳✑ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✶✴✶✸✳

▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳

✶✵✹✶✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱

♣✳✹✹✼✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡ t❡①t ❜② t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✿ ✏❚❤❛t

✐s ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ✇✐❧❧ ✇❤✐❝❤ ■ ✐♥t❡♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡s✳✑ ❍❡ ❛❞❞s ❛ ✈❛r✐❛♥t✿ ✏❆♥❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✇❛②

❢♦r t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤✐❡❢ ❍♦✉s❡ ✐♥ ❚✉r✐♥✑ ✭▼❖❚❚❖✱ ❋r✳✱ ■ ✏❘✐❝♦r❞✐ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥③✐❛❧✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✑✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✾✴✶✽✸✮✳

■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❛t ❆✳ ❆♠❛❞❡✐ ♣✉t t❤✐s t②♣❡ ♦❢ ♠♦tt♦ ♦♥ t♦♣ ♦❢ ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞✱

♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❳t❤ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✸✾✳ ✭▼❇

❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✹✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✹✺✸✮✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✻✷ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

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12.6 Page 116

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t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳ ■t ❢♦❧❧♦✇s t❤❛t t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ t✉r♥ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ t❤❡✐r t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱

❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛s t❤❡✐r ✏❢❛t❤❡rs✱ ❜r♦t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞s✑ ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❛❢r❛✐❞ ♦❢ t❤❡♠✱

❜✉t tr✉st t❤❡♠ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡♠✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r

❞♦❡s ♥♦t r❡❛❧❧② ❞♦ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ ❡❧s❡ ❜✉t r❡♣❡❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❦❡② ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✇❛②✳

❈♦✉❧❞ t❤❛t ❜❡ t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤② ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ t❤❛t ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t❄

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛ ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛t❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧

✈✐s✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✬ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ❣♦♥❡ ❜② ❤❡

❤❛s r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ t❤✐s ❝❛❧❧ ✉♣♦♥ ❤✐s ❛ss✐st❛♥ts s❡✈❡r❛❧ t✐♠❡s✳

❨❡❛rs ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ✐♥ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ♦r ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✶✽✻✸✱ ❤❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥tr♦✲

❞✉❝❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❜♦②s ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏■ ❞♦♥✬t ✇❛♥t ②♦✉ t♦ ❧♦♦❦ ✉♣♦♥ ♠❡ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❛s

②♦✉r s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❜✉t r❛t❤❡r ❛s ②♦✉r ❢r✐❡♥❞✳ ❙♦ ❞♦♥✬t ❜❡ ❛❢r❛✐❞ ♦❢ ♠❡ ❛t ❛❧❧✳ ❋❛r ❢r♦♠ ✐t✦

❚r✉st ♠❡ ❢✉❧❧②✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧❧ ■ ✇❛♥t✱ ❛❧❧ ■ ❛s❦ ②♦✉✱ ❛❧❧ ■ ❡①♣❡❝t ♦❢ r❡❛❧ ❢r✐❡♥❞s✳✑ ✶✼✽ ■♥ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡

❝♦♥t❡①t t♦♦ ❤❡ r❡❛ss✉r❡s t❤❡♠ t❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❛❢r❛✐❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ✐s ❜✐❧❛t❡r❛❧

✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✿ ❤❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❝❛❧❧ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t❤❡✐r ❢r✐❡♥❞✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ ❛❧s♦ ❝❛❧❧s

t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❤✐s ❢r✐❡♥❞s✳ ❚❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❛s ❤✐s ❢r✐❡♥❞s ❛♥❞ ❜❡❤❛✈❡ ❛s s✉❝❤✳

❚❡♥ ②❡❛rs ❧❛t❡r✱ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✸✱ ❤❡ ♠❡t ▼❛❣❣✐♦r✐♥♦ ❇♦r❣❛t❡❧❧♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ♦❢ ❱❛r❛③③❡✳ ❆❝✲

❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❇♦r❣❛t❡❧❧♦✬s t❡st✐♠♦♥② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ s❛✐❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥

✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠✿ ✏❘❡♠❡♠❜❡r ■ ✇❛♥t t♦ ❜❡ ②♦✉r ❢r✐❡♥❞✳✑ ✶✼✾

❆ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❞♦ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❢r✐❡♥❞s✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥✲

s❤✐♣ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❜❡ r❡❛❧ ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦r ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✳

❲❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ▼✐r❛❜❡❧❧♦ ✐♥ ❏✉❧② ✶✽✻✹ t♦ ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡ ❤✐s ✈✐s✐t✱

t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s r❛♥ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏■✬♠ ❝♦♠✐♥❣ t♦ ②♦✉ ❛s ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❢r✐❡♥❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❜r♦t❤❡r✳✑ ✶✽✵ ❍❡r❡

❤❡ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s s✐❞❡ ❜② s✐❞❡✳ ❚❤✐s t♦♦❦ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤r❡❡ ②❡❛rs ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡

♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❚❡♣♣❛✬s ✐♥s♣✐r✐♥❣ ❜♦♦❦✿ ✏❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐ ♣❡r ❣❧✐ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✐ ❡❝❝❧❡s✐❛st✐❝✐✑✳ ❚❤❡

❛✉t❤♦r✱ ✇❤♦ ✇❛s r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❛❧s♦ ♣♦st✉❧❛t❡❞ ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❛♥❞ r❡s♦❧✉t❡❧②✿

✏❲❤♦ ✇❛♥ts ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s t♦ ❧♦✈❡ ❤✐♠✱ ♠✉st ❜❡ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ ❞❡❡♣❧② ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡♠

✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞✳✑ ✶✽✶ ❚❤❡ ❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ ✏❜r♦t❤❡r✑ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t

✶✼✽▼❇ ❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✵✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✵✷✲✸✵✸✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✸✾ ❛♥❞ ✶✻✵ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✴ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✷✳ ❲❡ ♠❛② t❤✐♥❦ ♦❢ ❛♥

✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❋✳ ❆♣♦rt✐✱ ❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♦❢ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣② ✐♥ ❚✉r✐♥✳ ❆r♦✉♥❞ ✶✽✹✹ ❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❤✐s st✉❞❡♥ts t❤❡

❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿ ✏❍❛✈❡ ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡ ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❧✐✈❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ❬t❤❡ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥❪ ❛s ❛ ✇✐s❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❛

❝♦✉♥s❡❧❧♦r ❛♥❞ ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r✱ ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡♠ ❧✐❦❡ ②♦✉r ♦✇♥ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥✳✑ ✭❆P❖❘❚■✱ ❋✳✱ ❙❝r✐tt✐ ♣❡❞♦❣✐❝✐✱ r❛❝❝♦❧t✐ ❡

✐❧❧✉str❛t✐ ❞❛ ❆✳ ●❛♠❜❛r♦ ■■✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱ ✶✾✹✺✱ ♣✳ ✺✶✳ ❈❢✳ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✾✮✳ ■♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣

✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ✇✐t❤ ❋✳ ❆♣♦rt✐ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦rt✐❡s ✐♥ ▼❇

■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✽✽✲✶✽✾❀ ✷✵✾✲✷✶✾❀ ✸✾✽❀ ❊▼❇✱ ■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✹✽✲✶✹✾❀ ✶✻✺✲✶✼✷❀ ✸✶✶✳ ❚❛❦✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❧♦s❡r ❧♦♦❦✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t

❡①❝❧✉❞❡ t❤❛t ●✳ ❇♦♥❡tt✐ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡❞ ♦♥❡ ♦r t✇♦ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞

♦♥❧② ❧❛t❡r✱ ✐♥ t❤♦s❡ ♥♦t❡s✳

✶✼✾▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✷✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✲✶✼✳

✶✽✵❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ s❡❝♦♥❞♦✱ ♣✳ ✺✾✳ ▼❇ ❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✼✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✷✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡

❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✸✾ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞②✳

✶✽✶❚❊PP❆✱ ❆✳▼✳✱ ❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✳ ❊✈❡♥ ❡❛r❧✐❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❝q✉❛✐♥t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❜♦♦❦ ✏ ▲❡ ❞♦❧❝✐ ✈✐rtù ❞✐ ✉♥ ❜✉♦♥ ♠❛❡str♦ ❛❝❝❡♥♥❛t♦ ❞❛❧❧✬ ❆❜✳ ❉❡ ❧❛ ❙❛❧❧❡✑ ✭✶✽✸✺✮ ❜② ❆❣❛t❤♦♥✱ ❇r♦t❤❡r

♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ s❝❤♦♦❧s✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏▲♦✈❡ ✐s ✇♦♥ ❜② ❧♦✈❡✳ ❆ t❡❛❝❤❡r ♠✉st ♣r✐♠❛r✐❧② ❛♥❞ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❛❧❧

❝❤❡r✐s❤ ❛ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r ❢♦r t❤❡♠ ❬t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s❪✳✑ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✼✳✮ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r

❤❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❛t ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥ ✶✽✺✹ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇r♦t❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❞r❛❢t ♦❢ ❛ ✏❘✉❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ♦❢ ❙❛✐♥t

❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❛② ♣✉♣✐❧s✑ ✿ ✏❍❡ ❬t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r❪ ❤❛s t♦ s❤♦✇ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧② ❛s ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞✱

❝♦♠r❛❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❜r♦t❤❡r ♦❢ ❛❧❧✳✑ ❈❢✳ ❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ❘❡❣♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦ ❞✐ ❙✳ ❋❛♥❝❡s❝♦ ❞✐ ❙❛❧❡s ♣❡r

✶✶✻

12.7 Page 117

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t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ■t s❤♦✉❧❞ ♣✉t ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ ❤✐s ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ❡q✉❛❧✐t②✱

s♦❧✐❞❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❤❛r♠♦♥② ✐♥ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✳

❍❡ ❤❛s ♦❢t❡♥ r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ t❤❡ tr✐❛❞✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✹✳ ❆❢t❡r ❛ ✈❡r② ❧♦♥❣ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡✱ ❤❡

✇r♦t❡ ✈✐❛ ▼✳ ❘✉❛ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✿ ✏❨♦✉r ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ②♦✉r ❜r♦t❤❡r✱ t❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦❢

②♦✉r s♦✉❧ ❧❡❛✈❡s ❘♦♠❡ t♦❞❛② ❬❆♣r✐❧✶✹❪ ❛❢t❡r ❛ t❤r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❤❛❧❢ ♠♦♥t❤ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡✳✑ ✶✽✷ ❚❤✐s

✉tt❡r❛♥❝❡ s❤♦✇s ❛t ♦♥❝❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✏♦❢ ②♦✉r s♦✉❧✑ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧

q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s ♦♥❧② ♠❛❦❡ s❡♥s❡ ✐❢ t❤❡② s♣r✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❞❡❡♣✱ ✐♥❡①❤❛✉st✐❜❧❡ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ s♦✉r❝❡✳

❲❤❡♥ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❤✐s ▼❡♠♦✐rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✱ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣r✐❡st ❋❛t❤❡r

❈❛❧♦ss♦✿ ✏■t ✇❛s t❤❡♥ t❤❛t ■ ❝❛♠❡ t♦ r❡❛❧✐s❡ ✇❤❛t ✐t ✇❛s t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧

❞✐r❡❝t♦r✱ ❛ ❢❛✐t❤❢✉❧ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦❢ ♦♥❡✬s s♦✉❧✳✑ ❚❤❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ✐s str✐❦✐♥❣✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♣❛❣❡s ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐t

✐s s❛✐❞ s♦♠❡✇❤❛t ♠♦r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ❜✉t ❛s ❝❧❡❛r❧②✿ ✏❲❤♦ ❦♥♦✇s❄ ■ t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ ♠②s❡❧❢✱ ✐❢ t❤❡s❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❤❛❞ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ❬t❤❡ ♣r✐s♦♥s❪✱ ✇❤♦ ✇♦✉❧❞ t❛❦❡ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❝❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠✱ ❤❡❧♣

t❤❡♠✱ t❡❛❝❤ t❤❡♠ r❡❧✐❣✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❢❡❛st ❞❛②s✳✳✳ ❲❤♦ ❦♥♦✇s ❜✉t t❤❡② ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ st❡❡r❡❞ ❛✇❛②

❢r♦♠ r✉✐♥✱ ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ♣r✐s♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❧❡ss❡♥❡❞❄✑ ✶✽✸

❍❡ ❛❧s♦ ♦✛❡r❡❞ ❤✐s ❝❧♦s❡st ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ❝♦✉♥s❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡✳ ■t ❝♦♥s✐st❡❞ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❤❡

❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❢♦r ❤✐s ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥

✶✽✼✸ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ t♦ ▼✳ ❘✉❛✿ ✏ ■♥ ♦♠♥✐❜✉s ❝❛r✐t❛s✳ ✭❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❝❤❛r✐t② ✐♥ ❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s✮✳ ❆❝t ✐♥

s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② t❤❛t ❛❧❧ ✇❤♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉ ♠❛② ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ②♦✉r ❢r✐❡♥❞s✳✑ ✶✽✹

❚❤❡ ②❡❛r ✶✽✼✼ ✇❛s t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ②❡❛r ♦❢ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢

t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s ❤❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ t✇♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥t✐❛❧ t❡①ts✿ t❤❡ ▲✐tt❧❡

❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆rt✐❝❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥ts ❛r❡ ♣❛r✲

t✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❝❛s❡✿ ✏❚❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧ ✇✐❧❧ ❛❧✇❛②s r❡♠❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦❢

t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ❍❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❧♦♦❦ ✉♣♦♥ ❤✐s ❢♦r♠❡r t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛s ❢❛t❤❡rs ❛♥❞

❜r♦t❤❡rs✳✑ ✏❋❛t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❜r♦t❤❡rs✑ ❛r❡ t✇♦ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❛t ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❧✐tt❧❡

❡ss❛②✳ ❆s ✐❢ ✐t ✇❡r❡ ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❛ ❝♦✉♥t❡r♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡✱

t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥t❤ ✐t❡♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆rt✐❝❧❡s✑ r✉♥s ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❊❛❝❤ s✉♣❡r✐♦r s❤♦✉❧❞ s❤♦✇

❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡✐r ❢r✐❡♥❞✳✑ ▼❡❛♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛❝❡ ✐s✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦✉❣❤ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥

r❡❜❡❧❧✐♦✉s ♣✉♣✐❧s✳✑ ✶✽✺ ■♥ t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ♦❢ ❙❛✐♥t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❉❛②

P✉♣✐❧s✱ ❛❧s♦ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✼✱ ✇❡ r❡❛❞✿ ✏❍❡ ❬t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r❪ s❤♦✉❧❞ s❤♦✇ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧②

t♦ ❜❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞✱ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐♦♥✱ ❜r♦t❤❡r ♦❢ ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡✳✑ ✏❊✈❡r②♦♥❡✑ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ♦♥❧② r❡❢❡r t♦

t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✳ ❆♥②✇❛②✱ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❍❡ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡

❧✐❦❡ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r ❛♠✐❞st ❤✐s ♦✇♥ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥✳✑ ✶✽✻ ■t ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ✏②♦✉t❤❢✉❧ ❤❡❛rts✑ ❬❣✐♦✈❛♥✐ ❝✉♦r✐❪ ✐♥

t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛r❡ ✐t❡♠s ♦❢ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t❛r②

❛s ✈♦✐❝❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ❜② ❇✉③③❡tt✐✳✑ ❚❤♦s❡ ♦✣❝✐❛❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣

▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✇❡❧❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡❞ ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❝❧❡❛r

❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r t❤❛t t❤❡s❡ t❡①ts ✇❡r❡ r❡❣✉❧❛r❧② r❡❛❞ ♦✉t ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✈❡r②❞❛②

❣❧✐ ❡st❡r♥✐ ✐♥✿ ❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ❙❝r✐tt✐ s✉❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦ ♥❡❧❧✬❡❞✉❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❣✐♦✈❡♥tù✱ ✭❛ ❝✉r❛ ❞✐ P✳

❇r❛✐❞♦✮✱ ❇r❡s❝✐❛✱ ▲❛ ❙❝✉♦❧❛✱ ✶✾✻✺✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✹✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✵✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✸✻✺✴✐t❡♠ ✼✳

✶✽✷❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣✳ ✷✼✽✳

✶✽✸❋♦r ❜♦t❤ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✼✴✸✾✼✲✸✾✽❀ ✶✷✵✴✼✺✼✲✼✻✵✳ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱

♣✳ ✹✹ ❛♥❞ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✶✲✶✵✷✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✸❀ ❊▼❇ ■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✾✳

✶✽✹❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✷✳ ▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✽✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✺✶✹✳

✶✽✺❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✵✼❪ ❛♥❞ ❬✶✶✷✴✼❪✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✶✴✶ ✭tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ t❡①t ✐♥✿ ❇❖❙❈❖✱

●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✾✵✴✺✶✶✲✺✶✸✮✳ ❙❡❡ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✹✶ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✶✽✻❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✸✺✴✷✲✸✻✴✼❪✳

✶✶✼

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♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r s❤♦✇s ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐s ♥♦t s✉✣❝✐❡♥t t♦ ♠♦✈❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ t♦ ❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r

✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♥♦✈✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ✐♥ tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ♠❛❞❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ✇✐t❤

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s✳

■♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t✐♠❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✈❡r② ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣

t❤❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛t✐♥❣ ✇r✐t✐♥❣s✳ ❲❤❡♥ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✽ t❤❡ ✈❡r② ②♦✉♥❣ ❋r P❡rr♦t ✇❛s ❛♣♣♦✐♥t❡❞ r❡❝t♦r

♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ▲❛ ◆❛✈❛rr❡✱ ❤❡ ❣❛✈❡ ❤✐♠ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❛❞✈✐❝❡✿ ✏❉♦ ♥♦t ❣♦ ❛s

❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❜✉t ❛s ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞✱ ❜r♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❢❛t❤❡r✳✑ ✶✽✼ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s tr✉❡ ❢♦r ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ❜✉t ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❛❝t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t♦♦✳ ■♥ t❤❛t r❡s♣❡❝t ❤❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ s❤♦✇

t❤❡ ✇❛② ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s ✐s ♥♦t ❛❧✇❛②s t❤❡ s❛♠❡✱ ❜✉t

t❤✐s ♠❛② ❜❡ ❛r❜✐tr❛r②✳ ■t ♠❛② ❜❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ✇❡❧❧✲t❤♦✉❣❤t✲t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥

✈✐s✲à✲✈✐s t❤❡ ♥❡✇ r❡❝t♦r✳

❚❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ♣❧❛❝❡ t♦ r❡♠✐♥❞ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏❣r❡❛t ♠❡❡t✐♥❣✑ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❥♦✐♥❡❞ t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ✐t ✭◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✷✮✳ ❆❢t❡r ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❧✐st❡♥❡❞ t♦ ❛

s✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥✱ ❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦✈❡❞ ♦❢ ✐t t❤❡♥ s❛✐❞✿ ✏P❛② ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡

t❡❛❝❤❡r ♦r ❛ss✐st❛♥t ❛s t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤❡♥ ✐♥ ❝❛rr②✐♥❣ ♦✉t t❤❛t r♦❧❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱

✇❤❡♥ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❛♣♣❧②✱ ❤❡ ✐s t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❢❛t❤❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✑ ✶✽✽

❍✐s ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡ ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❣✐✈❡s ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ✐♠♣r❡ss ❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ✜r♠❧② ♦♥

❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs✳

❚❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❛s ❤❡ ❣❛✈❡ ✐t t♦ ❋r P❡rr♦t ✇❛s s♦ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t❤❛t ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡

✐t ❞♦✇♥ ❛❣❛✐♥ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✇❛s ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡q✉❡❧ t♦ ❤✐s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦

✇✐t❤ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ✶✽✽✹✲✶✽✽✻✳ ❍❡ ❣❛✈❡ ❤✐s s✉❝❝❡ss♦r ✲ ❛s ❘❡❝t♦r ▼❛❥♦r ✲

t❤❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✏t♦ ❛ss✉r❡ ❬❛❧❧ ✈♦t❡rs❪ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r✱ t❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜r♦t❤❡r

♦❢ ❛❧❧✳✑ ✶✽✾ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ■t ✐s ♥♦t s♦ ❞❛r✐♥❣ t♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t ✏❛❧❧✑ ✈❡r② ❜r♦❛❞❧② ✐♥ t❤✐s

✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❥✉st ❧✐❦❡ ❛ r❡❝t♦r ❤❡ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ✲ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ t♦ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡r ❡①t❡♥t ✲ ✏t❤❡ ♠♦st

✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✇❤♦ ✐s t❤❡ ✉❧t✐♠❛t❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ♣❡rs♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡

❖r❛t♦r②✳✑ ✶✾✵

❚❤❡ q✉♦t❡s ❛♥❞ t❡st✐♠♦♥✐❡s ♠❛② ❜❡ q✉✐t❡ ♦✈❡r✇❤❡❧♠✐♥❣ ❜✉t t❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦t r❡✈❡❛❧ ✈❡r②

❝❧❡❛r❧② ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t ❜② t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❵❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❜r♦t❤❡r✬✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

q✉♦t❡s ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❞♦ ♥♦t ♦✛❡r ♠♦r❡ ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ❝❧♦s❡st ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs

✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ t❤❡♠✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ■ ❛♠ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ tr② t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢

t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts✳

❼ ❆❜♦✉t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r

✶✽✼❊ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✵✳ ❆❜♦✉t ❛ ♠♦♥t❤ ❧❛t❡r ❤❡ r❡♠✐♥❞❡❞ ●✳ ❘♦♥❝❤❛✐❧✱ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r ✐♥ ◆✐❝❡✱ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♠♦st

✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♠✐ss✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣♦st s❝r✐♣t✉♠ ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ❆✉❣✉st ✶✽✼✽✳ ■t r❛♥✿ ✏◆❡✈❡r ❢♦r❣❡t t❤❛t ②♦✉

❛r❡ t❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r ♦❢ ❛❧❧✳ ❨♦✉ ❛r❡ t♦ ❧❡❛❞ ❛❧❧ t♦ ❏❡s✉s✳✑ ✭❊ ■■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✵✳✮ ❙♦ t❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ t❤❡

❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ ✏❢❛t❤❡r❤♦♦❞✑✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✼✶✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳✺✹✽✳

✶✽✽❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✹✷ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛♥❞ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✺✸ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳ ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦

q✉♦t❡ ❤❡r❡ ❛ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P✳ ❇r❛✐❞♦ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t r❡♥❡✇❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✬s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳ ✏■t ❡♥t❛✐❧s ❛

r❛❞✐❝❛❧❧② ♥❡✇ ✇❛② ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ tr②✐♥❣ ♦✉t t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ❛♥❞ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ ✏❢❛t❤❡r✑✱ ✏❜r♦t❤❡r✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❢r✐❡♥❞✑✳

✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✶✳✮

✶✽✾❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳✹✶✷✴✷✺✶✲✷✺✷✳

✶✾✵ ❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✸✺❪✳

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❍♦✇ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❡❞ ❵❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✬ ✇❛s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② ❤✐s

❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ s❡♠✐♥❛r② ❛♥❞ ❧❛t❡r ♦♥ ❜② ❤✐s r❡❛❞✐♥❣✱ ❜♦t❤ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦✛❡r❡❞ ❤✐♠ ✐❞❡❛s ♦♥

t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❢❛t❤❡r❤♦♦❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r✐❡st s❡❡♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥✳

◆♦ ❧❡ss❡r ✐♠♣❛❝t ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♠❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❤✐s ♦✇♥ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✇❛s ❛ ②♦✉♥❣st❡r✳

▼❡♠♦✐rs ❲r✐t✐♥❣ ❤✐s

❤❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t ❜❛❝❦ t♦ ❋❛t❤❡r ❈❛❧♦ss♦✳ ❍❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❤✐♠ ✐♥ t❤❡

❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇♦r❞s✿ ✏■ ✐❞♦❧✐s❡❞ ❋r ❈❛❧♦ss♦✱ ❧♦✈❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❛s ✐❢ ❤❡ ✇❡r❡ ♠② ❢❛t❤❡r✳ ✳✳✳ ❚❤❛t ♠❛♥

♦❢ ●♦❞ ❧❛✈✐s❤❡❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♦❢t❡♥ s❛②✿ ❞♦♥✬t ✇♦rr② ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡✳

❆s ❧♦♥❣ ❛s ■✬♠ ❛❧✐✈❡ ■✬❧❧ s❡❡ t❤❛t ②♦✉ ✇❛♥t ❢♦r ♥♦t❤✐♥❣✳ ❆♥❞ ■✬❧❧ ♠❛❦❡ ♣r♦✈✐s✐♦♥ ❢♦r ②♦✉

❛❢t❡r ♠② ❞❡❛t❤✳✑ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡❞ t❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r❤♦♦❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r✐❡st✱ ✏♠❛♥

♦❢ ●♦❞✑✳ ■t str✐❦❡s ✉s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❣❛✈❡ ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✬s ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❤✐♠✿ ✏❍❡

❛✛❡③✐♦♥❡ ❧❛✈✐s❤❡❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭❵

✬✮ ♦♥ ♠❡✳✑ ■t ✐s ❛ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❋r ❈❛❧♦ss♦ ❤❛❞ t♦❧❞ ❤✐♠

❜❡❢♦r❡✳ ✏❏♦❤♥✱ ♠② ❜♦②✱ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ♣✉t ②♦✉r tr✉st ✐♥ ♠❡ ❛♥❞ ✐t ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❜❡ ✐♥ ✈❛✐♥✳ ❙♦✱

❧❡❛✈❡ t❤❛t ✉♥r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡ ❜r♦t❤❡r ♦❢ ②♦✉rs❀ ❝♦♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❧✐✈❡ ✇✐t❤ ♠❡✳ ❆♥❞ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ ❛

❬❧♦✈✐♥❣❪ ❢❛t❤❡r✳✑ ❆✛❡❝t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ❤❛s ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡❡♥ ❛ ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛s♣❡❝t ✐♥

t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣✳ ❆ r❡❛❧ ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❛❧s♦ ❛ r❡❛❧ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧

❢❛t❤❡r✱ s❤♦✇s ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦❡s ❛ s♦♥ ❢❡❡❧ ❤❡ ❧♦✈❡s ❤✐♠✳ ❍❡ ❣✐✈❡s s❛❢❡t②✱ t❤❡ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣ ❤❡ ✐s ❢✉❧❧②

❛❝❝❡♣t❡❞✳ ❍❡ ✐s ❛ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❛r ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦ ✏♣❛❞r❡

❛♠♦r♦s♦ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ✑✳ ■t ✐s t❤❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ♠❛❞❡ ♦✣❝✐❛❧ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❧✐tt❧❡

♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✳✶✾✶

❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❛ tr✉❡ ❢❛t❤❡r ✐s ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣✐❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❤✐s

❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥✳ ❍❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♠❛❦❡ s✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ✐❢ ♥❡❡❞s ❜❡ ✜❣❤t ❢♦r ❤✐s ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ t♦ ❜❡ ❜❡tt❡r ♦✛ t❤❛♥ ❤❡

❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣✉t ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✱ ♠♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧ ❧♦✈❡✱ ✐♥ ❢♦❝✉s

✇❤❡♥ ♣✐❝t✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s t❡❛❝❤❡r✱ ❇❛♥❛✉❞✐✿ ✏❍❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❡♠ ❬❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s❪ ❛❧❧ ❛s ✐❢ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❤✐s

♦✇♥ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ❬s♦♥s❪ ❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❧♦✈❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❧✐❦❡ ❛♥ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡ ❢❛t❤❡r✳✑ ❆❧s♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♠✉st

❤❛✈❡ ❢❡❧t t❛♥❣✐❜❧❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s♦ ♠✉❝❤ s♦ t❤❡② st✐❧❧ ❧✐❦❡❞ t♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❤✐♠ ❜②

t❤❡ ✏s✇❡❡t ♥❛♠❡ ♦❢ ❢❛t❤❡r✑ ❛s ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s✳✶✾✷

■♥ t❤❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ✲ ❜❡❛r✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♠✐♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦✲

❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ s❝❤♦♦❧s ✲ t❤✐s ❛❝❝❡♥t ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ t❤❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢❡♠❛❧❡✱ ♠♦t❤❡r❧②

❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ ❤✐s ♠♦t❤❡r✬s ❧♦✈❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡✱ ❛s t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧②✱ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❡♥❥♦② s♦ ♠✉❝❤✳ ❨❡t ✐t ❛❧s♦ r❡❢❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢

❧♦✈❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♠✐ss❡❞♦✉t ♦♥ ❛t ❧❡❛st s✉❜❝♦♥s❝✐♦✉s❧② ❜② t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ❞❡❛t❤ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❢❛t❤❡r✳

❆ ❣♦♦❞ ❢❛t❤❡r ✲ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡②❡s ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✲ ✐s ♥❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss ❛❧s♦ ❛❧✇❛②s ❛ ♠❛♥ ✇❤♦

✏s❡❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❛♥t ❢♦r ♥♦t❤✐♥❣✑❀ ❤❡ s✉♣♣❧✐❡s ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ t❤❡② ♥❡❡❞✳ ■t ✐s t❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r

♦r❛t✐♦ ♣r♦ ✇❤♦ s❤♦✇s ❜② ❤✐s ❛❝t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❤❡ ❧♦✈❡s ❤✐s ❜♦②s✱ ❛s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ st❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❤✐s

❞♦♠♦ ✐♥ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✳ ✏❍♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ❞✐❞ ❤❡ ♥♦t ❜❡❛r ❛♥❞ s✉✛❡r t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ t❤❡♠

✇✐t❤ ❞❛✐❧② ❜r❡❛❞✱ ❛ ❤♦✉s❡✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❛❧✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r

s♦✉❧s✳✑ ❆ r❡❛❧ ❢❛t❤❡r ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ✇✐s❤ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss ❢♦r ❤✐s ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥✱

❜✉t ❤❡ ❞♦❡s ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ✏❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ❝❛♥✑ ❢♦r t❤❡♠✳ ❬✶✶✲✶✷❪ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❤❡ ♠❛❦❡s t✐♠❡

✶✾✶

❇❖❙❈❖✱

●✳✱

▼❡♠♦r✐❡

❞❡❧ ❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳✳✳✱

♣✳

✺✵✴✹✺✵✲✹✻✸✳

❇❖❙❈❖✱ ❏✳✱ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣✳

✹✻✳

❈❢✳

▼❇ ■✱

♣✳✷✶✹❀ ❊▼❇ ■✱ ♣✳✶✺✾✳ ❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳✳✳✱ ✽✸✴✸✾✷✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✼✳

✶✾✷

❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✼✶✴✾✵✾✳ ■❉✳✱ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✻✶✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ■✱ ♣✳✸✷✺❀ ❊▼❇ ■✱

♣✳✷✹✹✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✻✼ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❆s ❢❛r ❛s ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s ❛r❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✱ ❝❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✹✵ ✐♥

t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❍❡r❡❛❢t❡r ♦♥ ❤✐s ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ✇✐t❤ ▲✳ ❈♦♠♦❧❧♦✿ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✾✺✴✷✵✾✲✷✶✸✳

▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✽✲✻✵✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ■✱ ♣✳✹✵✸❀ ❊▼❇ ■✱ ♣✳ ✸✵✵✳

✶✶✾

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❢♦r t❤❡♠✳ ❍❡ t❛❧❦s t♦ t❤❡♠✱ ❧✐st❡♥s t♦ t❤❡✐r ❞❡s✐r❡s ❛♥❞ ♥❡❡❞s✱ ❤❡ ❝♦✉♥s❡❧s✱ st✐♠✉❧❛t❡s

❛♥❞ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡s t❤❡♠✱ ❤❡ ❜❛❝❦s t❤❡♠ ✉♣✱ ✐s ❛ r❡❢✉❣❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥s♣✐r❡s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳ ❍❡ ❦❡❡♣s

✇❛t❝❤ ♦✈❡r ❤✐s ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥✬s ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✳ ❍❡ ❛❝ts ✇✐t❤ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② ✇❤❡r❡ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ❛♥❞ tr✐❡s t♦

❝♦rr❡❝t ❜② r❡s♦❧✉t❡❧② ❜✉t ✏❦✐♥❞❧② ♣♦✐♥t✐♥❣ ♦✉t ❡rr♦rs✑✱ ♣✉♥✐s❤✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡r❛t❡❧② ❛♥❞ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧②

♥♦t ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ❛♥② ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❝♦r♣♦r❛❧ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t ✇❤❛ts♦❡✈❡r✳ ■t ❛❧✇❛②s ❝♦♠❡s ❞♦✇♥ ❛❣❛✐♥

t♦ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧②✱ ❣❡♥t❧❡✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧✱ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞ ❧✐❦❡

❇❛♥❛✉❞✐ t♦ s✉❝❝❡❡❞ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ✏❜❡✐♥❣ r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡❞✑✱ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❛♥ ❢❡❛r❡❞✳

❬✶✽❪

❼ ❆❜♦✉t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞

❇② t❤✐s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥t ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r ✜❣✉r❡ ✐s ❛❧s♦ q✉❛❧✐✜❡❞ ❛s

❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞✳ ■t ✐s str✐❦✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ ♦❢t❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡s ❢❛t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞

q✉♦t❡s✳ ■t ✐s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❜♦t❤ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳

❨❡t ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✇❤❛t ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ❛♠♦♥❣ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♠❡❛♥ ✐♥

▼❡♠♦✐rs ❤✐s ②♦✉t❤✳ ■♥ ❤✐s

❤❡ t❡st✐✜❡❞ t♦ ▲✉✐❣✐ ❈♦♠♦❧❧♦✿ ✏❚❤✐s ♠❛r✈❡❧❧♦✉s ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐♦♥ ✇❛s

♠② ❢♦rt✉♥❡✳ ❍❡ ❝♦✉❧❞✱ ❛s t❤❡ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡❞✱ ❛❞✈✐s❡ ♠❡✱ ❝♦rr❡❝t ♠❡✱ ♦r ❝❤❡❡r ♠❡ ✉♣✱

❜✉t ❛❧❧ ✇✐t❤ s✉❝❤ ❝❤❛r♠ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛r✐t② t❤❛t ■ ❡✈❡♥ ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡❞ ❤✐s ❛❞♠♦♥✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❧♦♦❦❡❞ ❢♦r

t❤❡♠✳ ■ ❞❡❛❧t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❧② ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠ ❛♥❞ ■ ✇❛s ♥❛t✉r❛❧❧② ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❤✐s ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳✑ ✭❙❡❡

❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✾✷✮ ❚❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❤♦✇❡❞ ✐ts❡❧❢ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✇❛r♥✐♥❣✱

❝♦rr❡❝t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✱ ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ♣r❡✈❛✐❧s ✐♥ ❤✐s r❡tr♦s♣❡❝t ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣✳ ❚❤❡

❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✐s str♦♥❣❧② ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛s ✇❡❧❧✱ ❛s ✐s ❝❧❡❛r t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❝❤❡❡r✐♥❣

✉♣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✱ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❝♦♥t❛❝t✿ s②♠♣❛t❤②✱ ❦♥♦✇✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣ ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ s❛❢❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t

❛♥② t♦✉❝❤ ♦❢ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t❛❧✐t②✳

❚❤❛t ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ t♦❧❞ ❛❜♦✉t ❉♦♠✐♥✐❝ ❙❛✈✐♦✬s ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣s✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞

t❤❡ ❜♦② s❛② t♦ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ▼❛ss❛❣❧✐❛ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❜r✐❡❢ ❜✐♦❣r❛♣❤②✿ ✏■ ✇❛♥t ✉s t♦ ❜❡ r❡❛❧ ❢r✐❡♥❞s✳

❬❚❤❛t ♠❡❛♥s❪ r❡❛❧ ❢r✐❡♥❞s ❢♦r ♠❛tt❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✉❧✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ t♦ ❜❡

t❤❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ✐♥ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣✳✑ ✶✾✸ ❚❤❡

❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ✇❛s ❝♦♥❣❡♥✐❛❧✐t②✿ ❝❤❡r✐s❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✐❞❡❛❧s ❛♥❞ s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣

❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✉♥❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧❧②✳ ❇♦t❤ ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣s ❛r❡ ❛❜♦✉t ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s

❡✈✐❞❡♥t❧②✳ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ t❡♥❞❡♥❝② ✐s t♦ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣r✐❡st ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐

❇♦s❝♦ ✇❤❡♥ ✈✐s✐t✐♥❣ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣r✐s♦♥❡rs✳ ❍❡ q✉✐t❡ s♦♦♥ ♠❛❞❡ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥✿ ✏■❢

t❤❡s❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❤❛❞ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ ❬♦❢ ♣r✐s♦♥❪ ✇❤♦ ✇♦✉❧❞ t❛❦❡ ❝❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠✱ ❤❡❧♣ t❤❡♠✱

t❡❛❝❤ t❤❡♠ r❡❧✐❣✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❢❡❛st ❞❛②s✳✳✳ ❲❤♦ ❦♥♦✇s ❜✉t t❤❡② ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ st❡❡r❡❞ ❛✇❛② ❢r♦♠

r✉✐♥✱ ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ♣r✐s♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❧❡ss❡♥❡❞❄✑ ✶✾✹ ❚❤❛t

✐s ❤♦✇ ❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r t❤❡s❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡ t♦♦❦ t❤❡✐r

❞❡st✐♥② t♦ ❤❡❛rt✳ ■t ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❡♠ ♥♦t s♦❧❡❧② ❛s ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜❡✐♥❣s ❜✉t

❡q✉❛❧❧② ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❛ss✐st t❤❡♠ ❛s ❛ ♣r✐❡st ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞✳

▲❛t❡r ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t ♠❛❞❡ ✐t ❝❧❡❛r ❤❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t❤❡ s②♠♣❛t❤②✱ t❤❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t✐❡s

♦❢ ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ❛s ❛ s♦✉r❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❝♦✉❧❞ ❞r❛✇ ♠✉❝❤ tr✉st ✐♥ ❤✐♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❡

✶✾✸

❖❊ ❳■ ❬✽✾❪✳

✶✾✹

❇❖❙❈❖✱

●✳✱

▼❡♠♦r✐❡

❞❡❧ ❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳✳✳✱

♣✳

✶✷✵✴✼✺✻✲✼✻✶❀

▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱

♣♣✳

✶✵✶✲✶✵✷✳

✶✷✵

13 Pages 121-130

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13.1 Page 121

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❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❤❡ ♠❛❞❡ t❤❡♠ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❤✐s ✏r❡❛❧ ❢r✐❡♥❞s✑✳

❚❤✐s ♠❡❛♥s ❤❡ ✐♥✈✐t❡❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t♦ ❧♦✈❡ ❤✐♠ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠✬ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✐♥

❛ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s✱ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞ ✇❛②✳✶✾✺ ❚r✉❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ❣♦❡s ❜♦t❤ ✇❛②s✳

■t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❛ttr❛❝t✐♦♥ t♦✇❛r❞s ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✱ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤

♦t❤❡r✱ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞♥❡ss ❛♥❞ t♦❣❡t❤❡r♥❡ss ♦♥ ❜♦t❤ s✐❞❡s✳ ❋r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ❛❧s♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t

②♦✉ ❝❛♥ ❜❧✐♥❞❧② ❝♦✉♥t ♦♥ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s✳ ■t ✐s ❛♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✲②♦✉♥❣st❡r

r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ♦✈❡rs❤❛❞♦✇ t❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r✲s♦♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ♦r t❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r ✜❣✉r❡ ✐♥

♣✉❜❡rt②✳ ❈♦✉❧❞ t❤❛t ❜❡ t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤② t❤❡ ✏r♦❧❡s✑ ♦❢ ❢❛t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ✐♥ ❛ t❡❛❝❤❡r✱

❡❞✉❝❛t♦r ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛r❡ ♥♦t s♦ ♦❢t❡♥ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❛s ❜❡✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r②❄

❆♥❞ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❡ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ s✇✐t❝❤❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❛t s❛♠❡ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❛t t❤❡

♠♦♠❡♥t ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✇❛s ❛❜♦✉t t♦ s♣❡❛❦ ❛❜♦✉t r❡♣r✐♠❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣✉♥✐s❤✐♥❣❄ ❍❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦

❜❡ ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r❧② ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❢❛t❤❡r✳

❼ ❆❜♦✉t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r

❚❤❡ q✉♦t❡s ❛❜♦✈❡ ❛❧s♦ ♥❡❛r❧② ❛❧✇❛②s ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❜r♦t❤❡r✑✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡

♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡str✐❝t❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ ❢❛t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❜r♦t❤❡r✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❛♥ ❛♠❜✐❣✉♦✉s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❜r♦t❤❡rs ✐♥ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧②✿ ❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤

❤✐s ❡❧❞❡r st❡♣✲❜r♦t❤❡r ❆♥t❤♦♥② ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s s❧✐❣❤t❧② ♦❧❞❡r ❜r♦t❤❡r ❢r♦♠ ❤✐s

❢❛t❤❡r✬s s❡❝♦♥❞ ♠❛rr✐❛❣❡✳ ❍❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❡❞ ✉s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✈✐❝✐ss✐t✉❞❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❤✐s

▼❡♠♦✐rs✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ✇r✐t❡ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ t❤❡r❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ✇✐t❤ ❏♦s❡♣❤✳

❚❤❡ ❜r♦t❤❡r ❛s♣❡❝t ✐s t❤❡ ❧❡❛st tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡①ts tr❡❛t❡❞ ✉♣ t♦

♥♦✇✳ ❲❡ ♠❛② s✉♣♣♦s❡ t❤❛t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ♠❡❛♥t ❜❡✐♥❣ ❡q✉❛❧ t♦ ♦♥❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r✱

✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✱ ♣❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✬s ❝❛✉s❡s ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣✱

t♦❣❡t❤❡r♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss t♦ ❢♦r❣✐✈❡✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✲

✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ❛ ❤❡❛❧t❤②✱ ✜♥❡ ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡❛❧ ❢❛♠✐❧② ✇❛s ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞

❜② ❛❧❧ t❤❡s❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❖♥❡ ♠✐❣❤t t❤✐♥❦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠❡❛♥t t❤✐s ❛s♣❡❝t ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❢♦r ❤✐s

②♦✉♥❣❡r ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❛t ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ❝❛s❡✳ ❍❡ ❡q✉❛❧❧② ✇❛♥t❡❞ t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧t t❡❛❝❤❡rs

❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs t♦ ❜❡❤❛✈❡ ❧✐❦❡ ❜r♦t❤❡rs t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ P❡r❤❛♣s ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t

t❤❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♦❧❞❡r ❜r♦t❤❡rs ✇❤♦ ❞♦ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❣✐✈❡ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇✐s❡ ❝♦✉♥s❡❧✱ ❜✉t ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦

❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❡♥t❡r t❤❡✐r ✇♦r❧❞ ❛♥❞ t❛❦❡ ♣❛rt ✐♥ ✐t✳ ❙❡❡♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡✐r ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✱ ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞

t❤❡ ❜♦②s t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡✐r ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❛s ❜r♦t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ❛s ♦❧❞❡r ❜r♦t❤❡rs✳

❚❤❛t ✐s ❤♦✇ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r ❣❡ts ✐ts ♦✇♥ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ✈❛❧✉❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r t✇♦

❛s♣❡❝ts✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✉s❡❞ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ❛s♣❡❝ts t♦ str❡ss s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛❝❝❡♥ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡❞

❛ t②♣✐❝❛❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② ♦❢ ❤✐s t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳ ❍❡ ❡♣✐t♦♠✐③❡❞ t❤✐s ✐❞❡♥t✐t②

✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ ♦r s❛✐❞ t❤❛t ❤❡ ✏✇❛s ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠ ❛s ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r✳✑

❚❤✐s ✐❞❡♥t✐t② ❤❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧② ♥♦t ②❡t ❜❡❡♥ ❢✉❧❧② ❡①❛♠✐♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❡✈❡♥ t❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦

❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❛❧❧ t❤❛t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ q✉♦t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❤❡r❡✳

❼ ✏❯♥✐t② ♦❢ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧✑ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜r❡❛❦❞♦✇♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐str✉st ❜❛rr✐❡r ❬✶✽❪

✶✾✺

❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✼✽ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❈❢✳ t❤❡ t❡①t t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✽✾ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✶✳

✶✷✶

13.2 Page 122

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❚❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡ ✐♥s❡rt❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ♠✉t✉❛❧

r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ✐♥ ②❡t ❛♥♦t❤❡r ✇❛②✳ ❲❡ ✜♥❞ ✐t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✿ ✏❆♥❞ s♦ ✐❢ ②♦✉

✇❛♥t ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ t♦ ❜❡ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧ ❛❣❛✐♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ❚❤✐s ✐❞❡❛ ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦♦ ❝♦♠❡

❢r♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♠❡ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♠✐♥❞ ✏♦♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

♣❛st ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣s✑ ✐♥ ▼❛② ❛♥❞ ✐s ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆✳ ❚❤❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥t✿ ✏♣r❡s❡♥t❧②

t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✴✳ ✳ ✳ ✴ ❢❡❛r❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ✏✐❢ ♦♥❡

✇❛♥ts t♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ s♦✉❧✑✱ ❛r❡ s❡♣❛r❛t❡❞ ❜② ✏❡t❝✳✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♥♦t❡s✳

❆s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛❞ ❛❞❞❡❞ t♦ t❤✐s ✏❡t❝✳✑ t❤❡

❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✿ ✏❛♥❞ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❛s ❢❛t❤❡rs✱ ❜r♦t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞s✑ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ✏❧✐tt❧❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✳✑ ■t

✇❛s ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ❢♦r ❤✐♠ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✏❢❡❛r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ ✏♦♥❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞

♦♥❡ s♦✉❧✑ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✉s✐♥❣ ✏t❤✉s✑ ♦r ✏t❤❛t ✐s ✇❤②✑✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛②✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t r❡✈❡❛❧

t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡✳ ◆❡✐t❤❡r ❞♦❡s ❤❡ ❞♦ s♦ ✇❤❡♥ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳

❚❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ t❤✐s✿ ✉♥✐t② ♦❢ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧ ❛r✐s❡s ✇❤❡♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❞❡❛❧

✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ ❛ ❥♦✈✐❛❧✱ tr✉st❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇❛② ❛s ❢❛t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❜r♦t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ t✉r♥ r❡s♣♦♥❞ t♦ t❤✐s ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❛♥❞ ❜❡♥✐❣♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ✇✐t❤ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✱

♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss✳

❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐❞❡❛✱ ✏♦♥❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ s♦✉❧✑✱ ❝♦♠❡s ❢r♦♠ ❚❤❡ ❆❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆♣♦st❧❡s ✭✹✱✸✷✮✳

❆❞❞✐♥❣ ✏❢♦r ❧♦✈❡ ♦❢ ❏❡s✉s✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ st❛rt

✭♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆✮✱ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ r❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ t❤❡ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❤♦✉❧❞ ✐♥s♣✐r❡ ❡✈❡r②✲

❜♦❞② t♦ str✐✈❡ ❛❢t❡r ✉♥✐t② ❛♥❞ t♦ ❣✐✈❡ t❤✐s ♣✉rs✉✐t ❛ s♦✉♥❞ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥✳ ❍✉♠❛♥ ♠♦t✐✈❡s

❛❧♦♥❡ ❞♦ ♥♦t s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t ❢♦r ❤✐♠✳ ❚❤❡ q✉♦t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❚❤❡ ❆❝ts ✐s ❛♥ ✐❞❡❛❧ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥t✐❡s ♦❢ ❤✐s ❝❡♥t✉r②✳ ❍❡ ❞✐❞ s♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧②

✐♥ t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s ❢♦r ❤✐s ❝❧♦s❡st ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs✳

■t ✐s ✈❡r② s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t t❤❛t ❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ t❤✐s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❏❡s✉s✬ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧❡s ✐♥t♦ t❤❡

❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥✬s ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥ ✶✽✼✹ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡✿

✏❆❧❧ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ❧✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥❛❧❧② ❜♦✉♥❞ ♦♥❧② ❜② t❤❡ t✐❡s ♦❢ ❜r♦t❤❡r❧② ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ s✐♠♣❧❡ ✈♦✇s✳

❚❤❡s❡ ❤♦❧❞ t❤❡♠ s♦ ❝❧♦s❡ t♦❣❡t❤❡r t❤❛t t❤❡② ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ s♦✉❧✳✑ ✶✾✻ ❍❡

❧❛t❡r ✭✶✽✼✼✮ ❛❞❞❡❞ ❛ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦♥ ❜r♦t❤❡r❧② ❝❤❛r✐t② ❬❝❛r✐tà ❢r❛t❡r♥❛❪ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦

t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❤❡ r❡s✉♠❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❡❞✐❢②✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥✿ ✏❚❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ♣r❛✐s❡

❣✐✈❡♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s ❜② ❙t ▲✉❦❡✱ t❤❛t t❤❡② s♦ ❧♦✈❡❞ ♦♥❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r t❤❛t ✐t s❡❡♠❡❞

t❤❛t t❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❜✉t ♦♥❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧✳✑ ✶✾✼

❆t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❛ r❡tr❡❛t ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❡①♣❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠✐ss✐♦♥❛r✐❡s t♦ ❙♦✉t❤

❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ✭❛❧s♦ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✼✮ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡❞ t❤❡♠ ✏t♦ st❛② t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❛♥❞ t♦ ❞♦ ✇❤❛t t❤❡

❍♦❧② ❙❝r✐♣t✉r❡ s❛②s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s✿ ❝♦r ✉♥✉♠ ❡t ❛♥✐♠❛ ✉♥❛✑ ✭♦♥❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞

♦♥❡ s♦✉❧✮✳✶✾✽

■♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✭✶✽✽✵✮ ✐t s❛②s✿ ✏❊✈❡r②♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞

❜❡ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞ t❤❛t ♠❛tt❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✉s❡ ❛r❡ ❣♦✐♥❣ s♠♦♦t❤❧② ❛♥❞ ✇❡❧❧ ✇❤❡♥ ❛❧❧

❛r❡ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❛s ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ s♦✉❧✳✑

❚♦ ❢♦st❡r t❤✐s ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ t❡r♠s✱ ❛t t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s

✶✾✻

❖❊ ❳❳❱■■ ❬✺✺❪✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐❡s ✈❛♥ ❞❡ ❙♦❝✐ët❡✐t ✈❛♥ ❞❡ ❍✳

❋r❛♥❝✐s❝✉s ✈❛♥ ❙❛❧❡s✱ ✶✾✸✽✱ ♣✳ ✻✼✳

✶✾✼

❖❊

❳❳■❳

❬✷✸✷❪✳

❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱

♣✳

✷✸✻✱

❝❢✳

❛❧s♦

♣✳

✷✷✽✳

✶✾✽

▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✵✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✼✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡

q✉♦t❡❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❝ts ♠✉❝❤ ❡❛r❧✐❡r✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✽✹✺❀ ♦♠✐tt❡❞ ✐♥ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✳

✶✷✷

13.3 Page 123

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✇❤✐❝❤✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❋✐rst ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✱ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❤❡❧❞ ❡✈❡r② ❢♦rt♥✐❣❤t✳ ✏❚❤❡s❡

❛r❡✑✱ ❤❡ s❛✐❞✱ ✏❧✐❦❡ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♥❣ ❧✐♥❡ ❢♦r ❤✐s ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ❛♥❞ r❡❝t♦r t♦ ❜❡ ♦♥❡ s✐♥❣❧❡

❜♦❞② ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ s♦✉❧✳✑ ✶✾✾

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ t❤✐s ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ t②♣✐❝❛❧ ❛❝❝❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✿ ✏✳✳✳ ❆❧❧ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❧✐✈✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❤❡❛rt

❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ s♦✉❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡✐r r❡❝t♦r✳✑ ✷✵✵

❆❧❧ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥ t❤❡ ✉♥✐t② ♦❢ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ str❛✐❣❤t ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡rs

❛♥❞ ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♥✐t② ♦❢ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡

❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳

■t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❛❞ ✐♥ ❤✐s ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❞❡❛r t❡❛❝❤❡r ❇❛♥❛✉❞✐✱ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡✿

✏❇♦t❤ t❡❛❝❤❡r ❛♥❞ ♣✉♣✐❧s ✇❡r❡ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ s♣✐r✐t ❬✉♥ ❝✉♦r s♦❧♦✱ ♦♥❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❤❡❛rt❪✳✑ ✷✵✶ ■t ✇❛s ❤✐s

✐❞❡❛❧ t♦♦✳ ❍❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐t ❛s ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❛t ❛✉t♦❜✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ♠♦r❛❧✐③✐♥❣

✇r✐t✐♥❣✳

■t ✐s ❤❛r❞❡r t♦ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❤❡ ❛❧s♦ ❞r❡✇ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ❛s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❧② t♦ t❤❡

✐❞❡❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s✳ ■t ✐s ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❤❡ r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ✐t ✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✶✽✻✶✿ ✏▼❛②

●♦❞ ❤❡❧♣ ✉s t♦ ❜❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ s♦✉❧✳✑ ✷✵✷ ■t ✐s ❡q✉❛❧❧② ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❤❡ ✐♥❝✐t❡❞ ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡✱

❡✈✐❞❡♥t❧② ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ t♦ s❡r✈❡ t❤❡ ▲♦r❞ ✇✐t❤ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss✳ ✏❚❤❡ ▲♦r❞

❞❡s✐r❡s t❤❛t ✇❤❛t ✇❡ ❞♦ ❢♦r ❍✐♠ ✐s t♦ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ❣❧❛❞❧②✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❤♦✇ ✇❡ s❤❛❧❧ ❛❧❧ ❢♦r♠

❜✉t ♦♥❡ ❤❡❛rt ✇✐t❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ t♦ ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡ ▲♦r❞✳✑ ✷✵✸ ■❢ t❤✐s ✇❛s ♠❡❛♥t ❛s ❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ t♦ t❤❡

❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s✬ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❚❤❡ ❆❝ts✱ ✐t ❝♦✉❧❞ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❡❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s

✇✐t❤ ✐t ♠♦r❡ ♦❢t❡♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧②✳

❲❤✐❝❤❡✈❡r ✇❛② ✐t ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥✱ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ✇❛s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡r❡

✐t ✇❛s st❛t❡❞ t❤❛t t❤✐s ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ✉♥✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② t❤❡ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧

♠✉t✉❛❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♦♥❧② ❣❡t ❛ ♥❡✇ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❧✐❢❡ ✐❢ ♦♥❡ ✏❜r♦❦❡ ❞♦✇♥ t❤✐s ❜❛rr✐❡r ♦❢

♠✐str✉st✑ ❛♥❞ r❡st♦r❡❞ ✏t❤❡ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ q✉♦t❡s ❛❧❧ ❣♦

❜❛❝❦ t♦ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❤r❛s✐♥❣ r❡♠✐♥❞s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❱❛❧❢rè ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✇❛t❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst s❝❡♥❡✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❧❛✐❞

❞♦✇♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ❝♦r❞✐❛❧✐t②✑ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡

✉♥✐t❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✐t r❡❛❞ ❛s ✏t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ❝♦r❞✐❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❬✻❪ ❆t t❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ t❤❡

✶✾✾❆❙❈ ✵✹✻✿ ❋❞❇ ✶✳✽✺✽ ❈ ✻ ❛♥❞ ✽✲✾✳ ❱❡r❜❛❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✷➦ ❈❛♣✐t♦❧♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧❡ ❞❡❧ ✶✽✽✵✱ q✉❛❞❡r♥♦ ❇❛r❜❡r✐s ■✱

✼✺ ❛♥❞ ✼✽✳ ❈❢✳ ♣❛❣❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r✐♥❣ ❘❖❈❍❖❲■❆❑✱ ❏✳✱ ■❧ ❈❛♣✐t♦❧♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❡ ✷➦ ❞❡❧❧❛ s♦❝✐❡tà s❛❧❡s✐❛♥❛

✭✶✽✽✵✮✱ ❇❡♥❡❞✐❦t❜❡✉❡r♥✱ ✶✾✾✹✳ ■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✶✸✱ ✶✶✹✲✶✶✺✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❤②♣❤❡♥ ❝♦♥s✐st❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦♥t❤❧②

✏ r❡♥❞✐❝♦♥t♦✑ t♦ ❤✐♠✳

✷✵✵❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✷✽✲✹✷✾✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✽✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳❀ ❊▼❇

❱■✱ ♣✳✷✶✺✳■t ✐s ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s❛✐❞ t❤✐s✱ t❤♦✉❣❤ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✐♥s❡rt❡❞ ✐t ✐♥

✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❱■ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❇✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳

✷✵✶❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✶✲✼✷❀ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✻✶✳

✷✵✷❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ ♣r✐♠♦✱ ♣✳ ✹✺✸✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✳

✷✵✸▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✶✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✺✹✲✹✺✺✳ ❍❡ ❛❧s♦ r❡q✉❡st❡❞ t❤✐s ✉♥✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s

❢♦r ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r❛②❡r ✐♥ ✶✽✼✹ ✭❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✺ ❛♥❞ ▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✵✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱

♣✳ ✸✺✸ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✹✾✼✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✻✮✳ ❍❡ ❞❛r❡❞ s✉♠♠♦♥ ❡✈❡♥ q✉✐t❡ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥ ❧✐st❡♥❡rs t♦ ❛❝t ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t

♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s✳ ❖♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✹ ✶✽✼✻ ❤❡ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r❡❞ ❛♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝

❝✐r❝❧❡ ♦❢ ❆r❝❛❞✐❛✳ ❍❡ s✉❜t❧② ❛♥❞ ❞❛r✐♥❣❧② ✐♥❝✐t❡❞✿ ✏▲❡t ✉s ❢♦r♠ ♦♥❡ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ s♦✉❧ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡

❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❞✐s♣❡❧ t❤❡ s❡r✐♦✉s ❞❛♥❣❡rs t❤❛t s✉rr♦✉♥❞ ✉s✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣✳

✻✹✶❀ ◆♦t tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❊▼❇ ❳■■✮✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✺✾✲✶✻✵❀ ✶✼✶✲✶✼✸❀ ❊▼❇

❳■■✱ ✶✷✻✲✶✷✼❀ ✶✸✸✲✶✸✹✳

✶✷✸

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❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛s ♥♦✇ ❝♦♣✐❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❜♦t❤ q✉❛❧✐t✐❡s

✐♥t♦ ✏t❤❡ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s✳

❼ ❘❡st♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏t❤❡ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑ ❜② t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❬✶✽❪

❚❤❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞✐♥❣ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ✐s ❢✉rt❤❡r

❧❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♥♦t❡s ✐♥ ❆ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ■t ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s

t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏ q✉✐♥❞✐✑ ❬✏t❤✉s✴❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✑ ♦r ✏t❤❡♥✑ ❪ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡

♣r❡❝❡❞✐♥❣ ♣❛rt ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚♦ ✏❜r❡❛❦ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❡

❢❛t❛❧ ❜❛rr✐❡r✑ ❛♥❞ r❡st♦r❡ ✏t❤❡ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑✱ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❤❛❞ t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❜❡✐♥❣

❧❡❞ ❬❛❣❛✐♥❪ ❜② ✏♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✑✳ ❍❡ ♣✉t ✐♥t♦ ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥❝❡ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❛❢♦r❡♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞

❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❬t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✏❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❣❛✈❡ t❤❡♠ ♣r♦♠♣t ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✑ ❪ t♦ r❡❣❛✐♥ t❤❡ ✏✇✐❞❡✲

♦♣❡♥ tr✉st✑✳ ❍❡ ✇❛s ♥♦t t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❜❧✐♥❞ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ♦r r✐❣✐❞ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ❜✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢

♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐♥❞ ✇❤❡♥ tr✉st✐♥❣ ❛ ✇✐s❡ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ♠♦t❤❡r✳ ❙❤❡ ❦♥♦✇s

✇❤❛t ✐s ❜❡st ❢♦r ❤❡r ❝❤✐❧❞✳

■t ✐s ❛ ♥✐❝❡ ✐♠❛❣❡✳ ❨❡t t❤❡r❡ ✐s s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐❝ ❛❜♦✉t ✐ts t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦❤❡r❡♥❝❡✳

❈❛♥ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ♠❛❦❡ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞ tr✉st r❡♣❧❛❝❡ ❞✐str✉st❄ ■s ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡

♥♦t r❛t❤❡r t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r❧②✱ ❜r♦t❤❡r❧② ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❧♦✈❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs

❝♦♥q✉❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❤❡❛rts❄ ❍❛❞ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ❥✉st❧② r❡♥❞❡r❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡

❜② ✏t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❡♠✑✱ ✐♥ ✜rst ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ✏♦❜❡②❡❞ ♣r♦♠♣t❧②✑✱ ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s❄ ❆♥❞ ✇❤②

❞✐❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡♠❄ ❚❤❡② ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❡♠ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✇❡r❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡♠

❛♥❞ ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ ❛ s②♠♣❛t❤✐③✐♥❣ ✇❛②✳

❚❤❡ ♠♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❝❤✐❧❞ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❝♦♥❢♦r♠s t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❞❛t❛ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❆✱ ❜✉t t❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐s ♣r❡❝❡❞❡❞ ❜② ❛ s♣❛❝❡✳ ■t ✇❛s ✐♥s❡rt❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞✐♥❣

✏✇✐❞❡✲♦♣❡♥ tr✉st✑ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇✐s❤ ✏♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ♠❛② ❣✉✐❞❡ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧✑✳✷✵✹ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s

s♠♦♦t❤❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❡①t t❤❛t ✇❛s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t s♦♠❡✲

❤♦✇ ✜ts ✐♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ✐s r❡❛❧❧② t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ♠♦✈❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✳

▼♦r❡♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❝❛✉t✐♦✉s❧② ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ♦❜❡② ♠❛② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r

t❤❡ ❧✐st ♦❢ t❤✐♥❣s t♦ ❞♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❬✷✻✲✷✼❪ ❚❤✐s

❜r❡❛❦t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝✐s✐✈❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ✜t ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧ ♦r ♥♦t

❛t ❛❧❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✳

❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ t❡①t ✇❛s ❝♦♣✐❡❞ ❛❧♠♦st ❧✐t❡r❛❧❧② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤❡s❡ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s

❜❡❣❛♥ ❜② st❛t✐♥❣✿ ✏❇✉t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡

♣r❡s❡♥t✲❞❛② ❜♦②s✳✑ ❬▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆✱ ✾❪ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛❝❡ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡

❛❜♦✈❡✲♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ t❤❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡

t❤❡ ❜❡tt❡r ♦♥❡s ❛♥②✇❛②✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❡❞ t❤❡♠ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❜② ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡

❜♦②s✿ ✏❆❧❧ ❤❡❛rts ✇❡r❡ ♦♣❡♥✑ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ✏t❤❡✐r ❤❡❛rts✑ ❢r♦♠ ❆✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t

♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❛♥② ❞✐st✐♥❝t✐♦♥✿ ✏t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ♦❜❡②❡❞✳✑ ▲♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥

♣r❡s❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ st❛rt✳ ❚❤❡ ❆ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ t❤❡ ♠❡t❛♣❤♦r ♦♥ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❜② ✏❡t❝✳

❡t❝✳✑

✷✵✹❈❢✳ ❤❡r❡ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ▲❛ ❧❡tt❡r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✴✶✼✳ ■♥ ❛♥ ✶✽✽✸ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❣✐r❧s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡♠✐♥❞❡❞

✉s ♦❢ ❙t ❆✉❣✉st✐♥❡ ❝❛❧❧✐♥❣ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✏♠♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❣✉❛r❞✐❛♥ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ✈✐rt✉❡s✑✳ ✭❖❊ ❳❳❳■■■ ✭❬✾✵❪✮✳

❚❤❛t ✐♠❛❣❡ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❤❛❞ s♦♠❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ❤❡r❡✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✽✹ ❉♦❡❧st❡❧❧✐♥❣❡♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳

✶✼✷✲✶✼✸✳

✶✷✹

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❚❤❛t ♦♣❡♥ ❡♥❞✐♥❣ ✭❡t❝✳ ❡t❝✳✮ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r t♦ tr② t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✳

❍❡ ❞✐❞ s♦ ♣r❡tt② ❝♦rr❡❝t❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✿ ✏❚❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣❡❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❥♦② ♦❢

❢♦r♠❡r ❞❛②s ✇✐❧❧ ♣r❡✈❛✐❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳✑ ❇♦t❤ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❞♦ ♥♦t str✐❦❡ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♥♦t❡ ✐♥

t❤❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❚❤❡② s❡❡♠ t♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❧✉❡✳ ❚❤♦✉❣❤ ❜❡✐♥❣

✏❢✉❧❧ ♦❢ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst s❝❡♥❡ ✇✐t❤ ❱❛❧❢rè ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ❛ s✐❣♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✱ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ❞✐❞ ♥♦t s❡❡♠ t❤❡

❞❡❝✐s✐✈❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ✐♥ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✳ ❬✻❪ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ♣❡❛❝❡ ✇❛s ♥♦t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛t ❛❧❧ ❛s ❛

❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ❞❛②s✑✱ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛❧ ♣❛st✳ ❚❤✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ✐s ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ♦♥❧② ♠✉❝❤

❧❛t❡r✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t✳ ■t ✇❛s r❛✐s❡❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤

t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ s❛❝r❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥ ❛s ❛♥ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳

❚❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt❡❞ ♣❛rt s✉✐t❡❞ t❤❡ tr❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❜✉t ✇❛s ❝♦♠✲

♣❧❡t❡❧② ♦✉t ♦❢ ♣❧❛❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r②✱ ✐t ✐s ❛♥ ♦❜st❛❝❧❡ t♦

t❤❡ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ tr❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t s✉♣♣♦s✐♥❣ s✉❝❤ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s st✐❧❧

♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❛❢t❡r ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❝❧♦s✐♥❣ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥✳

✸✳✹✳✺ ■♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ❣♦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥✱

t❤❡ ❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑✱ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❦❡②✇♦r❞✱ ✐s ✇♦r❦❡❞ ♦✉t ❬✶✽❪

❇❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐st✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✇❡♥t ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② t❤❡✐r ✇♦r❦

❬t❤❡✐r ❡✛♦rts❪ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❡❛s✐❡r ❬✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❧✐❣❤t❡r t♦ ❜❡❛r❪✳✑ ❉✐❞ t❤❛t ♥♦t ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣

♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❛s❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✏t♦ ✐♥s♣✐r❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛❣❛✐♥✑✱ ✏t♦ ❜r✐♥❣

t❤❡s❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs t♦ ❧✐❢❡ ❛❣❛✐♥✑❄ ❍❛❞ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r t❤♦✉❣❤t✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❙♦❝r❛t✐❝

❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ st♦♣♣❡❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡r❡ ✇❛s ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❝❧❛r✐✜❡❞✱ ❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞

❤❛✈❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛s❦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛s ❤❡ st✐❧❧ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ❢✉❧❧② ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞

❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s✳ ❙♦ ❢❛r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛s❦✐♥❣ ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ✭❇ ❛♥❞

❈✮ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ♦r ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❇ ✐t r❛♥ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿

✏❲❤✐❝❤ t❤❡♥ ✐s t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧❡r ♦♥❡ ❬t❤❡ ❧❡ss ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♦♥❡❪❄✑ ❚❤✐s ✐s r❡❛❧❧②❛ ✈❡r② ♥❛t✉r❛❧

q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s st❛t❡♠❡♥t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦✈❡❞ ♥♦t t♦ ❜❡ ✈❡r② ❝❧❡❛r ♦♣♣♦s✐♥❣ t❤❡

❧❡❛st ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✐t❡♠s✳ ■♥ ❈ ✐t ✇❡♥t t❤✉s✿ ✏❲❤❛t ❛♠ ■ t♦ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞ t♦

♠② ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s❄✑ ❬✶✽❪ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❧❡ss s❡❧❢✲❡✈✐❞❡♥t ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❝♦✉♥s❡❧ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❈✱ ❜✉t

s♦♠❡✇❤❛t ❛❝❝❡♣t❛❜❧❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ✇❛s ❛❧❧ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s t♦ ❜❡ s♦✳ ❚❤❡

q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✇❛s ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ✐♥ ❧✐♥❡ t♦♦ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡

♣r♦♥♦✉♥s ✏②♦✉✑ ❛♥❞ ✏■✑✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♥❡❡❞ ♥♦t r❡❛❧❧② ❜❡ s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡

❛s❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r ♠♦r❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ♥♦t ✉♥❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❞r❡❛♠ ❛❝❝♦✉♥ts✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡ ❛s ❛ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t st②❧❡✳✷✵✺

❚❤❡ s✇✐t❝❤❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❇ ❛♥❞ ❈ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t s❛t✐s❢② ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ✇❤❡♥ ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r

❛♥ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt❡❞ t❡①t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❣✉✐❧t ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♣❛rt ✐♥

t❤❡ r❡st♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✳ ❍❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡

❜♦②s✿ ✏❍♦✇ t❤❡♥ ❛r❡ ✇❡ t♦ ❣♦ ❛❜♦✉t ❜r❡❛❦✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥ t❤✐s ❜❛rr✐❡r❄✑ ❬✶✽❪ ♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛ss✐✈❡

✈♦✐❝❡✿ ✏❲❤❛t ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ t♦ ❜r❡❛❦ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❛t ❜❛rr✐❡r❄✑ ❈♦♥tr❛r② t♦ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣

✷✵✺❙♦ ✐♥ ▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✶✻❀ ▼❇◆ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✹✳ ■t ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ❞r❡❛♠ ❢r♦♠ ♠✐❞ ❆✉❣✉st ✶✽✽✸ ❛s❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿

✏❇✉t ✇❤❛t ❛♠ ■ t♦ t❡❧❧ ♦✉r ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s❄ ✳✳✳ ❲❤❛t r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦ ②♦✉ ❣✐✈❡ ♠❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ ♦✉r ❜♦②s❄✑

❆♥❞ ✏❲❤❛t ❡❧s❡❄✑

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♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ♣❛ss❛❣❡ ❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡s t♦ sq✉❡❡③❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛r② t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡

✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥s t❛❦✐♥❣ ✉♣ ♦♥❝❡ ❛❣❛✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ✏t♦ ❜r❡❛❦ ❞♦✇♥

t❤❛t ❢❛t❛❧ ❜❛rr✐❡r✑ ❜✉t ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❛s ✏t♦ ❜r❡❛❦ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❛t ❜❛rr✐❡r✑✳ ❨❡t s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ✐s ✇r♦♥❣

✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✳ ■t ✐s ♣❤r❛s❡❞ ✐♥ t♦♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❛ ✇❛② ♥♦ ♠❛tt❡r ✇❤❡t❤❡r

t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✐s tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ✏✇❡✑ ♦r t❤❡ ♣❛ss✐✈❡ ✏t♦ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡✑✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡

❜♦②s ✐t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✇❛② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜♦t❤ ❛

s❤♦rt❡r ♣❛rt ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ❛♥❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❧♦♥❣❡r ♣❛rt ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡ ✏✇❡✑ ✐♥ t❤❡

tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❢✉❧❧② ❥✉st✐✜❡❞ t❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❤❛❞ ❜♦t❤ ❣r♦✉♣s✱ ❛❞✉❧ts ❛♥❞ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✱

✐♥ ♠✐♥❞ t❤❡r❡✱ r✐❣❤t❧② ♦r ✇r♦♥❣❧②✳ ❬✶✽✱ ✷✻✲✷✼ ✛✳❪ ❚❤❡ r❡♣❧② ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡❞ s♦♠❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r

❜♦t❤✱ ❜✉t ✇❛s ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞❛❜❧② ♠♦r❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✱ ✇❤♦ ❞✐s❛♣♣❡❛r ❢r♦♠

s✐❣❤t ❛❣❛✐♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✉s❡s ✏✇❡✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥✱ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣

s♦❧❡❧② t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳

❇✉③③❡tt✐ r❡s✉♠❡s t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑✱ ❛ ❦❡② ✇♦r❞ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❬✻❪✱

t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ r❡♣❧② t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♥❡✇❧② ❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥s t♦ ❜r❡❛❦

❞♦✇♥ t❤❡ ❜❛rr✐❡r✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ✐t s❡❡♠s t♦ ♠❡ ✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ ❛ ❜❡tt❡r

❜✉✐❧❞✲✉♣ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ❤❛❞ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ❤❡ ❣❛✈❡ t♦ ❱❛❧❢rè ❛❣❛✐♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧

❝♦✉❧❞ t❤❡♥ ❤❛✈❡ ❡①♣❛♥❞❡❞ ♦♥ ❤✐s ❡❛r❧✐❡r ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞

❤✐s ✜rst ❝♦♠♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ✏❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✑ ✐♥ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s r❡♣❧② ❝❧❡❛r❧②

❡①♣❧✐❝❛t❡s t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❛t ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣✳ ■t ✐s ❛s t❤♦✉❣❤ ❤❡ ✇✐s❤❡s t♦

r❡❝❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏❤❡❛✈❡♥❧②✑ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s❝❡♥❡ ❛♥❞

♠❛❦❡ ✐t ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ t❛♥❣✐❜❧❡ ❛❣❛✐♥✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ❤❡ s✉❣❣❡sts t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❜r♦❛❞❡r

✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧②✑✳ ■t ✇✐❧❧ ♣r♦✈❡ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❛ ♠❡r❡

s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥✳

❼ ▼❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❬✶✽✲✷✵❪

▲✐❦❡ ❱❛❧❢rè ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❞❡✜♥❡ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ✏ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✑✱ ❛t ❧❡❛st ♥♦t str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✲

✇❛r❞❧②✳ ▲✐❦❡ ❱❛❧❢rè ❤❡ ✜rst ❝♦♥♥❡❝ts ✐t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t✇♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ✏❧♦✈❡ ✭❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✮

❛♥❞ ✏tr✉st✑ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❛❧s♦ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✭✜rst✮ ❦❡② ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❤❡ ❞♦❡s s♦ ✐♥

❤✐s ♦✇♥ ✇❛②✿ ✏❲✐t❤♦✉t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ♦♥❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❤♦✇ ♦♥❡✬s ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ✐❢ ♦♥❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t

♠❛❦❡ ✐t ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ✭❡✈✐❞❡♥t✮✱ t❤❡r❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❬✶✽✱ r❡✲tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞❪ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❤❡

✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ♥❡✇ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✳

❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❱❛❧❢rè ✏❝❧♦s❡♥❡ss ❬❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②❪ ❧❡❛❞s t♦ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ tr❛♥s✲

❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ❤♦✇ ❱❛❧❢rè ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡✳ ❍❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❣♦ ❛♥②

❢✉rt❤❡r✳ ◆♦✇ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ st❛t❡s t❤❛t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐s t❤❡ ♦✉t✇❛r❞ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡

❛♥❞ ✐s t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s t♦ ✏s❤♦✇✑ s✉❝❤ ❧♦✈❡✳ ◆♦t t❤✐s ❧♦✈❡ ✐♥ ✐ts❡❧❢ ✏❜r✐♥❣s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑✳ ❖♥❧② t❤❡

❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♠❛❞❡ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❜② ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❞♦❡s s♦✳ ■t r❡❛❞s ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ♦✉t

♦❢ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❛♣❤♦r✐s♠✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝❧❛r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❛♥②✐♥❣ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ♦✇♥

❝♦♠♠❡♥t✱ ❢♦r ❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss❡❞ ✐t ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t❤❛t ✏t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ♥❡❡❞ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞✱

❜✉t t❤❛t t❤❡② t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❦♥♦✇ ✭r❡❛❧✐s❡✱ s❡❡ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❧✮ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞✳✑ ❬✶✸❪

✏❇❡✐♥❣ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ②♦✉t❤❢✉❧ ✐♥t❡r❡sts✑ ❬✶✸❪ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❜② ✏❛❧✇❛②s st❛②✐♥❣ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱

❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✑ ❬✶✺ ❛♥❞ ✶✽❪ ❛♥❞ ❜② ✏❧✐❦✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t ♣❧❡❛s❡s t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳✑

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❬✶✼❪ ◆♦✇ ❤❡ ❛❞❞s t❤❛t t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤❡② ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t❡✱ ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐s st✐❧❧

♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✳ ■t ❝♦♠❡s ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐s❡ t❤❛t ✇❛② ❛♥❞ st②❧❡

♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ t❛❦❡s ✉♣ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ✑❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✬ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✉s❡❞

✐♥ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❛s ✇❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡

❉✐s❝✉ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✬❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✬ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ■ ❤❛✈❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✉s❡

♦❢ t❤✐s t❡r♠ ✇❛s s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✉♣ t♦ ✶✽✽✹ ✐t ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ✈❡r② ♦❢t❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡

✇r✐t✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❆♥❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞✱ ✐t ❤❛❞ ❛ r❛t❤❡r ❧❡ss ❢❛✈♦✉r❛❜❧❡ ♦r

❡✈❡♥ ♣❡❥♦r❛t✐✈❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣✳

❊①❝✉rs✉s ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✉s❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✬❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✬

❙✉❝❤ r❛t❤❡r ♣❡❥♦r❛t✐✈❡ ✉s❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❘❡♠✐♥❞❡rs t♦ ❋r ❘✉❛ ✐♥

✶✽✻✸✳ ❘✉❛ ❤❛❞ t♦ s❡❡ t♦ ✐t t❤❛t t❤❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ t♦♦

❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❛ ✇❛②✳ ■t ✐s ♠❡❛♥t ❧✐t❡r❛❧❧②✿ ✏❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ♥♦t t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s✳✑

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ t❛s❦s ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ t❤✐s ✇❛s ♥♦t ❛❜♦✉t ❛♥ ✐❧❧❡❣✐t✐♠❛t❡

♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣✳ ❍❡ ❝❤♦s❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❛t✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡

r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ✇❡ r❡❛❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞✿ ✏▲❡t t❤❡♠ ❬t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs❪ ❛✈♦✐❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣s

❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❛❧✐t②✳✑ ✷✵✻

❚❤✐s ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐s ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② ✇✐❞❡s♣r❡❛❞ ♠♦r❛❧s ♦❢ t❤❛t t✐♠❡✳ ■t s❡❡♠s ❛

✈❛r✐❛♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛r♥✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✇r✐t❡rs✱ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦r❛r✐❡s ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ■ ❤✈❡

❛❧r❡❛❞② ❝✐t❡❞ ❆♣♦rt✐✬s r❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❛t ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡✳✷✵✼ ❆❣❛t❤♦♥✱ ❛ ❇r♦t❤❡r

♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❙❝❤♦♦❧s✱ ✇❛s q✉✐t❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❝❛❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✶✽✸✺ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ✇r✐t✐♥❣✿

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ✏❍❡ ❬t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r❪ s❝r✉♣✉❧♦✉s❧② s❤✉♥s ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣✱ ❞❛♥❣❡r♦✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❬

❪ ✇✐t❤

t❤❡♠✳✑ ❚❤✐s ♠❡❛♥t ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧❧②✿ ✏❚❤❛t ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡ ❢♦r❜✐❞s ❢✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✿ t♦✉❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❢❛❝❡✱

❝❛r❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡♠✱ ❧❛✉❣❤✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✱ ❛♥❞ r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ ❛ ❤✉❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡♠✳✑ ✷✵✽ ■t r❡♠❛✐♥s ❛♥

♦♣❡♥ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❞❛♥❣❡r♦✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑ ❛❧❧♦✇s ✉s t♦ s✉♣♣♦s❡ t❤❡r❡

✇❡r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❞❛♥❣❡r♦✉s✳

❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥ s❡❝r❡ts ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❧✐st❡❞ ✐♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✼✺✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❈❡r✐❛✱ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s

q✉✐t❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s s♦rt ♦❢ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✜❢t❤ s❡❝r❡t r❛♥ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❚❤❡

❙✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❣❛✈❡ ♠✉❝❤ tr✉st ❛♥❞ ❧✐❦❡❞ ❜❡✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐❞st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ❜✉t ❛❧✇❛②s ✐♥ s✉❝❤

❛ ✇❛② ❛s t♦ ❞✐s❝♦✉r❛❣❡ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✳✑ ✷✵✾ ■t s❛②s ❤❡r❡ t♦♦ ✏❡①❝❡ss✐✈❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❧❡❛❞ ✉s t♦ s✉♣♣♦s❡ t❤❛t ❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✇❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✐♥

✷✵✻❇♦t❤ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ ❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ ♣r✐♠♦✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✶✹✲✻✶✺✳ ▼❖❚❚❖✱ ❋r✳✱ ■ ✏❘✐❝♦r❞✐ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥③✐❛❧✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ✱ ♣✳

✶✹✽✴✻✺ ❛♥❞ ✶✹✼✴✹✶✲✹✷✳ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✾✴✶ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✹✹✽✴✸✳

✷✵✼❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✽✸ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✷✵✽❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✼✴✶✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳✳✳✱ ♣✳✶✾✼✳

■ t❤✐♥❦ ■ ♠❛② ✉♥✲

❞❡rst❛♥❞ ✏ ■❧ r✐❞❡r❡ ❝♦♥ ❡ss✐✑ ❛s ❛ r❡❢✉s❡ ♦❢ ✏❥❡st✐♥❣✑ ✭✐s❝❤❡r③❛r❡ ✮ ❛s ✇✐t❤ ❋✳ ❆♣♦rt✐✳ ■t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❝♦♠❡

❞♦✇♥ t♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❞❡♠♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏❥❡st✐♥❣ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✑ ■t ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ♠❡❛♥t t❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❛♠❜✐❣✉♦✉s

❥♦❦❡s ♦r ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ❥♦❦❡s ✇✐t❤ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ t♦ ❜❡ t♦❧❞✳ ❈❢✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛❞✈✐❝❡ t♦ ❱❛❝❝❤✐♥❛

t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✼✵ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❆❧s♦ P✳ ❉❡ ❉❛♠❛s ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ♦✉t t❤❡ ❞❛♥❣❡r ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ♦r

❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏❉✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ t❤❡② ♠✐① ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ❞♦

♥♦t ♣❧❛②✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ❚❤❡② t❛❦❡ ✐t ✐♥ t✉r♥s t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❦✐❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❦✐❞s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❧♦s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐❣♥✐t② ✇❤✐❝❤

❝r❡❛t❡s r❡s♣❡❝t ♦r ✇✐t❤♦✉t st❡♣♣✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥ t♦ s✉❝❤ ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡♥t❛✐❧s ❝♦♥t❡♠♣t✳✑ ■♥ ✿

❉❊ ❉❆▼❆❙✱ P✳✱ ▲❡ s✉r✈❡✐❧❧❛♥t✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✽✳

✷✵✾▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✸ ✭r❡✲tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞✮✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✹✵ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✶✷✼

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❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❜♦t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛♥❞ ❇r♦t❤❡r ❆❣❛t❤♦♥✬s ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥

❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❧② ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥t ✐♥ ❤✐s ▼❡♠♦✐rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❬▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬ ❖r❛t♦r✐♦❪✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ✇❛s ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ✶✽✼✸✲✶✽✼✺✳ ▲♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❜❛❝❦ ♦♥ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ②♦✉t❤

❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ ❢r❛♥❦❧② t❤❡r❡ t❤❛t ❤❡ ✏❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t str✐❦❡ ✉♣ ❛ ❝❧♦s❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣✑✳

❙♦✱ ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ s♦♠❡ ♣❛r✐s❤ ♣r✐❡sts ✐♥ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ✇❛②✳ ❚♦

❡①♣r❡ss ❤✐s ✇✐s❤ ❤❡ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏ ❝♦♥tr❛rr❡ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✳✑ ❚❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ✈✐s✲à✲✈✐s t❤♦s❡

♣r✐❡sts ♠❡❛♥s ✐t ✇❛s ♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❤✐♠ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠

✐♥ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧②✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ s❡♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞✳

❆s ❢❛r ❛s ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ♣❡❡rs ✐s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✱ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ t❛✉❣❤t ❤✐♠ ❤❡ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦

❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤✳ ❍❡ ❢❛❝❡❞ t❤r❡❡ ❣r♦✉♣s ♦❢ ❢❡❧❧♦✇ ♣✉♣✐❧s✿ ✏t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞✱ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❤❡

❜❛❞✳✑ ✏❚❤❡ ❜❛❞ ♦♥❡s ■ ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞ t❤❡♠ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡❧② ❛♥❞ ❛❧✇❛②s✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ■ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞

✇✐t❤ ♦♥❧② ✇❤❡♥ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✱ ❜✉t ■ ✇❛s ❛❧✇❛②s ❝♦✉rt❡♦✉s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳ ■ ♠❛❞❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❣♦♦❞ ♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ♦♥❧② ✇❤❡♥ ■ ✇❛s s✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠✳✑ ❍❡r❡ t♦♦ ❤❡ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏ ❝♦♥tr❛rr❡

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✳✑ ▲✉✐❣✐ ❈♦♠♦❧❧♦ ✇❛s ❛ r❡❛❧❧② ❣♦♦❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❣❡♥✉✐♥❡❧② ❥♦✈✐❛❧

❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠ ❬❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐ ❞✐s❝♦rs✐❪ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❞❡❛❧t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❧② ✇✐t❤

❤✐♠✑ ❬tr❛tt❛✈❛ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r❛♠❡♥t❡❪✳✷✶✵

❋♦r t❤❡s❡ ❧❛st t✇♦ ♠❡♠♦r✐❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❝❛❧❧ ♦♥ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥s ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐♥

✶✽✹✹ ✐♥ ❤✐s ▲✐❢❡ ♦❢ ▲✉✐❣✐ ❈♦♠♦❧❧♦✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ❤✐s ❢❡❧❧♦✇ st✉❞❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡♠✐♥❛r②

✐♥t♦ t❤r❡❡ ❣r♦✉♣s✿ ✏❆ ❢❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❛r❡ ❜❛❞✱ ♦t❤❡rs ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❜❛❞✱ ❜✉t ♥♦t ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧②

❣♦♦❞ ❡✐t❤❡r✱ st✐❧❧ ♦t❤❡rs ❛r❡ r❡❛❧❧② ❣♦♦❞✳ ❨♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡❧② ❛✈♦✐❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ❣r♦✉♣❀ ②♦✉

s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠❛❦❡ ❝♦♥t❛❝t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❣r♦✉♣ ✇❤❡♥ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✱ ❜✉t ♥♦t ✐♥ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇❛②

❬❝♦♥ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà❪❀ ②♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♦❢t❡♥ ♠❡❡t t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❣r♦✉♣✳ ✳ ✳ ■t ✐s tr✉❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♠r❛❞❡s

♦❢ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❣r♦✉♣ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ♥✉♠❡r♦✉s✳ ✳ ✳ ■❢ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❡♠✱ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞

❛❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❛❝t t♦ t❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❬s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧❡ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà❪ ❢♦r ②♦✉r

♦✇♥ ❜❡♥❡✜t✳✑ ✷✶✶

■t ✐s ❡❛s② t♦ s❤♦✇ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s ♠♦✈❡❞ t❤❛t ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ♥❡❛r❡r t♦ ❤✐s s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧

❞❛②s ✐♥ ❤✐s ❧❛t❡r ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ♥♦t r❡❛❧❧② ♦❢ ❛♥② ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❝❡ ❤❡r❡✳✷✶✷ ■t

✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤♦✉❣❤ t♦ ♥♦t✐❝❡ ❤❡ ❦♥❡✇ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ✏ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✑ ✐♥ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡

♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ t✐♠❡✳

◆♦t✇✐t❤st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❤✐s ✐♥❞✉str✐♦✉s ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ✉s❛❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✱ ❞✉r✲

✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ✶✽✼✸✲✶✽✼✺ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❢♦r ❝❛✉t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❧✐st❡❞ t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥ s❡❝r❡ts ✐♥

❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✼✺✳ ■♥ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ②❡❛r ❤❡ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❢♦r ♣r✉❞❡♥❝❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐t ✇❛s ✐♥

❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♥t❡①t✳ ❆❢t❡r ❤✐s s♣❡❡❝❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❧✐❝❛ ♦❢ ▼❛r② ❍❡❧♣ ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡

❞♦✇♥ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✜rst ♠✐ss✐♦♥❛r✐❡s ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞

r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ❤❡ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡❞ t❤❡♠✿ ✏❇❡ ❝❤❛r✐t❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦st ❝♦✉rt❡♦✉s t♦✇❛r❞s ❛❧❧✱

❜✉t ❛✈♦✐❞ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✇✐t❤ ♣❡rs♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ s❡① ♦r ✇✐t❤ ♣❡rs♦♥s

✇❤♦s❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t ✐s ♦♣❡♥ t♦ s✉s♣✐❝✐♦♥✳✑ ✷✶✸

✷✶✵❋♦r ❜♦t❤ ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤s✿ ❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✸✴✺✷✼✲✺✸✻❀ ✺✾✴✻✻✸✲✻✻✹❀ ✾✷✴✶✹✾✲✶✺✷❀

✾✺✴✷✵✶❀ ✾✺✴✷✶✷❀ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✽❀ ✺✸❀ ✽✷✲✽✸✳ ❆❧s♦ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✾✵✲✶✾✷✳

✷✶✶❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ❈❡♥♥✐ st♦r✐❝✐ ❞❡❧❧❛ ✈✐t❛ ❞❡❧ ❝❤✐❡r✐❝♦ ▲✉✐❣✐ ❈♦♠♦❧❧♦✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱ ✶✽✹✹✳ ❖❊ ■✱ ❬✻✸✲✻✹❪✳

✷✶✷■♥ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ s❡♥s❡ ✐t ✐s t❤❡ ❤❡r❛❧❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞✐st✐♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆rt✐❝♦❧✐ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐ ✭✶✽✼✼✮✳

❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✽✽✴✾✲✶✵❀ ✷✾✵✴✶✺✶✻✳

✷✶✸■♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✏ ❢✉❣❣✐t❡ ❧❛ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✳✑ ❈❢✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✺✴♣♦✐♥t ✷✳ ■t ✐s ❛ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥

❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡tr❡❛t ✐♥ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✭❄✮✶✽✼✺ ✐♥ ▲❛♥③♦✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ✐♥s✐st❡❞ ♦♥

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❍✐s r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs s♦✉♥❞❡❞ q✉✐t❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✇✐t❤

❜♦②s ✇❤♦ s❤♦✇❡❞ s✐❣♥s ♦❢ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❈♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ❤❡ ❛s❦❡❞ t❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♦♥❛r✐❡s

✏t♦ s❤♦✇ t❤❡✐r ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❬❝❛r✐tà❪✱ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦r ❛♠✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ❬❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛❪ ❛♥❞ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧

❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ❬❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥③❛❪✳✑ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✐❣❤t❡❡♥t❤ st✐♠✉❧✉s

✐♥ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❋r ❈❤✐❛❧❛ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❜♦♦❦ ✏❉❛

❚♦r✐♥♦ ❛❧❧❛ ❘❡♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛✳✑ ✷✶✹ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣♦✐♥ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞✐✛❡r

❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✶✽✽✹ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ✭❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❈✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡

r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✺ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s t❤❡ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ◆♦t

✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ✏ ❝❛r✐t❛s✑ ✐s ✉s❡❞✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r ✏ ❝❛r✐t❛s✑ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❛♥❞

✏❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✑ ❛♥❞ ✏♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥❝❡✑ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ❥✉①t❛♣♦s❡❞✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s

♥♦ t❛❧❦ ♦❢ ❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❬❝❛r✐tà❪ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡

❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss t❤❡ ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤

✇✐♥ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rts ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛r❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♥ ✐ts❡❧❢ ✐s ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✳

❚❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❝❛r✐t❛s ❛♥❞ t②♣✐❝❛❧ ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ❛r❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧② ♣♦✐♥t❡❞

♦✉t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ✇❤✐❝❤ P✳ ❇r❛✐❞♦ ❤❛s ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ♦♥❡

♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ t❤✐s ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❛t ✜rst s✐❣❤t✳ ❚❤❡ ✜❢t❤ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✐❣❤t❡❡♥t❤ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥

❧✐t❡r❛❧❧② r✉♥s ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❝❤❛r✐t② ❬❝❛r✐tà❪ ✇✐t❤ ❤❡❧♣ ♦❢ s✐❣♥s ♦❢ ❵❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✬ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✲

✉❧❛r ❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥❝❡✳✑ ✷✶✺ ❚❤❡ st✐♠✉❧✉s ✐s ✐♥ ❢❛❝t ♦♥❧② r❡❛❧❧② ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t ✐t ❛s

❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❚❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ♣r❛❝t✐s❡ ❝❤❛r✐t② ♦r ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡✳ ❨❡t ✐t ♥❡❡❞s

t♦ ❜❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛❦❡s ✐ts❡❧❢ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡✱ t❛♥❣✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♥♦t✐❝❡❛❜❧❡ ❜② t❤❡ s✐❣♥s ♦❢ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ❛♥❞

❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤✐s ✜rst ❛♥❞ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❝❧❛s❤❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✐❣❤t❡❡♥t❤ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❞♦❡s ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ✜✈❡ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡s✳

❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♦♥❛r✐❡s s❤♦✉❧❞ ♣r♦♠♦t❡ ❛❧❧

✜✈❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❝❤❛r✐t② ❬❝❛r✐t❛s❪ ♦r ✐♠♣r❡ss t❤❡♠ ♦♥ ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❛t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❡❡♠ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏ ❝❛r✐tà✑ ❛♥❞ ✏s✐❣♥s ♦❢

❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❛♠✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss✑✳✷✶✻ ■t ✐s ♠♦r❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ ✐❢ t❤❛t ✜❢t❤ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ t❛s❦

✐s r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♦♥❛r✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡② t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❣❡♥t❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣r❡ss t❤❛t ❧♦✈❡

❜② ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛✛❛❜❧❡✱ ❦✐♥❞ ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ ✇❛②✳

❚❤❛t ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡ tr❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s❡❝r❡t❛r②✱ ●✳ ❇❡rt♦✱ t♦♦✳

❚❤❡ ❤❛♥❞✲✇r✐tt❡♥ ❝♦♣② ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t ♦❢ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✭❄✮ ✶✽✼✺ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s ✇✐t❤ ❈❤✐❛❧❛✬s ♦♥❡✿

✏❙❤♦✇ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❬❈❤❛r✐t②❪✱ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✳✳✳✑ ❇❡rt♦ t♦♦✱ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ ✐♠♣❡r❛t✐✈❡✱

r❡s❡r✈❡s t❤✐s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❤❡ ❤❛s r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞

✏ ❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✑ ❜② ❛ s②♥♦♥②♠ ✏ ❛♠❛❜✐❧✐tà✑ ❢♦r ❛ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥✳✷✶✼

❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ ✭✢②✐♥❣✮ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ✭❧❛ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✮ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡rs♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ s❡①✱ ❛❧s♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✇✐t❤

♣❡rs♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s❡①✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✽✶ ❛♥❞ ✺✽✸❀ ♥♦t tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❊▼❇ ❛♥❞ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱

✶✽✻✻✲✶✽✼✻ ❞♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❡tr♦✉✇❜❛r❡ ✇❡❣✇✐❥③❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✲✹✺✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✳

✷✶✹▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✸✾✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✺✳ ❈❍■❆▲❆✱ ❈✳✱ ❉❛ ❚♦r✐♥♦ ❛❧❧❛ ❘❡♣✉❜❜❧✐❝❛ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛✱ ▲❡tt✉r❡

❈❛tt♦❧✐❝❤❡✱ ✷✽✻✲✼✱ ✶✽✼✻✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✽✲✻✵✳ ❉♦♥ ❈❤✐❛❧❛ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❡♥tr✉st❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

♠✐ss✐♦♥❛r✐❡s ❢♦r ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ t✐♠❡✳ ❈❢✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳✷✻✻✴✶✽✳

✷✶✺❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✼✴✹✻✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✻✳

✷✶✻❚r❛♥s❧❛t♦rs ❞♦ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥ ❡❛s② t❛s❦✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❝❧❡❛r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ❛♥❞ ●❡r♠❛♥ t❡①ts✳ ■♥ ❋r❡♥❝❤✿ ✏❞❡ ❧❛

❝❤❛r✐té✱ ❞❡s ♠❛rq✉❡s ❞✬❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❡t ❞❡ ❜✐❡♥✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧✐èr❡ ✭❈♦♥s✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❡t ❘è❣❧❡♠❡♥ts✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✹✮✳

■♥ ●❡r♠❛♥✿ ✏▲✐❡❜❡ ❣❡♣rä❣t ✈♦♥ ▲✐❡❜❡♥s✇ür❞✐❣❦❡✐t ✉♥❞ ❜❡s♦♥❞❡r❡♠ ❲♦❤❧✇♦❧❧❡♥✑ ✭❑♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❡♥ ✉♥❞

❙❛t③✉♥❣❡♥✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✻✮✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ▼❇◆ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✸✵✶✳

✷✶✼■♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥✿ ✏ ❆❜❜✐❛t❡ ❝❛r✐tà✱ ❛♠❛❜✐❧✐tà✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ❈❢✳ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✾✹✲✶✾✺✳ ❙❡❡

✶✷✾

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❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♦♥❛r✐❡s r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐s ❛❧♠♦st

✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧ t♦ ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❚❡♣♣❛✬s ✐♥ ❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐ ♣❡r ❣❧✐ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✐ ❡❝❝❧❡s✐❛st✐❝✐✳

■♥ ❛ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✇✐t❤ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤✐♥❣✱ ❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡st ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❢♦r ❛

t❡❛❝❤❡r t♦ s❤♦✇ ❤✐s ❞✐s❝♦♥t❡♥t t♦ ❛ ❜♦② ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ❢❛✐❧❡❞✳ ■t ✇❡♥t ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏ ❬❨♦✉ ♥❡❡❞ t♦❪

❛❞♦♣t ❛ ♠♦r❡ s❡r✐♦✉s ❛♥❞ r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ t♦✇❛r❞s ❤✐♠✳ ▲❡❛✈❡ t❤❡s❡ s✐❣♥s ✭❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s✱

✉tt❡r❛♥❝❡s✮ ♦❢ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ②♦✉ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ♣❛② ❛s ❛ tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ ❤✐♠✳✑

❍✐s ❤✐♥ts ♠❛② s❡❡♠ r❛t❤❡r ✈❛❣✉❡✳ ❚❤❡② ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s

✇♦r❦✳ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦♥ ❤♦✇ t♦ ❡①❡r❝✐s❡

❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✇❡ r❡❛❞✿ ✏❖♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❬♣✉♣✐❧❪ ✐♥ ❛ ❦✐♥❞❡r✱ ♠♦r❡

❛✛❛❜❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ✇❛② ❬✉s❛r ♠♦❞✐ ♣✐ù ❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧✐ ❡ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐✳✑✷✶✽ ■t ✐s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s t❤❛t

t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❬❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❚❡♣♣❛❪ ✐s q✉✐t❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✳ ❖❢ ❝♦✉rs❡✱

❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥③❛ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ❚❡♣♣❛ ❥✉①t❛♣♦s❡❞ ✏

✑ ❛♥❞ ✏

✑ ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞✐❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇✐t❤

❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥③❛ ❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛ ✏

✑ ❛♥❞ ✏

✑✳ ❨❡t✱ ❜♦t❤ ✉s❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇♦r❞s ❛♥❞ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ ✏s✐❣♥s✱

❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s✑ ♦❢ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✏

✑ ✐s ❛ s②♥♦♥②♠ ♦❢ ❚❡♣♣❛✬s

✏❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✑✳

❚❤✐s ❧❛st ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ♠♦r❡ ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ ✇❤❡♥ ✇❡ ❧✐st❡♥ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣r❡s❡♥✲

t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛ r❡❝t♦rs✬ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✹ ✶✽✼✻✳ ❍✐s t♦♣✐❝ ✐s ❛❣❛✐♥ ❛❜♦✉t ✏❤✐♥ts ✇❤✐❝❤

♠❛② ❣r❡❛t❧② ❤❡❧♣ t♦ ❢♦st❡r ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❍✐s s❡❝♦♥❞ ✐t❡♠ ✇❛s✿ ✏❉♦ s❤♦✇ ❛ ❧♦t ♦❢ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❦✐♥❞✲

❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛ ♥❡ss ❬

❪ t♦ ♦✉r ❜♦②s✿ tr❡❛t t❤❡♠ r❡❛❧❧② ✇❡❧❧✳ ▲❡t t❤✐s ❣♦♦❞ tr❡❛t♠❡♥t

❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ❬❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❛♠✐❛❜✐❧✐t②❪ ❜❡ ❛ tr❛✐t ♦❢ ❛❧❧ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥✳ ❆❧❧ ♦❢

t❤❡♠ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❝❛♥ ❤❛r❞❧② ❛ttr❛❝t ♦♥❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡r✱ ❜✉t ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ t✉r♥ t❤❡♠ ❛❧❧

❛✇❛②✳ ●♦❞ ❦♥♦✇s ❤♦✇ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✐t ✐s ❢♦r ❛ ❜♦② t♦ ❢❡❡❧ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ tr❡❛t❡❞ ✇❡❧❧✦ ❍❡ ❡♥tr✉sts

❤✐s ✈❡r② ❤❡❛rt t♦ ❤✐s s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳✑ ❚❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ♣♦✐♥t✿ ✏❆s r❡❣❛r❞s ♦❧❞❡r ❜♦②s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② t❤♦s❡

✇❤♦ s❡❡♠ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r✐❡st❤♦♦❞✱ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✕ ❜❡s✐❞❡s ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ❦✐♥❞❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠

✕ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ s❤♦✇ t❤❡♠ ❣r❡❛t tr✉st✳✑ ❚❤❡ s✐①t❤ ✐t❡♠ ❧✐♥❦s ✉♣ ✇✐t❤ ✐t✿ ✏■t ✇✐❧❧ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡

❞❛r❡ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ✈❡r② ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧ t♦ tr❡❛t ❛ ❜♦② ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❧② ❬✏

✑ ❪ ❜② t❛❦✐♥❣ ❛ ✇❛❧❦ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠✱

❝♦♥✈❡rs✐♥❣✱ ❧❛✉❣❤✐♥❣✱ ❧✐st❡♥✐♥❣ t♦ ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛s t♦ s❛②✱ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣ ❤✐♠ t♦ t❡❧❧ ✉s

❛❜♦✉t ❤✐s ❤♦♠❡ ❧✐❢❡✱ ❤✐s ♣❛r❡♥ts✬ ❢❛r♠✱ ✈✐♥❡②❛r❞s✱ t❤❡ ❝❤❡❡s❡ r♦♦♠ ❛♥❞ s♦ ♦♥✳ ■❢✱ ❛s ❛

r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❝♦♥t❛❝ts✱ t❤❡② ❛s❦ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡✐r ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛❞✈✐s❡ t❤❡♠ t♦ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥

✐t ✐♥ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥✳✑ ✷✶✾

❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ t❡r♠s ✏

✑ ❛♥❞ ✏

❛s ❡q✉✐✈✲

❛❧s♦ ❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣✳ ✺✹✽ ❛♥❞ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❊ ■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✶✼ ❛♥❞ ❈❊❘■❆✱ ❊✳✱ ❆♥♥❛❧✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✭✶✽✹✶✲✶✽✽✽✮✱ ♣✳

✷✺✺✳ ■♥ ❜♦t❤ ❧❛st t❡①ts t❤❡ ✜❢t❤ ✐t❡♠ ✐s ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❢♦✉r ❬✏ ✉s❛t❡ ❝♦♥ ❧♦r♦✳ ✳ ✳ ❪

❛♥❞ ✐s ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳

✷✷✷✲✷✸✻ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ t❡r♠s✳

✷✶✽❚❊PP❆✱ ❆✳▼✳✱ ❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✹ ❛♥❞ ✷✺✳ ❈❢✳ t❤❡r❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣❛❣❡ ✹✵✳

✷✶✾❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ■ ♠♦❧t✐ ✈♦❧t✐ ❞❡❧❧✬❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✱ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❞✐ ❙❝✐❡♥③❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❊❞✉❝❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ✭✸✼✮✱ ✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✳

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✽✲✾✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣♣✳✻✽✲✼✶✳

■♥ ❛ s♦rt ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ▼✳ ❘✉❛ ✇r♦t❡ ❞♦✇♥ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✐t❡♠s ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ♣❛② ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ❞✉r✐♥❣

❤✐s ♦✣❝✐❛❧ ✈✐s✐ts t♦ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡s ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✶✽✼✹✲✶✽✼✺✳ ❯♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ✏❨♦✉♥❣st❡rs✑ ❤❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ t❤❡

❦❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ✏❙t✉❞②✱ ③❡❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❵❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✬ ✇✐t❤ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✑ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥

▼✐❝❤❡❧❡ ❘✉❛ ♣r✐♠♦ ❛✉t♦❞✐❞❛tt❛ ✏❱✐s✐t❛t♦r❡✑✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✾✮✳ ❲❤❡t❤❡r ❋r ❘✉❛ ♠❡❛♥t t❤✐s ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑ ✐♥

❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ♦r ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ✇❛② ✐s ❞✐✣❝✉❧t t♦ ✜❣✉r❡ ♦✉t✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ tr❛❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡

❞r❡✇ ✉♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✶✽✼✹✲✶✽✼✻ ♣❡r✐♦❞✳ ■♥ ❛♥② ❝❛s❡ ✐t ✐s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳

❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ✶✽✻✻✲✶✽✼✻ ❞♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❡tr♦✉✇❜❛r❡ ✇❡❣✇✐❥③❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✹✲✹✺✳

✶✸✵

14 Pages 131-140

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14.1 Page 131

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❛❧❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ♦♥❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r✳ ❚❤❡② ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❛r❡ s②♥♦♥②♠s✱ ✐♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts

❛♥❞ t❡r♠s✳

❚❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛❧ q✉♦t❡s ✇✐t❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s t❤❡s✐s ✐s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t✳ ❏✉st ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ▼❡♠♦✐rs ✏

✑ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t✱ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ st❛t❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡

❛♥❞ ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠✲

♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♦♥❛r✐❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs ❜♦✐❧ ❞♦✇♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿

❨♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❝❛♥♥♦t ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✬s ❧♦✈❡ ♥♦r ❝❛♥ t❤❡② ❣✐✈❡ ❤✐♠ tr✉st ✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡✲

❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ ❤✐s s✐❣♥s ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❥♦✈✐❛❧✱ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✱ ❛✛❛❜❧❡✱ ❦✐♥❞ ❛♥❞ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s

✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳

❆t ❛♥② r❛t❡ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ✏❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✑ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ ❤✐s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡❞ ✇r✐t✐♥❣✱ ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥

t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ✭✶✽✼✼✮✳ ■t ✐s ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s

t❤❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ✇❤♦ st♦♦❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✳ ✏❚❤❡

✇♦r❞s ❛♥❞ ❧♦♦❦s✑ ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✏♠✉st ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡ s❡✈❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ t❤r❡❛t❡♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞

❤❡ ♠✉st ❛✈♦✐❞ ❛❧❧ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥ts✳✑ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t❧② s✉❣❣❡sts ❛♥❞

❡✈❡♥ str❡ss❡s ✐♥ ❤✐s ♦✇♥ t②♣✐❝❛❧ ✇❛② ❤♦✇ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✕

t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ♦♥❡ ✕ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡✿ ❣❡♥t❧❡✱ ❦✐♥❞✱ ❛♠✐❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥✈✐t✐♥❣ ❝♦♥t❛❝t✱ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s✱

❥♦✈✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ t❡①t ✐ts❡❧❢ s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❘❡❝t♦r ❛♥❞ t❤❡

❛ss✐st❛♥ts ✇❤♦ ❧✐❦❡ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❢❛t❤❡rs ❝♦♥✈❡rs❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✱ ❛r❡ ❛ ❣✉✐❞❡ ❢♦r ❡✈❡r② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♥❞

❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❦✐♥❞❧② ✇❛② ❬

❪ ❣✐✈❡ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥s✳✑ ✷✷✵ ❖♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ✇❡ ♥♦t✐❝❡

❤♦✇ ✏❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧♠❡♥t❡✑ ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ♦♥❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ s✐♠✐❧❛r ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣✳

❆❜♦✉t t❤❛t t✐♠❡ ●✳ ❱❡s♣✐❣♥❛♥✐✱ ❛ ♥❡✇❧② ♦r❞❛✐♥❡❞ ❞✐♦❝❡s❛♥ ♣r✐❡st✱ ✇❡♥t t♦ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡

❛❝q✉❛✐♥t❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❍❡ ✇❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛ tr❛✐♥❡❡ ❢♦r ❛ ②❡❛r ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❣❡t t♦ ❦♥♦✇

t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠♦r❡ ❝❧♦s❡❧②✳ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ ✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✼✼✳

❚❤❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛s♣❡❝t ♠✉st ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ♣❧❡❛s❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ✐❢ ✇❡ ❛r❡ t♦ ❥✉❞❣❡ ❢r♦♠ ❛

q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❤❡ ♦♥❝❡ ❛s❦❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✿ ✏❆♥❞ ❤♦✇ ❞♦ ■ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ✜♥❞ ✇❛②s t♦ ❣❡t t♦ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡♠

❬t❤❡ ❜♦②s❪ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t✉r♥ t♦ ❧❡t t❤❡♠ ❦♥♦✇ ♠❡ ❜❡tt❡r❄✑ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡♣❧✐❡❞✿ ✏●♦♦❞ q✉❡st✐♦♥✦

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❇② ♠✐♥❣❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇❛② ❬

❪ ❛♥❞ ❜② ❜❡❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❧✐❦❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢

t❤❡♠✳✑ ❱❡s♣✐❣♥❛♥✐ ❤❛❞ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❢❛✐t❤ ✐♥ ✐t✳ ❍❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t❡❞✿ ✏❇✉t ✇❤❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❡♥ ❝❛♥ ■ ❥♦✐♥

t❤❡♠❄ ■ ❛♠ ♥♦t ♠❛❞❡ ❢♦r ❥♦✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ ❣❛♠❡s✱ r✉♥♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❧❛✉❣❤✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳ ▼②

♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❛✐♥ts ❛♥❞ ♠② ✇❡❛❦ ❤❡❛rt ♣r❡✈❡♥t t❤✐s✳✑ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛❣❛✐♥✿ ✏❲❤②✱ ✇❛❧❦ t♦

t❤❡ ♣✉♠♣✳ ❆r♦✉♥❞ ❜r❡❛❦❢❛st t✐♠❡ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ♠❡❡t ❛ ❧♦t ♦❢ ❜♦②s t❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡② ❝♦♠❡ t♦ t❤❡

♣✉♠♣ t♦ ❞r✐♥❦✳ ❚❤❡② t❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉t st✉❞②✱ ❝❧❛ss✱ ❣❛♠❡s✱ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣✳ ❏♦✐♥ t❤❡♠✱ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ t❤❡

❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡♠✳ ❚❤❡♥ st❛rt t❤❡ r❡❝♦♥q✉❡st ❛♥❞ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ s✉❝❝❡❡❞✳✑ ✷✷✶ ❚❤✐s ❛❞✈✐❝❡

s♦✉♥❞s ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ♣r♦❧♦❣✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹✳

❆s ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡❞✱ ✏♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✑ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧

❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡s t✇♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❞✈✐❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❞❞✐✲

t✐♦♥ ✏❜❡❤❛✈❡ ❧✐❦❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠✑ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♠❡❛♥ t❛❦✐♥❣ ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡

✷✷✵❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✽✸✴✸✽✶✲✸✽✸❀ ✸✾✶✲✸✾✸✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✹✻✲✷✹✼✳ ❖♥

t❤❡ ✉s❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡✱ s❡❡ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r

❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✷✻ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✻✻✳ ❆❧s♦ P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✽✴✼✵✽✳

✷✷✶❱❊❙P■●◆❆◆■✱ ●✳✱ ❯♥ ❛♥♥♦ ❛❧❧❛ s❝✉♦❧❛ ❞❡❧ ❇❡❛t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✭✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✼✼✮✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱ ❙❊■✱ ✶✾✸✷✱ ♣♣✳

✻✼✲✻✽✳ ❚❤❡ s❛♥❞✇✐❝❤❡s ✇❡r❡ ❡❛t❡♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ s✇✐❣s ❛t t❤❡ ♣✉♠♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦r♥✐♥❣✳ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡

✇♦r❞ ✏r❡✲❝♦♥q✉❡st✑ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ♠❡❛♥t ❛ s♦rt ♦❢ ✏s❡❝♦♥❞ ♠❛t❝❤✑✱ ❛ ✏r❡✈❡♥❣❡ ♠❛t❝❤✑ ❛❢t❡r ❤❡

❤❛❞ ❧♦st t❤❡ ✜rst ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧②✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ tr❛✐♥❡❡ ②❡❛r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐t❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ✏②♦✉✑✳ ❈❢✳

❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✾✽ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✶✸✶

14.2 Page 132

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❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② t❛❦✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❡② ❧✐❦❡✳ ❙♦♠❡ ❝❛✉t✐♦♥ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞

✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❛t st❛t❡♠❡♥t✳ ■♥ ✶✾✸✷ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt❡r ❬❋r ❱❡s♣✐❣♥❛♥✐❪ ✕ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ r❡✢❡❝t

❤✐s tr❛✐♥❡❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✲ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛❞❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts ❛♥❞ ♣❤r❛s✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞

♦♥❧② ❧❛t❡r✳ ❚❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❤❡ ❛s❦❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐s ✈❡r② s✐♠✐❧❛r ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥

t♦ ❡✈❡r② r❡❝t♦r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❘❡♠✐♥❞❡rs✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛♥ ✶✽✼✻ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✇❡

r❡❛❞✿ ✏❙tr✐✈❡ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ②♦✉rs❡❧❢ ❦♥♦✇♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❛♥❞ t♦ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡♠✳✑ ✷✷✷

❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s❡❡♠s t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❝❡❛s❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❡r♠

❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐♥ ✐ts ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ s❡♥s❡ ❢♦r ②❡❛rs✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ t❤❡ ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✱ ❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✑ ♦r ✏ ❞♦❧❝❡③③❛✑ ❬❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss✱ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss❪ ❛♥❞

✏ ✉s❛r❡ ❜❡❧❧❡ ♠❛♥✐❡r❡✑ ❬❝❤❛r♠✐♥❣✱ ❣♦♦❞ ♠❛♥♥❡rs✱ ❛❣r❡❡❛❜❧❡❪ ✐♥ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ ❲❡

❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ ✐t ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss t♦ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ❝♦♠❡ t♦ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ t♦ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t❡ ❤✐s ♥❛♠❡

❞❛②✳ ✏■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s✉❝❝❡❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❬✐♥ ♣❛r✐s❤❡s❪✱✑ ❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ♦✉t t❤❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t② t♦

✏t❛❦❡ ❣r❡❛t ♣❛✐♥s t♦ ❜❡ ❦✐♥❞ t♦ t❤❡♠ ❬✉s❛r❡ ❝♦♥ ❡ss✐ ❜❡❧❧❡ ♠❛♥✐❡r❡❪❀ ✇✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❧♦✈❡✱ ♥♦t

✐ tr❛tt✐ ❞✐ t❤❡✐r ❢❡❛r✳✑ ❍❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✏t❤❡ s✐❣♥s ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ❬

❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛❪ ✇✐❧❧ ❧❡❛✈❡ ❛♥ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❤❡❛rts ❛♥❞ ♠✐♥❞s✳✑ ❚❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ♦♥❧②

st❛② ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❤❛♣♣② ♠❡♥t❛❧ ♠❡♠♦r✐❡s✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❤❡❛rts✱ t❤❡ s②♠❜♦❧✐❝❛❧ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢

❧❛st✐♥❣ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛❞❞r❡ss ❤❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡❞✿ ✏■ str❡ss ❛❣❛✐♥✱ ♥❡✈❡r ❢♦r❣❡t

❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ❬❞♦❧❝❡③③❛ ❞❡✐ ♠♦❞✐❪ ✐♥ ②♦✉r ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❲✐♥ ♦✈❡r

❛♠♦r❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❤❡❛rts t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❧♦✈❡ ❬

❪✳✑ ✷✷✸

❚❤❡ ❣❡♥t❧❡✱ ❛✛❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞ ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ s❤♦✇ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡

❧♦✈❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡✐r s♦✉r❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡ ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡✱ ♦♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ s❛②✳

❚❤❡ ❦❡②✇♦r❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐s ♠✐ss✐♥❣✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐s t❤❡r❡✳ ❯♥❞❡♥✐❛❜❧②✳

❆t t❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠❛❞❡ ✐t ❝❧❡❛r ❤❡ ✇❛s ❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢

✷✷✷▼❖❚❚❖✱ ❋r✳✱ ■ ❘✐❝♦r❞✐ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥③✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✺✴✈❛r✐❛♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡s ✾✵✲✾✶ ❛♥❞ ♣♣✳ ✶✹✵✲✶✹✶❀ ❋❞❇ ✶✳✸✻✸

❆✺✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✽ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✷✷✳ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✾✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✽✳

❆ s✐♠✐❧❛r r❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② t♦ ❜❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❛❜♦✉t ❛♥ ❛♥❡❝❞♦t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❢t❤ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦❢ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡

❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ ✭▼❇ ❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✾✶✼✲✾✶✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✵✵✲✻✵✶✮✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤❡r❡ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ t❡❧❧s ❛❜♦✉t

❛ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧ ❚♦st✐ ✐♥ ✶✽✺✽✳ ❚❤❡ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧ ❤❛❞ ❛s❦❡❞ ❤✐♠ t♦ s♣❡❛❦

t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙t ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧✬s ❤♦✉s❡ ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✳ ❆❢t❡r✇❛r❞s ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❛ t❛❧❦ ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛❜♦✉t

t❤❡ ♠♦st ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s②st❡♠✳ ◆♦✇ ✏❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❡✈❡r ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡

♥♦♥ ❛✈❡✈❛♥♦ ♣✉♣✐❧s ✐♥ t❤❛t ❤♦s♣✐❝❡ ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧✱ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❬

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà❪✑✱ s♦ ●✳❇ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇r♦t❡✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r② ✏t❤❡② ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❢❡❛r❡❞ t❤❡♠✳✑ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ❤❡

s❛✐❞✿ ✏❨♦✉r ❊♠✐♥❡♥❝❡✱ ✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❢♦r♠ ❜♦②s ✇❡❧❧ ✐❢ t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ tr✉st ✐♥ t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳✑ ✭❝❢✳

❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✷✼ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✮✳ ❚♦ ✜♥✐s❤ t❤❡ ❛♥❡❝❞♦t❡ t❤❡ st♦r② ❣❡ts t♦❧❞ ♦❢ ❤♦✇ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ tr✐❡❞

t♦ ❣❡t ✐♥t♦ t♦✉❝❤ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♦♥ t❤❡ P✐❛③③❛ ❞❡❧ P♦♣♦❧♦✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t r❡♠✐♥❞s ✉s ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❡ ▼❛❣♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❝♦♠r❛❞❡s ❛t t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈❛r♠❛❣♥♦❧❛✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛❞

❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❥✉st ❜❡❢♦r❡✳ ✭▼❇ ❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✸✽✲✼✸✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✽✼✲✹✽✽✮✳ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥s ❛r✐s❡ ❤❡r❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst

♣❧❛❝❡ t❤❡r❡ ✐s t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❛ r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✽✺✽ t❛❧❦ ✇❛s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t♦

●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ♦♥❡ ✇♦♥❞❡rs ✐❢ ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❢❡❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧

❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜② ♣❤r❛s❡s ❛♥❞ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✉♥✐t❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✶✽✽✹✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢

t❤♦✉❣❤ts ✐s ❝r②st❛❧ ❝❧❡❛r✱ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ✐s ❧✐t❡r❛❧❧② t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛t t✐♠❡s✳

✷✷✸▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✶✸✲✺✶✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✵✸✲✹✵✹✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳✳✳✱ ♣✳✾✾✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡

✶✼✸ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ■t ✐s ♥♦ ✇♦♥❞❡r ❛ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧✱ ●✳ ❇❛❧❧❡s✐♦✱ t❡st✐✜❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐s❛r♠✐♥❣

✇❛② ✐♥ ✶✽✽✽✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏❉✳ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ r❡❛❧ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❛♠❛❜✐❧✐t② ✭❈r✐st✐❛♥❛ ❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✱

❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✮ t♦ ✉s ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠ ❛♥❞ str✐❝t♥❡ss ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝r❡❛t❡s

❛♥ ❛❜②ss ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ♦❜❡②s✳ ❆♥❞ ♦✉r s♦✉❧s ♦♣❡♥❡❞ ✉♣ t♦ ❤✐♠

✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣r♦❢♦✉♥❞✱ ❤❛♣♣② ❛♥❞ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡✈♦t✐♦♥✳ ❆❧❧ ♦❢ ✉s ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❣♦ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❢❡ss t♦ ❤✐♠✳✑ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱

P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✼✼✴❝♦♠♠❡♥t✳✮ ❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✾✶ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳✳

✶✸✷

14.3 Page 133

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t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✏ ❝❛r✐tà✑ ❛♥❞ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ♣r✐❡sts✱

♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s❪✳ ❖♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤✐s ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡tt❡r ✐❢ ♦♥❡ ❦♥♦✇s t❤❛t t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑ ✐♥ t❤❡

q✉♦t❡✬s ❧❛st s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ❢✉❧❧② ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✾ ✶✽✼✼✳ ❚❤❡r❡ t♦♦ ❤❡ ✉s❡❞

✐t ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥❛❧ t❤❛♥❦✲②♦✉ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♥❛♠❡ ❞❛② ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆ ❧♦t ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡

❢r♦♠ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✱ ❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ❛♥❞ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✇❡r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✳ ❍❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t❤❡

❜♦②s ❞✐r❡❝t❧② t❤♦✉❣❤✿ ✏▼② ❤❡❛rt ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ tr✉❧② t♦✉❝❤❡❞ t♦ s❡❡ s♦ ♠❛♥② ❜♦②s ❛r♦✉♥❞ ♠❡✱

s♦ ❥♦②♦✉s❧② ❡①♣r❡ss✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡ ❬❛♠♦r❡❪ ❛♥❞ ❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡✳ ❍♦✇ ✇♦♥❞❡r❢✉❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❬❧♦✈❡✴❛♠♦r❡ ❪

✐s ✇❤❡♥ ✐t ✐s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❬❝❛r✐tà❪✦ ❆♥❞ ✇❤② ❛r❡ t❤❡r❡ s♦ ♠❛♥② ♣✐♦✉s

♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❤♦ ♦✛❡r ❛ ♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❧✐✈❡❧✐❤♦♦❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ s♦ s❛❝r❡❞❧② ❢♦r ❛✐❞ t♦ t❤❡s❡

❜♦②s❄ ❆♥❞ ✇❤② ❛❣❛✐♥ ❛r❡ t❤❡r❡ s♦ ♠❛♥② ✇❤♦ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✱ ❞❡✈♦t❡ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s t♦

●♦❞ ❜② t❤❡ t✐❡s ♦❢ ✈✐rt✉❡ ❛♥❞ ❜r♦t❤❡r❧② ❧♦✈❡ ❬❛♠♦r❡ ❢r❛t❡r♥❛❪ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡✐r ✇❤♦❧❡

❧✐✈❡s t♦ ♠❛❦❡ t❤♦s❡ t❡♥❞❡r s❡❡❞❧✐♥❣s ❣r♦✇ ❢♦r ❤❡❛✈❡♥❄ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤ ❝❤❛r✐t② ❬❝❛r✐tà❪✳ ❨❡s✱

t❤❡ t✐❡s ♦❢ ✈✐rt✉❡ ❦❡❡♣ ✉s ❝❧♦s❡❧② t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲♦r❞ s♦ t❤❛t ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❤❡❧♣ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r

❦✐♥❞❧② ❬❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧♠❡♥t❡❪✳✑ ✷✷✹ ❍❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛r❞❧② ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ♠♦r❡ ❝❧❡❛r❧② t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥

t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ♦r ❈❤❛r✐t② ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞

t②♣✐❝❛❧ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✳

❲♦✉❧❞ ✐t ❜❡ s♦ ❛st♦♥✐s❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❛ t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❢❡❛t✉r✐♥❣ ❢♦r

②❡❛rs ❛s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦✈❡r❜✐❛❧ ♣❤r❛s❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❇♦❧❧❡tt✐♥♦

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ s♣❧❛s❤❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢r♦♥t ♣❛❣❡❄ ■t ✇❛s t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♦♥❡✿ ✏❆ t❡♥❞❡r ❧♦✈❡

❢♦r ♦♥❡✬s ❢❡❧❧♦✇✲♠❛♥ ❬✉♥ ❛♠♦r❡ t❡♥❡r♦ ✈❡rs♦ ❛❧ ♣r♦ss✐♠♦❪ ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ❛♥❞ ♠♦st

❡①❝❡❧❧❡♥t ❣✐❢ts ❜❡st♦✇❡❞ ♦♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❜② ●♦❞✬s ●r❛❝❡✳✑

■♥ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✵✱ s❤♦rt❧② ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❢❡st✐✈❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✶✽✽✵✱ ❤❡ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r❡❞ ❛ ♠♦✈✐♥❣

❛❞❞r❡ss ❛t t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❯♣ t♦ s❡✈❡♥ t✐♠❡s ❤❡ str❡ss❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥

✏ ❝❛r✐tà ❡ ❞♦❧❝❡③③❛✑✳ ❆ ✜rst t✐♠❡ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❆ ❢✉rt❤❡r ♠❛tt❡r ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❛tt❡♥❞ t♦ ✐s t❤❡

s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❬❝❛r✐tà❪ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss ❬❞♦❧❝❡③③❛✿ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss❪ ♦❢ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s

❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✳✑ ❆♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r✿ ✏❲❤❡♥ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ s❤♦✇♥ t❤✐s ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✱ ✐t ♠✉st

❜❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳ ❚❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ str✉❝❦ ❜② ✐t ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡

❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦♦✳✑ ✷✷✺

❚❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✐s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧❧② ❛ r❡s✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs ✐♥ ❋❡❜r✉❛r②

✶✽✼✻ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝ ♦❢ ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛❧s♦ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❤✐♠✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛t t❤❛t ♠♦♠❡♥t ❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞

✏ ❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛ ✑ ❛♥❞ ✏ ❞❛r❡ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ✑✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❤❡ r❡t✉r♥❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢

t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✏ ❞♦❧❝❡③③❛ ✑✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ✐s ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❧② ✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧✳ ❖♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts

♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♣♣❡❛r t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❤❛♥❣❡❛❜❧❡✳ ■t s❡❡♠s ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥❡ t♦ ♠❡ t♦ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡ ♥♦✇

t❤❛t ❜♦t❤ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ♥❛t✉r❡✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡♦♣❧❡

❛r❡ ♣✉t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❛s ❡q✉❛❧❧② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✱ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss ♦❢ ❜♦t❤

♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳

■t ✐s r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ t❡r♠ ✏ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✑ ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❜② ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❚❤❡ ❯s❡ ♦❢

P✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❍♦✉s❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❧❡tt❡r ✐♥

❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✸✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✸r❞ ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ♦♥ ✏❉♦ ♥♦t ♠❛❦❡ ✐t ❛♣♣❡❛r t❤❛t ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ❛❝t✐♥❣

♦✉t ♦❢ ❛♥❣❡r✑ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✬s ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛♣♦st❧❡s ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛s ❛ s❤✐♥✐♥❣

✷✷✹❇♦❧❧❡tt✐♥♦ s❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦✱ ②❡❛r ■❱✱ ♥➦ ✾✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✶✷✲✶✶✸✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✹✼✳

✷✷✺

❋❞❇ ✶✳✽✺✼ ❈ ✾ ❛♥❞ ✶✳✽✺✼ ❈ ✶✶✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✹✾✱ ✶✸✹✱ ✶✺✶ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❆❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐❜✐❧✐t②

♦❢ ✇♦r❞s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts✱ s❡❡ ❙❚❊▲▲❆✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♥❡❧❧❛ st♦r✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✻✺✲✹✻✻✳

✶✸✸

14.4 Page 134

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❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳ ✏❍❡ t♦❧❡r❛t❡❞ t❤❡✐r ✐❣♥♦r❛♥❝❡✱ r✉❞❡♥❡ss ❛♥❞ s❤❛❦② ✜❞❡❧✐t②✱ r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♦✉t t♦ s✐♥✲

♥❡rs ✇✐t❤ s✉❝❤ ❡❛s❡ ❬❞✐♠❡st✐❝❤❡③③❛❪ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛r♠✐♥❣ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❬❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà❪

❛s t♦ ❛st♦♥✐s❤ s♦♠❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧❧② t♦ s❝❛♥❞❛❧✐③❡ ♦t❤❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❦✐♥❞❧❡ ✐♥ ♠❛♥② t❤❡

❜❧❡ss❡❞ ❤♦♣❡ ♦❢ r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ ❞✐✈✐♥❡ ♣❛r❞♦♥✳✑ ❖❢ ❝♦✉rs❡✱ ❜❡❤✐♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♣♦st❧❡s ❛♥❞ s✐♥♥❡rs ✇❡

s❤♦✉❧❞ ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✱ ✇❤♦ ❢❛❧❧ s❤♦rt ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❜❧❛♠❡❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r

✐❣♥♦r❛♥❝❡✱ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ♠❛♥♥❡rs ❛♥❞ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❜❡❧✐❡❢✳ P❛st♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡

♠♦st ✐♥tr✐❝❛t❡❧② ♠✐①❡❞ t❤❡r❡ ❛❣❛✐♥✳

■♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❋r ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ❝♦♣✐❡❞ ❛♥ ❛♥❡❝❞♦t❡ ❢r♦♠ ❤❛❣✐♦❣r❛♣❤❡r

❆✳❏✳▼✳ ❍❛♥♦♥✬s ❚❤❡ ▲✐❢❡ ♦❢ ❙❛✐♥t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✱ t❤❡ ✏❞❡❛r✱ ♠❡❡❦ ♣❛tr♦♥ s❛✐♥t✑ ♦❢ t❤❡

❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ q✉♦t❡ r❡♣♦rts ❛♥ ❡✈❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛✐♥t✬s ❧✐❢❡✳ ■t s♦ ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ t❤❛t ♦♥❡ ❞❛②

❋r❛♥❝✐s ✇❛s ❜❧❛♠❡❞ ❢♦r tr❡❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ❜♦② ✇✐t❤ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈❡ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ❬❞♦✉❝❡✉r✱ ❞♦❧❝❡③③❛❪✳ ❚❤❡

❜♦② ✏❤❛❞ ❤❛❞ ❛ ❜❛❞ r✉♥ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ♠♦t❤❡r✳✑ ■t s❛②s ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡

r❡♣r♦❛❝❤ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❚❤✐s ❧❛❞ ✇❛s ✐♥ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ t♦ ❜❡♥❡✜t ❜② ♠② ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡

t❤❡ ❜❛❞ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❤❡❛rt ❤❛❞ ❞❡♣r✐✈❡❞ ❤✐♠ ♦❢ r❡❛s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❣♦♦❞ s❡♥s❡✳ ❆ s❤❛r♣

r❡♣r✐♠❛♥❞ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❞♦♥❡ ❤✐♠ ♥♦ ❣♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❤✉rt ♠❡ ❛s ❜❛❞❧② ❜② ♠❛❦✐♥❣

♠❡ ❛❝t ❧✐❦❡ ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ❞r♦✇♥s ❛tt❡♠♣t✐♥❣ t♦ s❛✈❡ ♦t❤❡rs✳✑ ✷✷✻

❆❧s♦ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ q✉♦t❡s ✏ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐tà ✑ ❛♥❞ ✏ ❞♦❧❝❡③③❛ ✑ s❤♦✇ ❛♥ ✐♥tr✐❝❛t❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ■t ✐s

❛❧❧ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❣❡♥t❧❡✱ ❛✛❛❜❧❡✱ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s✱ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❛♥❞

♣❛st♦r❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♠✐tt❡❞ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❡♥tr✉st❡❞ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❝❛r❡✳

■t ♠❛② ❜❡ ✉s❡❢✉❧ t♦ r❡♠❛r❦ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t t❤❛t ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ❤❛❞ ❜♦rr♦✇❡❞ ♥❡✐t❤❡r ♦❢ t❤♦s❡

t✇♦ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ ▼♦♥❢❛t✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ r❡s❡♠❜❧❛♥❝❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ ✇✐t❤ ❚❡♣♣❛✱ ✇❤♦ ✐♥

❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ❛❞✈✐s❡❞ ✏❞❡♥②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s s✐❣♥s ♦❢ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✇❤✐❝❤

♦♥❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡♠ ♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡✳✑ ✷✷✼ ❚❤❡r❡ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❥✉st ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✉s❛❣❡

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs✳

❉✉r✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ t❤♦s❡ ②❡❛rs ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡

❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ✏ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà ✑✳ ❍✐s ✇r✐t✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥s ❞♦ ♥♦t ❝r❡❛t❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥

❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡ ❛ ❦❡② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✐ts❡❧❢ ✕ ❛♥❞ s♦ t♦ ✐ts r❡❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✕ t♦

❧❛❜❡❧ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s

♥♦✇✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛t♦r② t❡①ts ❢♦r ✐t✳

❊♠♣❤❛t✐❝❛❧❧② s♦✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t✐♠❡ ✐t ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❝❧❡❛r t❤❛t ♥❡①t t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢

t❤❡ ✶✽✽✹ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❛❧s♦ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❡❛r❧✐❡r t❡①ts ❝❛♥ r❡❛❧❧② ❤❡❧♣ t♦ ❞✐s❝❧♦s❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t

♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞✳

P♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐♥ ✐ts❡❧❢ ✐s ♥♦t ❛ ❞❡s✐r❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ■t s❡r✈❡s t❤❡ ✐♥✲

❞✐s♣❡♥s❛❜❧❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛❧❧② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥s❛❜❧❡ tr✉st✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s

✇♦r❞s✱ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ♦r ✕ ❛♥❞ t❤❛t ✐s ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥

✷✷✻❋♦r t❤❡ t✇♦ q✉♦t❡s s❡❡ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✸✷✴✶✺✻✲✶✻✵ ❛♥❞ ✸✸✸✴✶✽✻✲✷✵✵✳

❈❢✳ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✶✲✸✼✷✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧❛st t❤r❡❡ ♦r ❢♦✉r ②❡❛rs ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❤✐s ❞❡❛t❤ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✽ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❞✐❞ ♥♦t ✇r✐t❡ ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ❛♥②♠♦r❡✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✶✽✽✹ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❤❡ ❤❛❞ st❛rt❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡

❤✐s ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ✜♥❞ ❛ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs✳ ■t ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛r♦✉♥❞

✶✽✽✺✲✶✽✽✻✳ ✏●❡♥❡r❛❧❧② s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t♦r ♦❢ ❛ ❤♦✉s❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❝♦♥t❛❝t ❤✐s ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ♦❢t❡♥ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤

❣r❡❛t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✳✑ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✹✷✽✴✻✼✶✲✻✼✷✳✮ ■t ✐s ♥♦t ❛❜♦✉t ♣❛st♦r❛❧✲

♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✱ ❜✉t ✐t ❝♦♥✜r♠s ❤♦✇ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤✐s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣

✇✐t❤ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❛s t♦ ❤✐♠✳

✷✷✼❚❊PP❆✱ ❆✳▼✳ ✱ ❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳✹✸✲✹✹✳

✶✸✹

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♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✕ ✏t♦ s❤♦✇ ♦♥❡✬s ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳✑ ❬✶✽✲✶✾❪ ■❢ ♦♥❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❤♦✇ t❤✐s✱ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t

❡①♣❡❝t t♦ ❜❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✳

❙❤♦✇✐♥❣ ♦♥❡✬s ❧♦✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ✇❛s ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦r ❋✳ ❆♣♦rt✐ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♠❛❦❡

❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ t❛♥❣✐❜❧❡✳ ❘❡♣❧②✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✏✇❤♦♠ ❞♦ t❤❡ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ❧♦✈❡❄✑ ❤❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❚❤❡

♦♥❡s ✇❤♦ ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡ t❤❡♠✱ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❞♦ ✇❡❧❧ t♦ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❞♦ t❤❡♠

❣♦♦❞✳✑ ✷✷✽ ❲❡ ♠❛② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❤❡r❡ t❤❛t ❤✐s r❡♣❧② ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ❜♦t❤ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✳

❚♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱

✇❡ ♠❛② st❛t❡ t❤❛t ❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ✏ ❞♦❧❝❡③③❛ ❛♥❞ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛ ✑✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡

t✐♠❡ t❤❡ ❞✐❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❤❛s s❤♦✇♥ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ t❡r♠s ❛r❡ s②♥♦♥②♠s ✇✐t❤ r❡❣❛r❞

t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ■t ✐s ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ t♦ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t ✇❤② t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✽✽✹

❡①♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐t s♦ ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥t❧②✳

❼ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st ✏♦✉r ♠❛st❡r✑ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❬✏t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✑ ❪ ❬✶✾❪

❆s ❛ ♣❛r❛♠♦✉♥t ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t② ❬❛♠✐❛❜❧❡ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss❪ ❆♣♦rt✐

✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✿ ✏❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st ✐s t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❬❡s❡♠♣✐♦❪ ❢♦r ❛❧❧

♦❢ ✉s✳✑ ❍❡ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ t❤✐s ❜② t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡✈❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ●♦s♣❡❧✿ ✏❲❤❡♥ ❤✐s ❛♣♦st❧❡s

❤❛❞ ♥♦t ②❡t ❜❡❡♥ ❡♥❧✐❣❤t❡♥❡❞ ❜② ❚❤❡ ❍♦❧② ❙♣✐r✐t✱ t❤❡② ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❦❡❡♣ t❤❡ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ❛✇❛②

❢r♦♠ ❏❡s✉s✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ st♦♣♣❡❞ t❤❡♠✳ ❍❡ ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡❞ t❤❡ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ✇✐t❤ ❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞

✇♦r❞s✳✑ ✷✷✾

■♥ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ✇❛② ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ tr✐❡❞ t♦ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥

t❤❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✬s ✇❛② ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♥❣✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❞♦♥❡ s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst

♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ✭❇ ❛♥❞ ❈ ✮ ❡✈❡♥ ❛t t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠♦♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❤✐s t❡①ts✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ♠♦♠❡♥t

✇❛s ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♣✉t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❛s ❛ ♣r❡♠✐s❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ♠✉st ❜❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ ✐♥ ✏t❤❡

t❤✐♥❣s t❤❛t ♣❧❡❛s❡ t❤❡♠✳✑ ❚♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤✐s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡✱ ❤❡ t♦♦ t❤❡♥ r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ❏❡s✉s✿ ✏❚❤❡

❉✐✈✐♥❡ ❙❛✈✐♦✉r ♠❛❞❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❧✐tt❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s ❛♥❞ ❜♦r❡ ♦✉r ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s✳✑ ✷✸✵ ❬✶✹

❛♥❞ ✶✾❪ ❍❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ t✇♦ ●♦s♣❡❧ t❡①ts✱ ▼❛tt❤❡✇ ✶✽✱ ✶✲✺ ❛♥❞ ✽✱ ✶✼✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✿ ✏❯♥❧❡ss

②♦✉ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❧✐❦❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❆♥②♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡s ♦♥❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❝❤✐❧❞

❧✐❦❡ t❤✐s ✐♥ ♠② ♥❛♠❡✱ ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡s ♠❡✑ ✭▼t✳ ✶✽✱ ✶✲✺ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❦❡② t♦ ❋✳ ❆♣♦rt✐✮✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❤❡

❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞✿ ✏❍❡ ❜♦r❡ ♦✉r s✐❝❦♥❡ss❡s ❛✇❛② ❛♥❞ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉r ❞✐s❡❛s❡s✑ ✭▼t✳ ✽✱ ✶✼ ❛♥❞ ❏❡s✳

✷✷✽❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✽✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✷✻ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✇❤❡r❡ ❊✳ ❈❡r✐❛✬s ♣❛r❛♣❤r❛s❡

✏t♦ s❡❡✑ ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✳ ❨♦✉♥❣st❡rs ♦✉❣❤t t♦ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ s❡❡✱ t♦ ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞ r❡❛❧❧②✳ ■t

♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✏❤❛✈❡ t♦ s❤♦✇✑✳

✷✷✾■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✽✳

✷✸✵❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ▲❛ ❧❡tt❡r❛✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✸✺✴✷✹✲✷✾✱ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✸✽✲✸✾✴✼✵✲✼✻✳ ❚❤❡ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❋✳ ❆♣♦rt✐ ❛s st♦❝❦

♣❤r❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜✐❜❧✐❝❛❧ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ♣r❡✈❡♥t ✉s

❢r♦♠ s❡❡✐♥❣ ❤❡r❡ ❛♥ ❛❧❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛ ❞r❡❛♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡r② ②♦✉♥❣ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇♦s❝♦✱ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡

❡❧❛❜♦r❛t❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t ✶✽✼✸✳ ❚❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ✏♥♦❜❧②✲❞r❡ss❡❞ ❛❞✉❧t✑ ❬❏❡s✉s❪ ❣❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❜♦② t❤✐s ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡✿ ✏◆♦t

❜② ❜❧♦✇s ❜✉t ❜② ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss ❬♠❛♥s✉❡t✉❞✐♥❡✴♠❡❡❦♥❡ss❪ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛r✐t② ❬❝❛r✐tà❪ ✇✐❧❧ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ✇✐♥ ♦✈❡r

t❤❡s❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞s ♦❢ ②♦✉rs✳✑ ✭❈❢✳ ▲❊◆❚■✱ ❆✳❏✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❍✐st♦r② ❛♥❞ ❙♣✐r✐t ✶✳✱ ❘♦♠✱ ▲❆❙✱ ✷✵✵✼✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✽✳✮

■t ✐s r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛❞❞❡❞ ✏❡ ❝♦❧❧❛ ❝❛r✐tà ✑ t♦ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣✿ ✏♥♦t ❜② ❜❧♦✇s

❜✉t ❜② ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss✑✳ ✭❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✸✺✴✶✸✹✲✶✸✺ ❛♥❞ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣✳ ❈❢

▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✳✮ ❈❢✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✉s❡❞ ♦♥❧② ✏ ❝❛❧♠❛ ❡

♠❛♥s✉❡t✉❞✐♥❡✑ ❛♥❞ ✏ str❛♦r❞✐♥❛r✐❛ ♠❛♥s✉❡t✉❞✐♥❡✳✑ ✭■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✸✴✶✵✽✹✲✶✵✽✼✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✸✳✮

■t ❛♣♣❡❛rs ✐♥ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s t❡①t t❤❛t ❞❡ ✜♥❛❧ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞r❡❛♠ ❛s ✐t ✇❛s ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❞♦✇♥ ✐♥ t❤❡

▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✱ ✇❛s ♥♦t ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ②❡t ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹✳

✶✸✺

14.6 Page 136

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✺✸✱ ✹✮✳ ❏❡s✉s ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡❞ t❤❡ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s✳ ❍❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢

❧✐tt❧❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❡❛♥s ❤❡ st♦♦♣❡❞ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❧❡✈❡❧✳ ❚❤✉s ❤❡ s❤♦✇❡❞ ❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ❤❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❡♠✳

❇ ❈ ■♥ ❜♦t❤ t❤❡s❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ✭ ❛♥❞ ✮ ♦❢ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✐t ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ♠❡❛♥ t❤❛t ❤❡ ✇✐s❤❡s t❤❡

❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs t♦ ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ t♦ st♦♦♣ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❡♠♣❛t❤✐③❡

✇✐t❤ t❤❡✐r ❞❡s✐r❡s ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② t❤❡② ❝❛♥ s❤♦✇ t❤❡✐r ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧②

❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✱ ❜✉t ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ♥♦t ♦♥❧② t❤❡♥✳

❚❤✐s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ✐♥ ✇❤❛t ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ❢♦❧❧♦✇s ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤❡

♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❇ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜rst ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✇❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♠✐❞st t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t

❈ ✐♥ ✱ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇❛s

❡①♣r❡ss❧② ♣r❡❝❡❞❡❞ t❤❡r❡ ❜② t❤❡ s❛❞ st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✏✈❡r② ❢❡✇ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♣r✐❡sts ✇❡r❡ t❛❦✐♥❣

♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✑✳ ❬✶✹❪ ❚❤❡② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❧✐tt❧❡ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧②✳

■t ✐s r❛t❤❡r s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ q✉♦t❡ ✇✐t❤ ✐t t❤❡r❡✿ ✏❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❤❛s ❜♦r♥❡

❇ ❈ ♦✉r ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s✑ ✭ ❛♥❞ ✮✳ ■t ✐s ❛ q✉✐t❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ●♦s♣❡❧ t❡①t

✭▼t✳ ✽✱ ✶✼✮ ❢♦r ✐t ✐s ❛ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t q✉✐t❡ ✜t ✐♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐❞❡❛✿ ♠✐♥❣❧❡

✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✱ t❛❦❡ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ ✇❤❛t t❤❡② ❡♥❥♦② ❛♥❞ ✐♠♠❡rs❡ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡✐r ✇♦r❧❞

❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ②♦✉ ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡♠✳

❇ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ t✐♠❡ ❤❡ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ q✉♦t❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❇✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✱ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞

t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ t♦ ❏❡s✉s ❞✐r❡❝t❧② t♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛s ❛ ♠❡❛♥s t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❧♦✈❡ t❛♥❣✐❜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡

✇♦r❞s t❤❡r❡ ✇❡♥t ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❋❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✳✑ ❚❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✇❛s

❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❜② ❛♥ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✐♥t✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❏❡s✉s✬ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✿ ✏❍❡

s♦♣♣♦rtò ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s ❛♥❞ ❡♥❞✉r❡❞ ❬

❪ ♦✉r ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s✳✑ ❬✶✾❪ ❖♥ t❤❡

s♣♦t ✐t r❡❛❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ✏❢♦r t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s✑ ❛♥❞ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ✏✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s✑ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ✜rst

❇ t✐♠❡ ✐♥ ✳ ■♥ ❛❝❝♦r❞❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐t ♠✉st ♠❡❛♥ ❏❡s✉s st♦♦♣❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡

❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s t♦ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✉❧t✐♠❛t❡ ❣♦❛❧✿ ❢♦r t❤❡✐r

❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss✳✷✸✶ ■t r❡♠❛✐♥s ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ✏♦✉r ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s✑ ❡❛❝❤ t✐♠❡ ✐♥st❡❛❞

♦❢ ✏t❤❡✐r ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s✑ ✇❛s ❛ ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛t❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❤✐♥t✳

❈ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣✉t t❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❢♦r❡✲♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ q✉♦t❡ ✐♥ ✱ t❤❡

s❡❝♦♥❞ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ ❞✐❞ s♦ r❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❲❤❛t

❞♦ ■ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞ t♦ ♠② ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s❄✑ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❛s❦❡❞ ❝❧❡❛r❧②

✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥s❡rt✐♥❣ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢♦r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡

✇❛s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❡r✬s s♣✐r✐t✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦

❡①♣r❡ss t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡s❡ ✇♦r❞s✿ ✏❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s ❛♥❞

t♦♦❦ ♦✉r ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s ✉♣♦♥ ❤✐♠✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✳✑ ❬✶✽✲✶✾✱ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❈❪

❚❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ t❛❦✐♥❣ ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s ✉♣♦♥ ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ ♦r ❝❛rr②✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ✐s

t❤❡r❡ ♥♦t ❝❧❡❛r ❛t ❛❧❧✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s ❛s ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s✱ ✢❛✇s ❛♥❞ s❤♦rt❝♦♠✐♥❣s

♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ■t s❡❡♠s ❛ s♦rt ♦❢ ❛♥t✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ✐s t♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❛❜♦✉t ✇❡❛r✐♥❡ss✱

❛♥♥♦②❛♥❝❡✱ ✐♥❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ s✐♠✐❧❛r t❤✐♥❣s✳ ❬✷✵❪

✷✸✶❚❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ ❧✐tt❧❡ r❡♠✐♥❞s ✉s ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t ♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❯s❡ ♦❢ P✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts

♦❢ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✸✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❏❡s✉s ✇❛s s❛✐❞ t♦ ✏r❡❛❝❤ ♦✉t t♦ s✐♥♥❡rs ✇✐t❤ s✉❝❤ ❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧✐♥❡ss

❬❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà❪ ❛s t♦ ❛st♦♥✐s❤ s♦♠❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧❧② t♦ s❝❛♥❞❛❧✐s❡ ♦t❤❡rs✳✑ ❙❡❡ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✷✴✶✺✻✲✶✻✵✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❇ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ ✏ ♣♦rt❛r❡✑

❬❜❡❛r✱ t❛❦❡ ✉♣♦♥ ♦♥❡❪ ❛❧s♦ ✏ s♦♣♣♦rt❛r❡✑ ❬t♦❧❡r❛t❡❪✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐t ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ✏ ♠✐s❡r✐❡✑✱❬ ✏♠✐s❡r②✑✱ ♠♦r❛❧

❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✢❛✇s❪ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐t ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ✏ ✐♥❢❡r♠✐tà✑ ❬✇❡❛❦ ♣♦✐♥ts❪✳

✶✸✻

14.7 Page 137

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❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤❛❞ ♣✉t t✐♥ ❑ t❤❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t② ✏t♦ ❜r❡❛❦ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❡ ❢❛t❛❧ ❜❛rr✐❡r

♦❢ ♠✐str✉st✑✳ ■t ♦✛❡r❡❞ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② t♦ ❛s❦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ②❡t ❡✈✐❞❡♥t q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐♥

❉ ✿ ✏❍♦✇ t❤❡♥ ❛r❡ ✇❡ t♦ s❡t ❛❜♦✉t ❜r❡❛❦✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥ t❤✐s ❜❛rr✐❡r❄✑ ❬✶✽✱ ❝♦❧✉♠♥s ❑ ❛♥❞ ❉❪

❚❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♥♦✉♥ ✏✇❡✑ ❬♣♦ss✐❜❧② t❤❡ ♥❡✉tr❛❧ ✏♦♥❡✑ ❪ ♠❛② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❤❡ ✇❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst

♣❧❛❝❡ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❤❛❞ t♦ ❞♦✳✷✸✷ ❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ ✐t ❛♣♣❡❛rs

❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✈❡r② ❛♥s✇❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✿ ✏❚♦ ②♦✉ ❛♥❞ ②♦✉r ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ❬✏

❡ ❛✐ t✉♦✐✑ ❪ ■ s❛②✿ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❧✐tt❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s ❛♥❞ ❜♦r❡ ♦✉r

♠✐s❡r✐❡ ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s ❬

❪✳✑ ✷✸✸

■t ✐s r❛t❤❡r str❛♥❣❡ t♦ ♠❡ t❤❛t t❤✐s ❛♥s✇❡r ❛♥❞ t❤✐s q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ ❜♦t❤ s♣❡❝✐❢✲

❛ t❡ ❡ ❛✐ t✉♦✐ ✐❝❛❧❧② ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❬✏

✑ ❪ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ❬✏

✑ ❪✱ ❛r❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡

❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ▼❛② ✶✵ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❧❡tt❡r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞❧② ❛❞❞❡❞ ❛ ♥❡✇

q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥✿ ✏❍❡ ❬❏❡s✉s❪ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝r✉s❤ t❤❡ ❜r✉✐s❡❞ r❡❡❞ ♥♦r q✉❡♥❝❤ t❤❡ s♠♦✉❧❞❡r✐♥❣ ✢❛①✑✱

❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❛ ♠♦r❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✿ ✏❍❡ ✐s ②♦✉r ♠♦❞❡❧✳✑ ❬✶✾✱ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❑❪ ❚❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧

❇ ❈ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ✐♥ ♥❡✐t❤❡r ♥♦r ✱ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ✇♦r❞s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦ ■s❛✐❛❤

✭■s✳ ✹✷✱ ✸✮ ❛❜♦✉t ❨❛❤✇❡❤✬s s❡r✈❛♥t✳ ■♥ ❤✐s ●♦s♣❡❧ ✭▼t✳ ✶✷✱ ✷✵✮ ▼❛tt❤❡✇ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t❤❡

✇♦r❞s t♦ ❏❡s✉s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ ❏❡s✉s✬ ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡✱ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢ ❡♥❞✉r❛♥❝❡ ✭r❡s✐❧✐❡♥❝❡✮

❛♥❞ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❛❧s♦ ❤✐s ❝❧❡♠❡♥❝②✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤✐s q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ s❡❡♠s t♦ str❡♥❣t❤❡♥ t❤❡

✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ✏❤❡ ❜♦r❡ ♦✉r ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s✑ ♦r ✏❤❡ ❡♥❞✉r❡❞ ♦✉r ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s✑✳ ■t ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡❞ ♥♦

❞♦✉❜t t❤❡ ❤✐♥t t❤❛t t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❧❡❛r♥ ❢r♦♠ ❏❡s✉s t♦ t♦❧❡r❛t❡ ✐♥ t✉r♥

t❤❡ ✢❛✇s✱ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s ❛♥❞ s❤♦rt❝♦♠✐♥❣s ♦❢ ✉♥♣r❡❞✐❝t❛❜❧❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ❤❛✈❡ t♦

❜❡ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ t♦ ❞✐❧✉t❡ t❤❡ ✇✐♥❡✳ ❚❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ❤❛✈❡ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ t❤✐s ❜❡tt❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡

❜♦②s ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❋r ❘✉❛✬s r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s r❡t✉r♥

✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳

■t ✐s q✉✐t❡ r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧❡ t❤❛t ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✐♥s❡rt❡❞ t❤✐s ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts

❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✐♥t♦ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛②✳ ❚❤❡ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❛♣♣❡❛r ✐♥❞❡❡❞

q✉✐t❡ ✐s♦❧❛t❡❞ t❤❡r❡✳ ❆s ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ♦✉t ❛❧r❡❛❞② t❤❡② ♠✐ss ✐♥ t❤✐s ❧❡tt❡r t❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t t✉r♥ ✉♣ ❛t ❛❧❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t t❤❛t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❝❧❛r✐❢② t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐s ❧❛❝❦✐♥❣✳ ■♥

♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ q✉♦t❡s ✐s ♠✐ss✐♥❣✳ ❖❢ ❝♦✉rs❡✱ ♦♥❡ ♠❛② s✉♣♣♦s❡

t❤❛t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❞✐s♣❛t❝❤❡❞✱ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✱ ♠❛②❜❡ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✱ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛ t✐♣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ❝♦✉❧❞ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✳ ❖♥❡

❝♦✉❧❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✇♦♥❞❡r ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❜♦t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜❧❛♠✐♥❣

♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛s ✐❢ t❤❡✐r ✏♠✐s❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✑ ❝❛✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ♠❛❧❛✐s❡ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❛s ✐❢ ❝❤❛♥❣❡

♦❢ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ✇❡r❡ ♦♥❧② t♦ ❜❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡♠✳ ■t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✳ ❇✉t t❤❡♥ ❛❣❛✐♥ ✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞

❤❛✈❡ t♦ s✉♣♣♦s❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❝♦✉❧❞ s❡♥s❡ t❤❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡

t♦ t❛❦❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t t❤❛t ❛s ❢❛r ❛s t❤❡ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ❣♦❡s✱ t❤✐s ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ✇❛s ♥♦t

❡✈❡♥ r❡❛❞ ♦✉t ❜② ❋r ❘✉❛✳✷✸✹

❆❢t❡r t❤❡ ❞✐❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞✱ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥② ❜❡tt❡r s✇✐t❝❤✲

❑ ❇ ♦✈❡r ❜✉t t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✳ ❍❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ r❡♣❧❛❝❡ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts

✷✸✷❋r ❘✉❛ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✐t ✉s❡❢✉❧ t♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♥♦✉♥ ✏ ✐♦✑ ✭■✮✳ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ▲❛ ❧❡tt❡r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✹✸✴✈❛r✐❛♥t

♦♥ ❧✐♥❡ ✼✺✳

✷✸✸❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❞✐❞ ✉s❡ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ✏②♦✉✑✳

✷✸✹❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✲ ❆❘❊◆❆▲ ▲▲❆❚❆ ❘♦❣é❧✐♦✱ ❉♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇❛tt✐st❛ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳

✶✺✼✴✺✲✾✳

❈❢✳

❛❧s♦

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✳

✶✸✼

14.8 Page 138

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❛♥❞ ❈ ❜② t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❣❛✐♥ ❛♥

❛❧♠♦st ❧✐t❡r❛❧ ❝♦♣② ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈ ✱ ❡✈❡♥ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s✑✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r

♥♦✇ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ s✐♠♣❧② ❝♦♣✐❡s t❤❡ ❈ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ s❛✈❡ ♦♥❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✈❛r✐❛♥t✳

❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❤❡ s✉❜st✐t✉t❡s t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏♠♦❞❡❧✑ ♦r ✐❞❡❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✭✐♥ ❈ ❛♥❞ ❑ ✮ ❜② ✏♠❛st❡r✑✳

P❡r❤❛♣s ❤❡ ❞✐❞ s♦ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❏❡s✉s✬ st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ●♦s♣❡❧

❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❙t ❏♦❤♥✿ ✏❨♦✉ ❝❛❧❧ ♠❡ ▼❛st❡r ❛♥❞ ▲♦r❞✑ ✭❙t✳ ❏♦❤♥✱ ✶✸✱ ✶✸✮ ♦r st✐❧❧ ♠♦r❡

s♦ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧❡ss♦♥ ✐♥ ❙t✳ ▼❛tt❤❡✇✿ ✏❙✐♥❝❡ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ▼❛st❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✮ ❨♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ♦♥❧②

♦♥❡ ❚❡❛❝❤❡r✱ t❤❡ ❈❤r✐st✑ ✭❙t✳ ▼❛tt❤❡✇ ✷✸✱ ✽ ❛♥❞ ✶✵✮✳ ■t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ ❤❡ s✐♠♣❧②

♠❡❛♥t✿ t❤❡ tr✉❧② ❣♦♦❞ t❡❛❝❤❡r ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s♦❧❡❧② t❡❛❝❤ ❢r♦♠ ❤✐s ❧❡❝t✉r❡r✬s

❞❡s❦✱ ❜✉t s❡❡❦s ❝♦♥t❛❝t ❛♥❞ tr✐❡s t♦ ♠❡❡t ❤✐s ❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❤♦ ❧✐st❡♥ t♦

❤✐♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ ❤❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡ t❤❛t ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ❜② t❤❡

t❡❛❝❤❡r✬s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t ❛s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❤❡❛rt ❞❡s✐r❡❞ ✐t✳ ❇② ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❈ t❡①t s♦ ❝❧♦s❡❧② ✐♥

t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t✐♠❡✱ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ■s❛✐❛❤ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜r✉✐s❡❞ r❡❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s♠♦✉❧❞❡r✐♥❣ ✢❛①

✐s ♥♦t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❤❡ ❞♦❡s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ ■s❛✐❛❤✬s ✉tt❡r❛♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❨❛❤✇❡❤✬s s❡r✈❛♥t ✐♥

❤✐s t❡①t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❧❛t❡r✳ ❘✐❣❤t❧② s♦ ❛s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❝❧❡❛r ❜❡❧♦✇✳

❼ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧❧② ✇❤❛t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ ❧✐tt❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s ❝♦♥s✐st ♦❢ ❬✶✾✲✷✵❪

❆❧s♦ ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s ❤❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡s t❤❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❈ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐

✐s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ♣✉t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ♥♦✇✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧❧②

✇❤❛t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ ❧✐tt❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s ♠❛② ❝♦♥s✐st

♦❢✳

➦ ❚❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡❛❝❤❡r ✇❤♦ ❛❝t ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s♣✐r✐t ❬ ✶✾ ❪

❚❤❡ ✜rst t✇♦ ✐❧❧✉str❛t✐♦♥s t♦✉❝❤ ❝❧♦s❡❧② ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② t❤❡♠❡✳ ❚❤❡② ❛❧r❡❛❞② t✉r♥❡❞

✉♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✭❇ ✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s

❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳

❆ ✜rst ❝♦♥tr❛st ❡✈♦❦❡s t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛ t❡❛❝❤❡r ✇❤♦ r❡❛❧❧② ✇♦r❦s ❛♥❞ ❧✐✈❡s ❛s ❛ t❡❛❝❤❡r ✐♥

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s♣✐r✐t ❛s ♦♣♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡ ❧♦♦❦s ❛❢t❡r ❤✐s t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣

❜✉t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❝❛r❡ ❛❜♦✉t ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s ♦✉ts✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ssr♦♦♠✳ ❍❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❤❛r❡ t❤❡✐r ❧✐✈❡s

♦r t❤❡✐r ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ♣❛st✐♠❡s✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s ❣♦t ❛♥ ❡②❡✱ ❛♥ ❡❛r ❛♥❞ ❛ ❤❡❛rt ❢♦r ❤✐s

❜♦②s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ t♦♦✳ ❍❡ t❛❦❡s t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ❣♦ t♦ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ❛♥❞ t♦ ♠❡❡t t❤❡♠❀

❤❡ t❛❧❦s s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s❧② ❛♥❞ ❥♦✈✐❛❧❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ t❛❦❡s ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡✐r r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳

■♥ t❤❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❡s ♦❢ ❤✐s ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❤✐s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ▼❡♠♦✐rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡❧②

♣❛✐❞ ❣r❡❛t ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡s ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❆

t❡❛❝❤❡r✱ ❛♥ ❛ss✐st❛♥t✱ ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❤❡❛rt s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠✐① ❛♥❞ ♠♦✈❡ ✇✐t❤

t❤❡♠ ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❤❛✈❡ ✏❧✐❦❡ ❛♥ ❡❧❞❡r ❜r♦t❤❡r✳✑ ❍❡ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ♦r ❡①♣❡✲

r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ✏❛s ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r✑ ❜② ❤✐s ❜♦②s✳ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❇ ❛♥❞ ❈ r❡♥❞❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❞❡s✐r❡s

❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❡①❛❝t✳ ❇② ❤✐s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r ✏❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r✑ ✭❇ ✮✱ ❡✈❡♥ ❛ ✏r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞

❜r♦t❤❡r✑ ✭❈ ✮✳ ❇♦t❤ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✱ ♥❡❛r♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✱ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛r❡

♣r❡s❡♥t t♦❣❡t❤❡r✳ ❆❢t❡r r❡❛❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❝❧❡❛r ❛t ❛❧❧ ✇❤② ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛s

✇❡❛❦❡♥❡❞ ♦r ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ✐♥ ❉ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❇ ❛♥❞ ❈ ✳

❆ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦♥tr❛st ❝♦♠♣❛r❡s t❤❡ ♣r✐❡st✲❡❞✉❝❛t♦r str✐❝t❧② ✐♥ ❤✐s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ ♣r♦❝❧❛✐♠❡r

♦❢ ❢❛✐t❤ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡❛❝❤❡r ♦r ❝❛t❡❝❤✐st ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r✱ ✇❤♦ ❤❛s ❝♦♥t❛❝t

✶✸✽

14.9 Page 139

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✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛❧s♦ ♦✉ts✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❝❤✉r❝❤✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❧❡✐s✉r❡ t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤❡

❧❛tt❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rs t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥t❛❝t✱

❥♦✈✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ ✇❤❛t ❝❛♣t✉r❡s t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✬ ✐♥t❡r❡st✳ ❍❡

❥♦✐♥s ✐♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❍❡ t❛❧❦s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳ ❍❡ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ❣✐✈❡s ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣

♦r ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♥❣ ✇♦r❞✳ ❚❤✉s ✏❤❡ ❣✐✈❡s ❛ s✐❣♥✑ ✭❇ ✮✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❛t ❤❡ ❧✐❦❡s ❜❡✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳ ❍❡

s❤♦✇s ❤❡ ❧♦✈❡s t❤❡♠ ❜② t❛❦✐♥❣ ♣❛rt ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✇❛②✳ ❍❡ ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ s❤♦✇s t❤❡✐r

❣❛♠❡s ❛♥❞ s♦ t❤❡② t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❛r❡ ✇♦rt❤ ✇❤✐❧❡ t♦ ❤✐♠✳

■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s st❛t❡♠❡♥t ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✷ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ✐s ❝♦♥✲

✜r♠❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s✱ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ s❛✐❞ ✇❤❛t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ q✉♦t❡❞

✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡❢♦r❡✿ ✏❲❤❡♥ ❛ t❡❛❝❤❡r ✐s ❛♥ ❛ss✐st❛♥t ✐♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✱ ❤❡ ✐s

❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✐s ♥♦t ✐♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥②♠♦r❡✱ ❤❡ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❛♥❞

❢❛t❤❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✑ ❬s❡❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✶❪

❼ ❚❤❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ✏✇♦r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r✑ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❬✶✾✲✷✵❪

❲❤❡♥ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ s❛②s ✏❛ ❢❡✇ ✇♦r❞s ✇❤✐s♣❡r❡❞ ✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r✑✱ ❤❡ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ❛❧❧✉❞❡s

t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s♦ ❞❡❛r ❛♥❞ t②♣✐❝❛❧ ✏✇♦r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r✑✳ ❚❤✐s ❛❧❧✉s✐♦♥ ✐s ❛♥ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② ❢♦r

❛ ♥❡✇ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✳

❇✉③③❡tt✐ st❛rts ❜② ❡✈♦❦✐♥❣ ♠❡♠♦r✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧

❝♦♥t❛❝t ❛♥❞ ❧✐tt❧❡ ✇♦r❞ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛✈❡ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ♦♥❝❡ ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡

st❛rt✐♥❣ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t✉r♥❛r♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❜♦②✬s ❧✐❢❡✳ ▼❛❣♦♥❡✬s ❛♥❞

❇❡s✉❝❝♦✬s ❜✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❡s t❡st✐❢② t♦ ✐t✳ ■♥ ✶✽✽✵ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦❧❞ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡

❞✐♦❝❡s❛♥ ♣r✐❡sts ✐♥ ❛ t♦✉❝❤✐♥❣ ✇❛② ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❤❡✬❞ ❤❛❞ ❛ ❢❡✇ ✇❡❡❦s ❜❡❢♦r❡✳ ❆ ♣❛st

♣✉♣✐❧✱ ❛ ❝❛♣t❛✐♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛r♠②✱ ❤❛❞ ❝♦♠❡ t♦ s❡❡ ❤✐♠✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥

❤❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❙❡❡✐♥❣ ②♦✉ ❬❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦❪ r❡♠✐♥❞❡❞ ♠❡ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ tr✐❝❦s ②♦✉ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❦❡❡♣ ♠❡

♦♥ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♣❛t❤✿ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ②♦✉ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ✇❤✐s♣❡r ✐♥ ♠② ❡❛r✱ ❛♥❞ ②♦✉r ❡①❤♦rt❛t✐♦♥s t♦

❣♦ t♦ ❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❦✐♥❞❧❡❞ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐r❡ ✐♥ ♠② ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♠♣t❡❞

♠❡ t♦ ❞♦ ✐t ♥♦✇✳✑ ❈♦♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦❧❞ t❤❡ ♣r✐❡sts✿ ✏■ str❡ss ❛❣❛✐♥✱ ♥❡✈❡r ❢♦r❣❡t

❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✿ ✇✐♥ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❤❡❛rts t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❧♦✈❡ ❬❛♠♦r❡❪✳ ❆❧✇❛②s ❜❡❛r ✐♥ ♠✐♥❞

t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠ ♦❢ ❙t✳ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✱ ✏▼♦r❡ ✢✐❡s ❛r❡ ❝❛✉❣❤t ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝✉♣ ♦❢ ❤♦♥❡② t❤❛♥

✇✐t❤ ❛ ❜❛rr❡❧ ♦❢ ✈✐♥❡❣❛r✳✑ ✷✸✺ ❚❤❡② t♦♦ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t t❤✐♥❦ t❤❡✐r ♠✐ss✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤❡❞

❜② t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❝❛t❡❝❤✐s♠ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡② t♦♦ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥❞ t❤❛t ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧

❝♦♥t❛❝t ❛♥❞ t❛❧❦s ✇❡r❡ ✐♥✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡✳ ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✇❛s ✈❡r② ❧✐❦❡❧② t♦ ❝❤❡r✐s❤ s✉❝❤

✈❡r② ❞❡❛r ♠❡♠♦r✐❡s✳

❆♥♦t❤❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❧✐♥❦❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥t❛❝t ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❞ ❛s ❛♥

❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❛s ❛r♦✉s✐♥❣ r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❈ t❤✐s r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t✐❝❡❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♥♦✉♥

❵t✉ ✬✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r❡✈❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦r ❞✐st❛♥t ❵▲❡✐ ✬ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦✣❝✐❛❧ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❉ ✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤❡ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❡❞ ✇♦r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r✱ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r

t❛❦❡s ✉♣ ❛❣❛✐♥ t❤❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ❇ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❈ ✿ ✏❖♥❡ ✇❤♦ ❦♥♦✇s ❬✇❤♦

r❡❛❧✐③❡s✱ ✐s ❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢❪ ❤❡ ✐s ❧♦✈❡❞✱ ❧♦✈❡s ✐♥ r❡t✉r♥ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ✐s ❧♦✈❡❞✱ ♦❜t❛✐♥s ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣✱

✷✸✺

▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✺✶✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ✹✵✹✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✶✼✸ ❛♥❞ ✷✷✸ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✶✸✾

14.10 Page 140

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s❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣✳✑ ✷✸✻ ❬✷✵❪ ✏❦♥♦✇s✑ ✐s t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✏ ✑ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡r❜

s❛♣❡r❡ ✏

✑✳ ■♥ ❛♥ ❡❛r❧✐❡r ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❤✐s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❇✉③③❡tt✐ s❛✐❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ✏s❤♦✉❧❞

❝♦♥♦s❝❛♥♦ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✱ r❡❛❧✐③❡ ♦r ❣r❛s♣ ❬

❪ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✳ ❬✶✸❪ ■♥ t❤❡

♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ t❡①t ✐t s❛✐❞ ✏❝❤❡ ❝♦♥♦s❝❛♥♦✑ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✈❡r❜ ✏❝♦♥♦s❝❡r❡✑✳ ❇♦t❤ ✇♦r❞s ❬s❛♣❡r❡ ❛♥❞

❝♦♥♦s❝❡r❡❪ s❡❡♠ t♦ r❡❢❡r t♦ ❛ ❝❡r❡❜r❛❧ ❛❝t✐✈✐t②✿ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✱ ❦♥♦✇✱ ❣r❛s♣✱ r❡❛❧✐③❡✳ ❚❤❡

r❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❝❧❡❛r❧② s❤♦✇s t❤❡r❡ t❤❛t ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✇❛s t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♠♦r❡

♦r s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ✏❤❛✈❡♥✬t t❤❡② ❣♦t t❤❡ ❧✐❣❤t ♦❢ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✑✱ ✇♦r❞s

✉s❡❞ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜❡❢♦r❡✳

❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ ❜♦t❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s st❛t❡♠❡♥ts ❡✈♦❦❡ t❤❡ ♠❡♠♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s

❈ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ❝♦♣✐❡❞ ♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ ❬❇r❛✐❞♦✱ ❈ ♣✳✹✵✴✶✸✼❪

❱❛❧❢rè ❝♦✉❧❞ st❛t❡ ✐♥ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✏✇✐❧❧ ❞♦ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❛s❦❡❞ ❜② ♦♥❡

❬t❡❛❝❤❡r✱ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♦r ❛ss✐st❛♥t❪ ♦❢ ✇❤♦♠ t❤❡② ❛r❡ s✉r❡ ❤❡ ❧♦✈❡s t❤❡♠✳✑ ❬✻❪ ❆❧s♦ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣

❝♦♥♦s❝❡r❡ ✏t❤❡② ❛r❡ s✉r❡✑ s✉❣❣❡sts t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❞❡❡♣❡r ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ✏

✑ ❛♥❞

s❛♣❡r❡ ✏

✑✳ ❲❤❡♥ ✐t ❝♦♠❡s ❞♦✇♥ t♦ ❧♦✈❡✱ ❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ❡♠❡r❣❡s ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ②♦✉ ❝♦♠✲

♣r❡❤❡♥❞ t❤❛t ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ s♦♠❡♦♥❡ ❞♦❡s ✐s ❞♦♥❡ ❢♦r ②♦✉r ✇❡❧❢❛r❡✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❡rs♦♥✬s ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡✱

❛❝t✐✈❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❛t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❞❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❛❝ts ❜❡✐♥❣ ❞♦♥❡

t♦ ♦♥❡✬s ❜❡♥❡✜t✳ ❈❡rt❛✐♥t② ❡♠❡r❣❡s ❛s ✇❡❧❧✱ ✐❢ ♥♦t ♠♦r❡✱ ❜② ♣❡r❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ s✐❣♥s ♦❢ tr✉st

❛♥❞ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ✇❤♦ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❛t ②♦✉ ❛r❡✱ s✐❣♥s ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❜② ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣

t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ ♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✐s ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r ✇❛②s✱ s❤♦✇♥ ❜②

t❤❡ s②♠♣❛t❤❡t✐❝ t❡❛❝❤❡r✱ ❡❞✉❝t♦r✬s ❜r♦t❤❡r❧② ✇❛② ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r t❡r♠s ❛♥❞ ❜② t❤❡

✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ♣r✐❡st ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❛❝❤❡r ✇❤♦ ✐s ✐♥ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s

❛✈✈❡rt✐r❡ ✇❤② ❋r ❏✳ ❱❡❝❝❤✐ ❥✉st✐✜❛❜❧② ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ✈❡r❜ ✏

✑ ✐♥ ❤✐s r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ✶✾✾✾ ♦♥ ❱❛❧✲

❆✈✈❡rt✐r❡ ❢rè✬s st❛t❡♠❡♥t✳ ✏

✑ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ♠❡❛♥s ✏t♦ ❢❡❡❧✱ ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡✱ s❡♥s❡✱ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳✑ ✷✸✼ ❚❤✐s

♠❡❛♥s✿ t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧❧②✳ ❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ tr❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t

✏❝♦♥♦s❝❡r❡✑ ❛♥❞ ✏s❛♣❡r❡✑ ✐♥ ❛ ❜r♦❛❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❞❡❡♣❡r s❡♥s❡✳ ✏❈♦♥♦s❝❡r❡✑ ❛♥❞ ✏s❛♣❡r❡✑ s❤♦✉❧❞

♥♦t ❜❡ r❡❛❞ ❤❡r❡ ❛s ✏t♦ ❦♥♦✇ r❛t✐♦♥❛❧❧②✱ t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❡✱ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡✳✑

❆❧s♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✲ ✏❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ✐s ❧♦✈❡❞✱ ❝❛♥ ♦❜t❛✐♥

❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣✑ ✕ ❧✐♥❦s ✉♣ ✇✐t❤ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ✇♦r❞s✳ ■t ✐s ❛ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥

♦❢ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss ♦❢ ❜♦②s ✇❤♦ ✏❛r❡ s✉r❡✑ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱

❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❧♦✈❡ t❤❡♠✳ ❬✻❪ ■t ✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② s♦ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✏✐♥ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✑ t❤❡②

❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✱ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s✱ ❛✛❛❜❧❡✱ ❦✐♥❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ❝♦♥t❛❝t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳

❼ P♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ❬✷✵❪

■♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤s ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t t❛❦❡s ✉♣ ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❛❣❛✐♥ ❢r♦♠

❱❛❧❢rè✬s r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ tr✉st ❛♥❞ ✐ts

❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ❡✛❡❝ts✳

✷✸✻❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏■❢ s♦♠❡❜♦❞② ❦♥♦✇s t❤❛t ❤❡ ✐s ❧♦✈❡❞✱ ❤❡ ❢❡❡❧s st✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❧♦✈❡ r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧❧②✳✑

✭❋❘❆◆❈❖■❙ ❉❊ ❙❆▲❊❙✱ ❚r❛✐té ❞❡ ❧✬❛♠♦✉r ❞❡ ❉✐❡✉✱ P❛r✐s✱ ▼♦♥❛stèr❡ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❱✐s✐t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✶✾✾✺✱ ▲✐✈r❡

❱■■✱ ❝❤✳ ❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✵✺✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♦r ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♦r ❜♦t❤ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ t❤❡ t❡①t✳ ■♥ ❋r❡♥❝❤

✐t s❛②s✿ ✏❙✐ ✉♥ ❤♦♠♠❡ s❛✐t ❞✬êtr❡ ❛✐♠é✳✑ ■♥ t❤❛t ❝♦♥t❡①t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ✈❡r❜s ✏ s❛♣❡r❡✑ ❛♥❞

✏ ❝♦♥♦s❝❡r❡✑ s❡✈❡r❛❧ t✐♠❡s✳ ❚❤❡ t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✭♣✳ ✷✺✾✮ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ r❡✲

tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ♦♥ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛ss✐✈❡ ❢♦r♠ ✐♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥✿ ✏ ❝❤✐ è ❛♠❛t♦✑✳

✷✸✼❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝✐ ♣❛r❧❛ ❞✐ ❡❞✉❝❛③✐♦♥❡✱ ✭❛ ❝✉r❛ ❞✐ ●✳ ❇✳ ❇♦s❝♦✮✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱ ❊❧❧❡❞✐❝✐✱ ✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✹✺✳

✶✹✵

15 Pages 141-150

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15.1 Page 141

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■♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ tr✉st ❛r❡ ❥✉①t❛♣♦s❡❞✳ ❇② ✉s✐♥❣

t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑ ❤❡ ❞♦❡s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ ✈❡r❜s ✏✐s ❧♦✈❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❧♦✈❡s ✐♥ t✉r♥✑✳ ■t

❝♦♥❝❡r♥s ❜♦t❤ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛♥❞ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② ❧♦✈❡ ✐s

❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧✐❦❡ ✏❛♥ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✑ ■t ✐s ❛♥ ✐♠❛❣❡

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✉s❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ■t ✇❛s ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ♠✉❝❤

♠♦r❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡❛r t❤❛♥ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s✉s♣❡❝t ♥♦✇✳✷✸✽ ■ts ❡✛❡❝t ✐s ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡✳

❏✉st ❧✐❦❡ ❱❛❧❢rè✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ s❛②s ✏✐t ♦♣❡♥s t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❤❡❛rts✑ ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② t❤❛t ✏t❤❡② ♠❛❦❡

❦♥♦✇♥ t❤❡✐r ♥❡❡❞s ❛♥❞ ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s✳✑ ❚❤❡② s♣❡❛❦ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✐♥ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❛♥❞

♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞ ✇❛② ❛♥❞ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ✈❡r② ❥♦✈✐❛❧❧② ✐♥ t✉r♥✳✷✸✾

❚❤✐s tr✉st ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❤❛s ❛ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✳ ❚❤❡

❛❞✉❧ts ♠❛② ❢❡❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ t❤✐s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ❛s ❛♥ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤♦♥❡st ❛♥❞ ❞❡❡♣

❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❛t ♠❛② ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡✐r ❧✐✈❡s ❧✐❣❤t❡r ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❛❣r❡❡❛❜❧❡✱ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡ t❤❡✐r r❡s✐❧✐❡♥❝❡

❛♥❞ str❡♥❣t❤❡♥ t❤❡✐r ❡♥❞✉r❛♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❛♥❞ ✉♥❛✛❡❝t❡❞ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥

❤❡❧♣ ✏t♦ ♣✉t ✉♣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇❡❛r✐♥❡ss✑ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s

❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡✐r ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❡❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✇♦❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ■t ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡s t♦ t❤❡✐r ❡✈❡r r❡❛❞② ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss t♦ ♣❛t✐❡♥t❧② ❜❡❛r ✏t❤❡

❛♥♥♦②❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ✐♥❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡✱ t❤❡ tr♦✉❜❧❡s✱ t❤❡ s❤♦rt❝♦♠✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ♥❡❣❧❡❝ts t❤❛t ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs

❝❛✉s❡✑✳ ❬✷✵❪ ❚❤✐s t❤♦✉❣❤t ✐s ❛♥ ❡❝❤♦ ♦❢ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞

♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✏t❤❡✐r ✇♦r❦ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❡❛s②✳✑ ❬✶✼❪ ❖♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ t❤✐s ❤✉♠❛♥❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥

❞♦❡s ♥♦t s✉✣❝❡✳ ❍❡ ❞✐r❡❝ts t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡✐❛♥s t♦ t❤❡✐r ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✱

❛s ❛ ♠♦r❡ ♣r♦❢♦✉♥❞ ♠♦t✐✈❡ t♦ ❛❝t ♣❛t✐❡♥t❧②✱ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❧② ❛♥❞ ❡♠♣❛t❤❡t✐❝❛❧❧②✳ ❆♥✐♠❛t❡❞

❛♥❞ ♠♦✈❡❞ ❜② ❏❡s✉s✬ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ✏♥♦t ❝r✉s❤ t❤❡ ❜r✉✐s❡❞ r❡❡❞ ♥♦r q✉❡♥❝❤ t❤❡

s♠♦✉❧❞❡r✐♥❣ ✢❛①✳✑ ❍❡r❡ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✐♥s❡rts t❤❡ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ■t

✐s ❥✉st❧② s♦✱ ❛s ✐t ✜ts ✐♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ❡♥t✐r❡❧②✳✷✹✵

❼ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡st♦r❡❞ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ str❡♥❣t❤ ❬r❡s✐❧✐❡♥❝❡❪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡✲

s✐❛♥s ❬✷✵✲✷✶❪

❆❢t❡r ❞✇❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❛ ❧♦♥❣ t✐♠❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ✐❧❧✉str❛t✐♥❣ ✐t ✇✐t❤ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧

❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❝♦♥❞✉❝t ♦❢ ❛ t❡❛❝❤❡r✱ ❛ ♣r❡❛❝❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛♥❞ ❛❢t❡r

✷✸✽❈❢✳ t❤❡ t❡①t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞② t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✳ ■♥ ✶✽✻✼ ❛ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧ ✇r♦t❡ ✐♥

❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✿ ✏■ ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡ ②♦✉ ❛s s♦♠❡♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ❝♦✉❧❞ r❡✈❡rs❡ ♠② s♦✉❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧②✳ ■ ✇❛s

❝♦♥❢✉s❡❞✱ t❤r✐❧❧❡❞✱ ❢❛s❝✐♥❛t❡❞ ✭✏ ❡❧❡tr✐③③❛t♦✑✮ ❜② ②♦✉r s♣❡❡❝❤❡s✳✑ ✭▼❖❚❚❖✱ ❋r✳✱ ❘✐❝♦r❞✐ ❡ r✐✢❡ss✐ ❞✐ ✉♥✬

❡❞✉❝❛③✐♦♥❡ r✐❝❡✈✉t❛✳✳✳ ♣✳ ✸✻✺✳✮ ❆ s✐♠✐❧❛r ♠❡t❛♣❤♦r✐❝❛❧ ✉s❡ ✐s st✐❧❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♥♦✇❛❞❛②s✳ ✏■ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ s♦rt ♦❢

❡❧❡❝tr✐❝✐t② ✇✐t❤ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥✑ ❢r♦♠ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r✈✐❡✇ ✇✐t❤ ❍❛❞✐s❡✱ ✏■ ❧✐❦❡ st❛❦✐♥❣ ♠② ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥✐t②✑ ✐♥ ▼❛❣❛③✐♥❡✱

✷✼ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✵✽✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ✉s❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ♠❡t❛♣❤♦rs ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✇♦r❧❞✳

❖♥❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❝❧❡r✐❝s ✇r♦t❡ t♦ ❤✐♠ ✐♥ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✽✻✵✿ ✏■ ❜❡❣ ②♦✉ t♦ ♠❛❣♥❡t✐③❡ ♠❡ ❛s ♦♥❧② ②♦✉ ❝❛♥✱ t♦ ♣r❛②

❢♦r ♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ t♦ ✜♥❞ s♦♠❡ ✇❛② t♦ ❝❤❡❡r ♠❡✳ P❧❡❛s❡ ❢♦r❣✐✈❡ ♠❡ ✐❢ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♦✈❡r❧② ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❱■✱

♣✳ ✺✾✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✽✳✮ ❚♦ ♠❛❣♥❡t✐③❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡♥s❡ ♦❢ ✏t♦ ❛ttr❛❝t✱ t♦ ❢❛s❝✐♥❛t❡✱ t♦ ❝❤❛r♠✳✑

✷✸✾❚♦ ❣❡t ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥✱ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✾✵✲✾✻ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧

●✳ ❈❛❣❧✐❡r♦ t❡st✐✜❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❛t ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞♥❡ss ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❆❢t❡r ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❞❡❝❡❛s❡❞✱ ❤❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❲❡ ❜♦②s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❛s ❛♥ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡ ❢❛t❤❡r ❛♥❞

❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠ ✇✐t❤ ❛ tr✉st ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② t❤❛t ✇❛s ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✜❧✐❛❧✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✽✸❀ ❊▼❇

❳❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✾✻✲✹✾✼✳✮

✷✹✵❆s ✐t ✜ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡ ♦❢ ❇❡♥❡❞✐❝t✱ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ▲❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✳ ■t ✐s ❛ s✐❣♥ ♦❢ ❢❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❡

q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✱ ♣❡r❤❛♣s ♦♥❧② ✐♥ ❧❛t❡r ♣❡r✐♦❞s✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✷❀ ❊▼❇

❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✼✾✲✽✵✳

✶✹✶

15.2 Page 142

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♣♦✐♥t✐♥❣ ♦✉t ✐ts ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts✱ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❣♦❡s ♦♥

t♦ ❧✐st s♦♠❡ s❡✈❡♥ ♣❧❡❛s✐♥❣ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞

t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳

❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ✐t ✐s ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡s ♦r ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡

❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ♦r ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞✳ ■t ✐s ♣❛rt❧② ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② ❛ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇❡ ✜♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t

❆✳ ■t ✐s ❛ ♥♦t❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❜❡❧♦♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳

❆ ❜r❛❝❦❡t ❬❵✭❵❪ s❡♣❛r❛t❡s ✐t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡st✳ ❆♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ t❤❛t t❤❡ s❡r✐❡s ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛

❝♦♥❝✐s❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✜✈❡ ❢♦❝✉s ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥ ❇ ✱ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❞♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❛ s♦rt ♦❢ t❡❧❡❣r❛♠ r❡❣✐st❡r✳

■t s❤♦✇s t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡①t❡♥t t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❇ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❛ ❜❛s✐❝ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡

❝♦✉❧❞ ♦r ♣❡r❤❛♣s ♦✉❣❤t t♦ ♣✉t ♥❡①t t♦ ❆✳ ❚❤❡ st✐❧❧ ♣r♦✈✐s✐♦♥❛❧ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈ ♣❛rt❧② ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞

t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡♣r✐♠❛♥❞s✱ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ t❤❡♠ t♦ t❤r❡❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❢t❡♥❡❞ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦♥❡

❜② t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✇✐t❤ ✏♥❡✐t❤❡r✱ ♥♦r✱ ♥♦r✑✳

■♥ ❉ ✐t ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ s❡✈❡♥❢♦❧❞ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❡q✉❛❧❧② ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛t✐❝ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t♦r②

♣❤r❛s❡✿ ✏❚❤❡♥ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r s❡❡ ❛♥②♦♥❡✳✑

■♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❇ ♥♦ ❧✐♥❦ ❛t ❛❧❧ ✇❛s ♠❛❞❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞✐♥❣ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②

❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧ ❧♦✈❡ ✇♦♥ ❜❛❝❦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ tr✉st ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛❣❛✐♥✳ ■t ✇❛s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞

t❤♦✉❣❤ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✏❤❡❛rt❧❡ss✑ ❬✏ ❡❣✉❛❧❡ ❛❧ ❢❡rr♦✑ ❪ st✐❝❦✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ t✉r♥❡❞ ✉♣ ♦♥❧② ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈✳ ❚❤❡r❡

▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♠❛❞❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✬ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ❧♦♦❦ ❛s ✐❢ ✐t ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❧②

❝❛♠❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡❜♦r♥ tr✉st✱ t❤❡ r❡♥❡✇❡❞ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ❛♥❞

t❤❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳ ❍❡ ❞✐❞ s♦ ❜② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ t❤❡

❝♦♥♥❡❝t♦r ✏s♦ t❤❛t✑ ❬s✐❝❝❤é ❪✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❉ ❤❡ str❡♥❣t❤❡♥s t❤❛t ❧✐♥❦ t❤r♦✉❣❤

t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❚❤❡♥✑ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❥✉r❡s ✉♣ ❛ s❡✈❡♥❢♦❧❞ ❤♦♣❡❢✉❧ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❆t

t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ t❤❡② r❡♠❛✐♥ s❡✈❡♥ r❡♣r✐♠❛♥❞s ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡② ♠❛② s❡❡♠ q✉✐t❡ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✉♣

♦r ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t❧② ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳

❼ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥ t❤❛t ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ❣♦♦❞ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐♥❣

✐♥ ❏❡s✉s✬ s♣✐r✐t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱ ✐s t❤❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✏t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ✇♦r❦ ❢♦r

t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ ❣❧♦r②✳✑ ❚❤❛t ✐s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② st❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❜✉s② ❞♦✐♥❣ s♦✳ ❲❤✐❝❤ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢

❣❧♦r② t❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❧② ❛❢t❡r ❢r♦♠ ♥♦✇ ♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞ ❧❛t❡r ♦♥✳

❼ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥ ✐s t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ♣✉♥✐s❤ t♦ r❡✈❡♥❣❡ ✏✇♦✉♥❞❡❞

s❡❧❢✲❧♦✈❡✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❣♦❡s ❜❛❝❦

q✉✐t❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧② t♦ t❤❡ s❝❤❡♠❛t✐❝ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❇ ✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❧❧✉s✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡s

♦♥ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t ✐s ❜♦t❤ ❛ ♥❛rr♦✇✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝❧❛r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✈❡rs✉s ❇ ✳ ❚❤✐s

❛❧❧✉s✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ❛st♦♥✐s❤ ❧❡ss ✐❢ ✇❡ t❛❦❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ●✳❇✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ❤❛❞ st❛rt❡❞ t♦

✇r✐t❡ ✏❖♥ t❤❡ ❯s❡ ♦❢ P✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✑ ❥✉st ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ②❡❛r ❜❡❢♦r❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ ✐t ❤❡r❡

✐s ♥♦t ❛ ❝♦♣② ❜✉t ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❜❡❛rs s♦♠❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ✐t✳ ■t ♦r✐❣✐♥❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❛♠❡

s✉rr♦✉♥❞✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ✶✽✽✸ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ✇❛s ❛ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❜✐t ♠♦r❡ r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✏t♦

❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t❡ ❛❧❧ ❞♦✉❜t t❤❛t ♦♥❡ ✐s tr②✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ss❡rt ❤✐s ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✳✑ ✷✹✶ ❚❤❡ ♣❛rt ❆❞✈✐❝❡

❛♥❞ ❘✉❧❡s ♦❢ ✏❯♥♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❊❛r❧✐❡r ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✑ ✐♥ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❇✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ ❳■❱ ✐s ♠✉❝❤

❝❧❡❛r❡r ♦♥ t❤✐s ♠❛tt❡r✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛♥ ❛♥t❤♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ t❡①ts ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳ ❲❡

✜♥❞ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ✐♥ ✐t✿ ✏P✉♥✐s❤ r✐❣❤t❧② ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡✿ ♥❡✈❡r

✷✹✶

❇❘❆■❉❖✱

P✳✱

❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦

❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱

♣✳

✸✸✷✴✶✹✽✲✶✹✾✳

❊▼❇

❳❱■✱

♣✳

✸✼✶✳

✶✹✷

15.3 Page 143

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s❤♦✇ ❛♥② ❛♥❣❡r✳ ❖t❤❡r✇✐s❡ t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ s❛② t❤❛t ✐t ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ r✉❧❡ ❬✇❤✐❝❤ ❧❡❛❞s t♦

♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t❪✱ ❜✉t ✇♦✉♥❞❡❞ s❡❧❢✲❧♦✈❡ t❤❛t ✇❛♥ts t♦ t❛❦❡ r❡✈❡♥❣❡✳✑ ✷✹✷

❼ ❍✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❢❛✐❧ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❞✉t② ❜② ♥♦t ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ❛♥ ❡❛r❧✐❡r st❛❣❡ ♦❢

t❤❡ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ t♦ ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❛t ✏♦t❤❡rs s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞ ❢r♦♠

❛❢❛r✱ ♥♦t ♥♦t✐❝✐♥❣ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❛♥②♦♥❡ ✇❛s ❞♦✐♥❣ s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ✇r♦♥❣✳✑ ❬✶✺❪ ❙♦♠❡✇❤❛t ✐♥

t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥♦t❡ ✐♥ ❆ t❤✐s ✇r♦♥❣ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ ❥❡❛❧♦✉s② ✐♥

❛ t❤✐r❞ ♣♦✐♥t✳ ❚❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦t ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❛❢r❛✐❞ ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❧❡ss ♣♦♣✉❧❛r

✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✇❤♦ ❧❡❛✈❡ t❤❡♠ ❛❧♦♥❡✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rs t❤✐s ❛

♣❡r♥✐❝✐♦✉s s♦rt ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ♠✐ss❡s ✐ts ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ❤♦✇ ❤❡ ♠✉st

❤❛✈❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t ♠♦r❡ ♦❢t❡♥ ❛t ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✳ ❍❡ ♠✉st r❡♣❡❛t❡❞❧② ❤❛✈❡ r❡❢❡rr❡❞

t♦ ✏t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❜❡✐♥❣ s♠❛rt ♦❜s❡r✈❡rs✳✑ ❍❡ t❤❡♥ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❇♦②s ❝❛♥ s❡❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ②♦✉✳ ■❢

t❤❡② s♣♦t ❥❡❛❧♦✉s②✱ ❡♥✈②✱ ♦r ♣r✐❞❡ ✐♥ ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ♦r ❛ ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ♦✉ts❤✐♥❡

♦t❤❡rs✱ t❤❛t s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✬ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❞♦♥❡ ❢♦r✳✑ ✷✹✸ ■♥ ✶✽✻✾ ❤❡ ❢❡❧t ❢♦r❝❡❞ t♦ ❧❡❝t✉r❡

❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ✕ ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛s♣✐r✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✕ ✐♥ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t✿ ✏❆♥❞ s♦

t❤❛t t❤✐s ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❧✐❢❡ ♠❛② ❜❡ ♣❧❡❛s❛♥t✱ ✇❡ ♠✉st r✐❞ ✐t ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❡♥✈② ❛♥❞ ❥❡❛❧♦✉s②✳

❲❡ ♠✉st ❧♦✈❡ ♦♥❡ ♦t❤❡r ❛s ❜r♦t❤❡rs✳✑ ✷✹✹ ■♥ t❤❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✏❯♥♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞

❊❛r❧✐❡r ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥ts✑ t❤✐s ✇❛r♥✐♥❣ ❤❛s ❛❧s♦ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞✿ ✏❛♥❞ ♠✉❝❤ ❧❡ss s♦ ❢r♦♠

❛♥② ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❥❡❛❧♦✉s②✳✑ ✷✹✺ ❏❡❛❧♦✉s② s❡❡♠s t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ✐♥❡r❛❞✐❝❛❜❧❡ ✇❡❡❞✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❢❡❞ ✉♣ ✇✐t❤ ✐t s♦ ❛s t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ✏t❡rr✐❜❧❡✑

♦r ✏❛✇❢✉❧ ❥❡❛❧♦✉s✐❡s✑ ❬✏❢❡r♦❝✐ ❣❡❧♦s✐❡ ✑ ❪ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ❬♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆✱ ✷✶❪✳

❼ ❚❤❡ ❢♦✉rt❤ ❡✛❡❝t ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ✏♥♦ ♠♦r❡ ❣♦ss✐♣✐♥❣✑ ♦r ✏r✉♥♥✐♥❣ ♦t❤❡rs ❞♦✇♥✳✑ ❚❤✐s s✐❧❧②

♣❛st✐♠❡ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ r❡✈❡❛❧✐♥❣ ♦r ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t✐♥❣ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s ♦❢ ♦t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ s❧❛♥❞❡r✐♥❣ ✐♥

♦r❞❡r t♦ ❣❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❢❛✈♦✉r ❛t t❤❡ ❡①♣❡♥s❡ ♦❢ ♦t❤❡rs✳ ❚❤♦s❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s t❤✐♥❦

t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳✷✹✻ ❚❤❛t ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤✐♥❣s

✇♦r❦ ♦✉t t❤♦✉❣❤✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❝❛♥ s❛②✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r②✱ ✏t❤❡② ❡❛r♥ ❢♦r t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s

♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ❜✉t ❝♦♥t❡♠♣t ❛♥❞ ❤②♣♦❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ✢❛tt❡r②✳✑ ❙❧❛♥❞❡r ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❥✉st ❤❛♣♣❡♥ t♦

t✉r♥ ✉♣ ❥✉st ❤❡r❡✳ ■t ✐s ❛♥ ♦❧❞ s♦r❡✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❛t s❛♠❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ♦❢ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✽✻✾

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡s♦❧✉t❡❧② ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❢♦r ❵✉♥✐t② ♦❢ s♣✐r✐t ❛♥❞ ♣✉r♣♦s❡✬ ❛♥❞✿ ✏❆✇❛②✱ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱

✇✐t❤ t❤♦s❡ ❝❧✐q✉❡s ♦❢ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ♦r ♦t❤❡r ♣❡rs♦♥s ❜✉s✐❧② ❝❤❡✇✐♥❣ ❛✇❛② ❛t t❤✐s ♦r t❤❛t

❢❡❧❧♦✇ ♦r✱ ✇♦rs❡✱ ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✳ ▲❡t ✉s st❛♥❞ ✉♥✐t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❢❡♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r✳✑ ✷✹✼ ❚❤✐s

✷✹✷▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✽✺✵❀ ✭♥♦t tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✳✮ ❙t✐❧❧✱ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❛s❦❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ✐t ✐s

❛❜♦✉t ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❡❛r❧✐❡r ♦r ❧❛t❡r✳ ✏▲❛t❡r✑ ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❤❛❞ ❥✉st ❜❡❡♥

❣✐✈❡♥ ❛♥❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ♥♦✇ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s

✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳

✷✹✸▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✺✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r st❛t❡♠❡♥t✿ ✏❨♦✉♥❣st❡rs ♥♦t✐❝❡ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳

✽✹✺✳✮

✷✹✹▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✺✼✷❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✽✳

✷✹✺▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✽✹✺✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✹✼ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ●r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❉♦♠❡♥✐❝♦ ❘✉✣♥♦✬s ❝❤r♦♥✐❝❧❡ ✭♣❡r✐♦❞

✶✽✻✶✲✶✽✻✹✮ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ r❡♣♦rts t❤❛t ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥ ✶✽✻✶ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s✉♠♠♦♥s ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥ ❛ t❛❧❦ ✇✐t❤

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ✇❤♦ ✇❡r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✿ ✏♥♦t t♦ ❜❡ r❡s❡♥t❢✉❧ ♦r ❥❡❛❧♦✉s✱ ❛♥❞ ♥♦t t♦ ❜❡ ✉♣s❡t ✐❢

♦t❤❡rs ❤❡❧❞ ❤✐❣❤❡r ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✾✾✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✺✾✽✳✮

✷✹✻❖♥ t❤❡ ❢❡❛r ♦❢ ❧♦s✐♥❣ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐t② ♦r ❣❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✐t t❤❡ ✇r♦♥❣ ✇❛②✱ s❡❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s ✐♥ ▼❇

❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✽✹✾✴✶✶✳ ◆♦t tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❊▼❇✳ ❆ ❢❡✇ t❤♦✉❣❤ts s❤♦✇ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❋r ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛✬s

❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ✐♥ ✶✽✽✸✳ ❙❡❡ t❡①t t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✼ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ■✳

✷✹✼▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳✺✼✹❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✾✳

✶✹✸

15.4 Page 144

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✐s ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ❛❞❞❡❞ ❧❛t❡r ♦♥ ❜② ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳ ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ♣❛② ♠♦r❡

❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ✐t ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✽ ✭✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✷✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞②✳

❼ ❚❤❡ ✜❢t❤ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥ ❡♠❜r♦✐❞❡rs ♦♥ ✇❤❛t ✇❛s ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♣❛rt✱ ✐✳❡✳

t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ✇❛♥t✐♥❣ t♦ ❣❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❢❛✈♦✉r ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜② ❡①❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢❡❧❧♦✇

❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳ ■t ♠❛❦❡s ✉s s✉s♣❡❝t t❤❛t ✐t ✇❛s ❛❜♦✉t ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r✐♥❣ ✏♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r

❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣s✑✳ ❙t✐❧❧✱ t❤✐s t❡r♠✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❢r❛♥❦❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❇ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t✱ ✐s ♥♦t ✉s❡❞

✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜❢t❤ ❡✛❡❝t✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss t❤❡ t❡①t ✐s s❡♠❛♥t✐❝❛❧❧② ❝❧❡❛r

❡♥♦✉❣❤ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s♦♠❡✇❤❛t ❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ ✇♦r❞s ✏♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❤♦ ❧❡t t❤❡✐r ❤❡❛rts ❜❡ st♦❧❡♥ ❜②

♦♥❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✑ ❛♥❞ ✏♥❡❣❧❡❝t ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❜♦②s t♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛t❡ t❤❛t ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♦♥❡✑✳ ■t

✐s ❛ s❡r✐♦✉s ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❡rr♦r ❬❢❛✐❧✉r❡❪ ❛♥❞ ♦❢t❡♥ ❛♥ ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ❤❛r♠❢✉❧

♦✛❡♥❝❡ ❜♦t❤ ❢r♦♠ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ r❡♣❡❛t❡❞❧②

✇❛r♥❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥st ✐t✳✷✹✽

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r❡❞ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♠♦st str✐❦✐♥❣ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡

r❡tr❡❛t ❛t ▲❛♥③♦ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✺✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❤❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ st❛② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✱ t♦ ❜❡

❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠✱ ❜✉t ♥❡✈❡r ❛s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s✱ ♥❡✈❡r ♠♦r❡ ✇✐t❤ ♦♥❡ t❤❛♥ ✇✐t❤

❛♥♦t❤❡r✳ ▲❡t ✉s ❜❡ ♦✉ts♣♦❦❡♥ ❛❜♦✉t ✐t✿ t❤❡ ❞♦✇♥❢❛❧❧ ♦❢ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❝♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥s ❞❡✈♦t✐♥❣

t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣ ✐s ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ♥❡✈❡r ❦✐ss t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ♥♦ ❝❛r❡ss✐♥❣ ❜②

str♦❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡✱ ♥♦ ❤✉❣❣✐♥❣ ♦r s✐♠✐❧❛r t❤✐♥❣s✳ ◆♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣s✱ ♥♦ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡

❢♦r ♦♥❡ ❜♦② ❛❣❛✐♥st ❛♥♦t❤❡r✱ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ♥♦ ❢❛✈♦✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡ ❜♦②s✳ ◆♦ ❧❡tt❡r

✇r✐t✐♥❣✳ ■❢ ♦♥❧② ②♦✉ ❦♥❡✇ ❤♦✇ ♠❛♥② ❜♦②s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡♣r❛✈❡❞ ❜② s❡♥❞✐♥❣ t❤✐s s♦rt ♦❢

♥♦t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ❲❤❛t t♦ s❛② ♥❡①t ❛❜♦✉t s♦♠❡❜♦❞② ✇❤♦ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✐♥✈✐t❡ ❜♦②s t♦ ❤✐s r♦♦♠ ❡✈❡♥

✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜❡st ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❧♦❝❦ t❤❡ r♦♦♠ t♦ r❡♣r✐♠❛♥❞ ♦r ❦❡❡♣ t❤❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠ t♦ t❛❧❦

❛❜♦✉t s❡❝r❡t ❜✉s✐♥❡ss❄ ◆❡✐t❤❡r ❝❛♥ ❛♥②♦♥❡ s❤♦✇ ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ t♦ ❜❡ ♦♥❡ ❜♦②✬s ❣r❡❛t❡r ❢r✐❡♥❞

t❤❛♥ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ♦♥❡✬s✳ ❨♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥❡✈❡r s❤♦✇ ❛ ❜♦② t❤❛t ❤❡ ✐s ②♦✉r ❢❛✈♦✉r✐t❡✳ ■ ♥♦t✐❝❡

✇✐t❤ ❣r❡❛t ❛♣♣r♦✈❛❧ t❤❛t ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❣♦♦❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ✐s ❜❡✐♥❣ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❛♥❞ ■

❤♦♣❡ ✐t ✇✐❧❧ s♣r❡❛❞ ❡✈❡r ❢✉rt❤❡r✳ ■t ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✿ ✇❤❡♥ ❧❡❛✈✐♥❣ t❤❡

r❡❢❡❝t♦r②✱ ❝❤✉r❝❤ ❡t❝✳ ♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❥♦✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❜♦② ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ♦✉t ❛♥❞ ♣❛② ♥♦ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦

❤✐s ❛❣❡ ♦r t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦r ❣r❛❞❡ ❤❡ ✐s ✐♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❝❤❛t ✇✐t❤ ❤✐♠ ❛❜♦✉t ❛❧❧ s♦rts ♦❢ t❤✐♥❣s✳✑ ✷✹✾

❘✉❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s ❆♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡

✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t t♦♦ ✭✶✽✼✼✮✿ ✏❚❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❝r❛❢ts♠❛st❡rs

❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♠✉st ❜❡ ♦❢ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡❞ ♠♦r❛❧✐t②✳ ❚❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ str✐✈❡ t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❛s t❤❡②

✇♦✉❧❞ t❤❡ ♣❧❛❣✉❡ ❡✈❡r② ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦r ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ❢♦r t❤❡✐r ♣✉♣✐❧s✳ ❚❤❡②

s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ r❡♠❡♠❜❡r t❤❛t t❤❡ ✇r♦♥❣❞♦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ❛❧♦♥❡ ✐s s✉✣❝✐❡♥t t♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s❡ ❛♥

❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥st✐t✉t❡✳✑ ✷✺✵❍❡ t❛❝❦❧❡❞ t❤❛t tr✐❝❦② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧

❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ■ q✉♦t❡ s♦♠❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rts✳ ✏❯♣ t♦ ♥♦✇ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜❧❡ t♦

❦❡❡♣ ♦✉r ❤❡❛❞s ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥ r❡❣❛r❞ t♦ ♠♦r❛❧✐t②✳ ◆♦✇ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❢❡✇ ✐♠♣r✉❞❡♥t ♠❡♠❜❡rs

✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ s♦♠❡✇❤❛t ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s❡❞✳ ❖✉r ❣♦♦❞ ♥❛♠❡ ✐s ❜❡✐♥❣ r❡✲❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞✱ ❜✉t t❤❡

r❡❝t♦rs✱ ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡②❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ♠✉st ❡①❡rt ❛❧❧ t❤❡✐r ❡✛♦rts t♦ ❤❛✈❡

t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ r❡♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞✳ ✳ ✳ ❘❡♠✐♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s t❤❛t ❜② ❢❛✐❧✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♠♦r❛❧✐t② t❤❡②

❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s❡ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ ❤♦✉s❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❜❡❢♦r❡ ●♦❞✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦

✷✹✽▼♦r❡ ♦♥ ✐t ✐♥ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✾✻✲✷✵✺✳

✷✹✾■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✵✷✲✷✵✸✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✺✽✸✳ ◆♦ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❊▼❇ ❳■✳ ❈❢✳ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ♦❢ ❏❛♥✉❛r②

✶✷ ✶✽✼✻✳ ✭▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣✳ ✷✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✴✷✳ ❆♥❞ ❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉✐♥t♦✒ ♣✳ ✹✸✴✷➦✳✮

✷✺✵❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✵✸❪✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✾✴✷✳

✶✹✹

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❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✳ ❇❡❢♦r❡ ●♦❞✱ ♦♥❡✬s s♦✉❧ ✐s ❧♦st✱ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✱ ♦♥❡✬s ❤♦♥♦✉r✳✑ ✷✺✶ ❊✈❡♥

✐♥ ❛ t❤❛♥❦✲②♦✉ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜❡st ✇✐s❤❡s ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st♠❛s ❛♥❞ ◆❡✇ ❨❡❛r ✶✽✽✸✲✶✽✽✹✱ ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t

s✉♣♣r❡ss ❤✐s ♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥✳ ❍❡ ✉tt❡r❡❞ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❛♥❞ ✉s❡❞ ✇♦r❞s ❢♦r t❤❡♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧s♦

❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛ ❢❡✇ ♠♦♥t❤s ❧❛t❡r✿ ✏❲❡ ❝♦♥s❡❝r❛t❡❞ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s t♦ ●♦❞ t♦

♦❜❡②✱ ♥♦t t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ♦r❞❡rs✳ ❲❡ ❞✐❞ t❤✐s t♦ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ❝❤❛r✐t② t♦ ♦✉r ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦✉rs s♦❧❡❧② ❢♦r t❤❡

❧♦✈❡ ♦❢ ●♦❞✱ ♥♦t t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛tt❛❝❤❡❞ t♦ ❍✐s ❝r❡❛t✉r❡s✳✑ ✷✺✷

◆❡✐t❤❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❬✷✶✱ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❆❪ ♥♦r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇❛♥t t♦ ♣❛ss ❜② t❤✐s ♠❡♥❛❝❡ s✐❧❡♥t❧②✳

❇♦t❤ ❣r❛s♣ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② t♦ ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡② ♣♦✐♥t ♦✉t t❤❛t ♣❛r✲

t✐❝✉❧❛r❧② t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s✱ ❤❛♣♣②✱ ❣❡♥✉✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❣r❛t❡❢✉❧ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡

❜♦②s ❞✐s♣❡❧s t❤❡ ❞❛♥❣❡r ♦❢ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣s✳ ❚❤❡✐r ✇❛r♠✲❤❡❛rt❡❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥❞❡❡❞

t❤❡ ✈❡r② ❛♥s✇❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇❛② ♦❢ ❤♦✇ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞

❛❧s♦ t♦ t❤❡ ♣❛t✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❡✛♦rts ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❧② ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞✱ st✐♠✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞

❝♦rr❡❝t✐♥❣ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❬✶✺✲✶✻❀ ✶✽✲✷✵❪

❼ ❚❤❡ ♣❡♥✉❧t✐♠❛t❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐st ♦❢ r❛t❤❡r ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ s❤♦rt❝♦♠✐♥❣s

❡♠❛♥❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ t❤❛t s❡❡❦✐♥❣ ✏♦♥❡✬s ♦✇♥ ❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠❢♦rt✑ ✐♠♣❡❞❡s

❛♥ ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❤r❛s❡ ❣♦❡s ❜❛❝❦ t♦ ❛

❝♦♥❝✐s❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❇ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❉ ♥♦✇ st❛t❡s t❤❛t t❤❡

✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss t♦ t❛❦❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢❛t✐❣✉❡ ❛♥❞ ❜✉r❞❡♥ ♦❢ st❛②✐♥❣ ❛♠✐❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡

❢✉❧✜❧❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏t❤❡ str✐❝t ❞✉t② ♦❢ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡✑ ✇✐❧❧ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t❡ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐r❡ ❢♦r ♦♥❡✬s ✏♦✇♥

❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠❢♦rt✑ ❢r♦♠ ♥♦✇ ♦♥✳ ❬✷✶❪

❼ ❚❤❡ ❧❛st ❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ s♦♠❡ s❡✈❡♥ ✐♥❞✐r❡❝t r❡♣r✐♠❛♥❞s ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❇✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐t ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✏❢❡❛r ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇✐❧❧ t❤✐♥❦✑ ❛♥❞ ❧❛❜❡❧❧❡❞ ❛s ✏t❤❡ ✐♥s✐st❡♥❝❡

♥♦t t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s♣✐❝✉♦✉s✑❀ ✐t ✇❛s ❝❧❡❛r❧② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ✏✇❤② ♦♥❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t

❞♦ ✇❤❛t ♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞✳✑ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ✈❡r② ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✇❛②✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡

❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ r❡❞✉❝❡s t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ✏❤✉♠❛♥ r❡s♣❡❝t✑ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❡s ✐t ✈❡r② s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧②

t♦ r❡♣r✐♠❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦r ✇❛r♥✐♥❣ ✇❤❡r❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✳

❚❤❡ s❡✈❡♥ ❢❛✉❧t② ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❛r❡ r❛t❤❡r ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✉♣ ❛♥❞ ②❡t ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ♦✉ts♣♦❦❡♥✳

❚❤❡② ❞♦ ❜❧❛♠❡ ❛s str♦♥❣❧② ❛s t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥ ♦r ❡✐❣❤t ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ❧✐st❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r

❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐st❧❡ss r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❛❜♦✉t ✶✽✽✹✳ ❈♦♥s❡✲

q✉❡♥t❧② t❤❡ t❡rr✐❜❧❡ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❛r❡ s♣r❡❛❞ ♦✈❡r t✇♦ ♣❛❝❦❛❣❡s

s❡♣❛r❛t❡❞ ✐♥ s♣❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❛✐♥t t❤❛t ✏♥♦✇❛❞❛②s ♠❛♥② ❞♦ ♥♦t ❢❡❡❧ ❧✐❦❡ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❛s ❤❛r❞

❛s ✇❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦✑ ❝♦♠❡s ✐♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❧✐st✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❢❛✉❧t② ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✳ ❬✶✼❪ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡

s❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥ ♦❝❝❛s✐♦♥❛❧ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐sts ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❛ ❤❡❛✈② st♦♠❛❝❤ ✇✐t❤ t❤♦s❡

✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞✳

❼ ❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ r❡✈✐✈❛❧ ♣✉ts t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❜❛❝❦ ♦♥ tr❛❝❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ♦❢ t❤❡✐r

♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✐t♠❡♥t ❬✷✶❪

✷✺✶

▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳

✹✶✻✲✹✶✼❀

❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱

♣♣✳

✸✸✵✲✸✸✶✳

❈❢✳

❉❊❙❘❆▼❆❯❚✱ ❋r✳✱ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦

❡♥

s♦♥

t❡♠♣s✳✳✳✱

♣♣✳ ✶✷✷✻✲✶✷✷✼✳

✷✺✷

❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✵✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✳

✶✹✺

15.6 Page 146

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❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✜♥✐s❤❡s t❤❡ ❧✐st✐♥❣ ❜② ❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❡♥❝♦♠♣❛ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s♦rt ♦❢

✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ✐t s❛✐❞✿ ✏❚❤❡♥ ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r s❡❡ ❛♥②♦♥❡ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❤✐s

♦✇♥ ❣❧♦r②✑✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❤✉♠❛♥✱ s❡❧✜s❤ ❤♦♥♦✉r✳ ◆♦✇ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ✐t s❛②s ❝♦♥tr❛st✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ✐t✿ ✏❲❡

s❤❛❧❧ ♥♦t s❡❡❦ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣ ♦t❤❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❣❧♦r② ♦❢ ●♦❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♦❢ s♦✉❧s✳✑ ❬✷✶❪ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛r❡

t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♠♠✐tt❡❞ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s t♦ ✇❤❡♥ ❥♦✐♥✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❯♥❞❡r t❤❡

s❡✈❡♥ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s t❤❡s❡ ✇✐❧❧ r❡♠❛✐♥ t❤❡✐r ✉❧t✐♠❛t❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s✳ ❚❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ❛❝t ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t

♦❢ t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✳ ■t st✐♣✉❧❛t❡❞✿ ✏❚❤❡

r❡❝t♦r ♠✉st ♦❢t❡♥ r❡♠✐♥❞ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❞✉t② t♦ ✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ●♦❞✬s ❣❧♦r②✳✑ ✷✺✸ ■t ✐♠♣❧✐❡s

❝♦♠♠✐t♠❡♥t ❢♦r ✏t❤❡ s❛✈✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✉❧s✑✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r t❤✐♥❣s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✏♥♦t ❝r✉s❤✐♥❣ t❤❡

❜r✉✐s❡❞ r❡❡❞ ♥♦r q✉❡♥❝❤✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♠♦✉❧❞❡r✐♥❣ ✢❛①✳✑

❚❤❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✐s ❧❡ss ❝❧❡❛r ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ t❤❛♥ ✐♥ ❈ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ✇❡❛✈❡s t❤❡

❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♥♦✈❡❧t✐❡s ✐♥t♦ ✐t ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞✿ ✏■❢ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t❤✐s tr✉❡ ❧♦✈❡✑ ❛♥❞✿ ✏■t ✐s ❥✉st ✇❤❡♥

t❤✐s ❧♦✈❡ ❧❛♥❣✉✐s❤❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ ❜♦t❤ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❛r❡ ♥♦t t❤❡ ❜❡st ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❦✐♥❞ s✐♥❝❡ ✐t ✐s

♥♦t ❝❧❡❛r ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ✇r✐t❡r ✇❛♥ts t♦ r❡❢❡r t♦ ✇✐t❤ ✏t❤✐s tr✉❡ ❧♦✈❡✑ ❛♥❞ ✏t❤✐s ❧♦✈❡✑ ✐♥ t❤❡

❝♦♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❡♥❞✳ ◆♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥ ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s✐♥❣❧❡❞ ♦✉t ❢♦r ✐t✳

◆♦r ❞♦❡s t❤✐s s❡♥t❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛ ❜✐t ❜❡❢♦r❡✿ ✏❚❤✐s ❧♦✈❡ ❡♥❛❜❧❡s s✉♣❡r✐♦rs t♦

♣✉t ✉♣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇❡❛r✐♥❡ss✳✑ ❬✷✵❪ ❚❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✏t❤✐s ❧♦✈❡✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡

❧❛tt❡r s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r

✏❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑ ❛♥❞ ✏t❤❡✐r ❢r❛♥❦♥❡ss✑✳

❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛r✐s❡s ✇❤❡t❤❡r ✐t r❡❛❧❧② ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ t♦ ❛ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s t❡①t

♦♥ ❧♦✈❡✳ ■s ♥♦t t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✇♦r❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✐❞❡❛ ✕ ♥❡✇ ✈✐s✲à✲✈✐s ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❈ ✕ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ✐ts ❜❡✐♥❣ ✉♥❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦❜s❝✉r❡ ❤❡r❡❄ P❡r❤❛♣s ✐♥ ❛ ❧❛t❡r st❛❣❡ ♦❢

t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❤❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❛t ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏ tr✉❡ ❧♦✈❡✑

✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ❛♥❞ ❋♦✉rt❤ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥

✐♥❢♦r♠❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♣r❡s❝r✐❜❡❞✿ ✏❖♥❡ ❤❛s t♦ s❡❡ t♦ ✐t ✈❡r② ❝❛r❡❢✉❧❧②

t❤❛t t❤❡② ❬t❤❡ ❛rt✐s❛♥s❪ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✴r❡❛❧✐③❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❡st❡❡♠ t❤❡♠✳ ❚❤✐s

❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐❢ ♦♥❡ tr❡❛ts t❤❡♠ ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s tr✉❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❬✈❡r❛ ❝❛r✐tà❪✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s

r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❍♦❧② ●♦s♣❡❧✳✑ ✷✺✹ ❍❡ ❞✐❞ s✉❜st✐t✉t❡ ✏ ❝❛r✐tà✑ ❜② ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑✱ ❛t ❧❡❛st ✐♥

t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉ ✳

❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♦♠✐tt❡❞ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤♦✉❣❤t ❢r♦♠ ❈ ✿ ✏❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡

❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✳✑ ❚❤✐s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❣♦♥❡ ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❥✉st ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥❢♦❧❞ ❧✐st✐♥❣✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❏❡s✉s ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ✏②♦✉r

♠♦❞❡❧✑✳ ■t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✳

✷✺✸❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✷✽✴✶✵❪✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✺✼✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✼✵✳ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ t❤✐s t❤♦✉❣❤t

❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥ts ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❦❡♣t r❡♣❡❛t✐♥❣✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦r t❤✐s ▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✺✳

❚❤❡ t❡①t r✉♥s✿ ✏■❢ ✇❡ s❡❡❦ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❣❧♦r② ♦❢ ●♦❞✱ ✇❡ s❤❛❧❧ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ t♦ ❡♥❥♦② t❤❡ ❣♦❧❞❡♥ ❞❛②s ♦❢ t❤❡

❖r❛t♦r②✱ ❜✉t ✐❢ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❛❢t❡r ♦✉r ♦✇♥ ❣❧♦r②✱ t❤❡♥ ❞✐s❝♦♥t❡♥t✱ ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s♦r❞❡r ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉♣♦♥ ✉s✳✑

❚❤✐s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐ts❡❧❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✐①t❤ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡✱ ♠❛② ♦❢ ❝♦✉rs❡

❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✶✽✽✹✳

✷✺✹❖❊ ❳❳❳❱■ ❬✷✼✵✲✷✼✶❪✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ♦♥❧② ✐♥ ✶✽✽✼✳

✶✹✻

15.7 Page 147

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✸✳✹✳✻ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ✐t ❛❣❛✐♥ ❬✷✶✲✷✸❪

❚❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐st✐❝ ✈✐s✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❧❡❛✈❡s t❤❡ str♦♥❣ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❛t

❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ s❛② ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ s❛② ♦♥ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t✳ ❲❡ ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡

t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❛s r❛t❤❡r ✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞✱ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ✈❡rs✐♦♥

✭❈ ✮ t❤❛♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡ ♦♥❡ ✭❉ ✮✳ ■t ✐s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇❛② ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✇❛s

❛♥❞ ✐s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞✳ ❆❢t❡r ❛❧❧ ❤✐s ❡✛♦rts t♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤✐♥❣s✱ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✏❉♦ ②♦✉ ❦♥♦✇ ✇❤②

t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✲❞❛② ❖r❛t♦r② ❞✐✛❡rs ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧✐❡r ♦♥❡❄✑ ❬❈ ❪ ❝♦♠❡s ♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❧✉❡✿ ❛❜r✉♣t

❛♥❞ ❞✐st✉r❜✐♥❣✱ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t✳ ❍❛❞ ✐t s❛✐❞✿ ✏❉♦ ②♦✉ ❦♥♦✇ ✇❤②

t♦❞❛②✬s ❖r❛t♦r② ❛❧s♦ ❞✐✛❡rs ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧✐❡r ♦♥❡❄✑✱ ✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝❡♣t❛❜❧❡✳

■t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ✐♥t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❧♦♦s❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ts

♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❇ st✐❧❧ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡❞✳ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t

②❡t tr❡❛t❡❞ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✳ ❍❡

❤❛❞ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs t♦ t❤❛t q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❈ ❜② r❡♣❡❛t✐♥❣ ✏❜❡❝❛✉s❡✑ t❤r❡❡ t✐♠❡s✳

■♥ ❞♦✐♥❣ s♦ ❤❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✏t❤❡ ❡❛r❧✐❡r ❖r❛t♦r②✑ ❛♥❞ ✏t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t

♦♥❡✑ t♦ ❝❛✉s❡s ♦❢ ❛ r❛t❤❡r str✉❝t✉r❛❧ ♥❛t✉r❡✳ ■t s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥✐♥❣ t❤❡

♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❛❞♦♣t✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✳

■♥ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♠❛❞❡ t❤❡ tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥ s❧✐❣❤t❧② s♠♦♦t❤❡r ❜② st❛t✐♥❣ ❜❡❢♦r❡❤❛♥❞

t❤❛t ✏✇❤❡♥ t❤✐s ❧♦✈❡ ❧❛♥❣✉✐s❤❡s✱ t❤✐♥❣s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❣♦ ✇❡❧❧✑ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ❧✐♥❦✐♥❣ ✐t t♦

t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❲❤② ❞♦ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❛♥t t♦ r❡♣❧❛❝❡ ❧♦✈❡❄✑ ✷✺✺ ■t ♠❛❦❡s ♦♥❡ s✉s♣❡❝t t❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛s

❣♦t ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♦♥ ❤✐s ♠✐♥❞✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s t❤❡

s♦rt ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦♥❧② ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ✈✐s✐❜❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❛♥❣✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤

❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✱ ❦✐♥❞✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ r❡❧❛t✐♥❣ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✳ ◆❡①t t♦ t❤❡ ✏❧❛♥❣✉✐s❤✐♥❣

♦❢ t❤❛t ❧♦✈❡✑ ❬✷✶❪ ❤❡ ✇✐❧❧ s♦♦♥ ❥✉①t❛♣♦s❡ t❤❡ ✏❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑✳ ❬✷✷❪

❼ ❈♦♠♣❧❛✐♥t ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ ❜❡tr❛②❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧

s②st❡♠ ❬✷✶✲✷✸❪

▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ♣❧❡❛s❡❞ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳ ❍❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡s t❤❡ ♣❡rs✐st❡♥t

✏❜❡❝❛✉s❡✑ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs ✐♥ ❈ ❜② t❤r❡❡ ✏✇❤②✑ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐s st✐❧❧ ♣✉t ✐♥t♦

❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ♠♦✉t❤✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ st♦♣♣❡❞✳ P❡r❤❛♣s ✐t ✐s ♠❡r❡❧② ❛ st②❧❡ t♦♦❧

t♦ ❢❛♥ t❤❡ ✢❛♠❡ ♦❢ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥✳ ❲❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐s ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ ♦r ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t

♠❛tt❡r✿ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ♠♦r❡ ❢♦r❝❡❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t♦♥❡ ❣❡ts ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ r❡♣r♦❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❛s

❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧❡❛r ❝❧✐♠❛① ♥♦✇✳

➦ ❈♦❧❞ r✉❧❡ s ❝❤✐❧❧ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ❬ ✷✶✲✷✷ ❪

✷✺✺■♥ ❧❛t❡r ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❛♥❞ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s t❤✐s ✈❡r❜❛❧ ❧✐♥❦ ❡✈❡♥ ❣♦t ❧♦st✳ ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛❝❝❡♣t❡❞

❛ s✉❜st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏❛♠♦r❡ ✑ ❜② ✏❝❛r✐tà ✑ ❛t ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♠♦♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤✐s ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❝❛♠❡t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s

♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛♥❞ ❚❤❡ ❉❛✉❣❤t❡rs ♦❢ ▼❛r② ❍❡❧♣ ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s ✈✐❛ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ ✭▼❇

❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✶❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✽✮ ❛♥❞ ❊♣✐st♦❧❛r✐♦ ✭❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❉✉t❝❤✱ ●❡r♠❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❋r❡♥❝❤

tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥s ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♣❛② ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤✐s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤✐❡❢ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧ ❛♥❞ ❇✳ ❋❛s❝✐❡ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞

t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐♥ ✶✾✷✼✳ ✭❆tt✐ ❞❡❧ ❈❛♣✐t♦❧♦ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r❡ ♦❢ ✶✾✷✵❀ ❋❆❙❈■❊✱ ❇✳✱ ❉❡❧ ♠❡t♦❞♦

❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞✐ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱ ❙❊■✱ ✶✾✸✶✱ ♣✳ ✼✼✮

✶✹✼

15.8 Page 148

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❚❤❡ ✜rst q✉❡st✐♦♥ r✉♥s ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❲❤② ❞♦ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❛♥t t♦ r❡♣❧❛❝❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦❧❞ r✉❧❡s❄✑

■t ✐s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s✿ ✏❝♦❧❞ r✉❧❡ ✐s ♠❡❛♥t t♦ ❜❡ ❞✐s❛♣♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❤❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤❛ts♦❡✈❡r

✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ♦✇♥ ❘✉❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s✳ ❚❤❛t ❘✉❧❡✱ ❤✐s ❘✉❧❡ s✉✣❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❧❡❛r st❛t❡♠❡♥t

✏♠♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ r✉❧✐♥❣✑ ♦r ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✉♣ ♠♦r❡ r✉❧❡s✱ ❛s ♣✉t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❇ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ❤❛❞

♣❡r❤❛♣s ❜❡❡♥ ♣r❡❢❡r❛❜❧❡✳ ❚❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❝❧❡❛r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ✏✇❤②✬s✑✳

❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏r✉❧❡s✑ ❡♥❛❜❧❡s ✉s t♦ s❤❡❞ ❛ ❧✐❣❤t ♦♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❛s♣❡❝ts✳ ❖♥❧② ♠❡♥t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ✏❝♦❧❞

r✉❧❡s✑ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② str❡♥❣t❤❡♥s t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇❛r♠t❤ ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts s✉❝❤ ❛s ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥

❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ ❈♦❧❞♥❡ss ❡✈♦❦❡s t❤❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡

♦❢ ❜❛rr✐❡rs ❛♥❞ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✳

➦ ❚❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ♠♦✈❡ ❛✇❛② ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r✉❧❡s ❬ ✷✷ ❪

❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✏✇❤②✑ ✐s ♣❤r❛s❡❞ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❲❤② ❞♦ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ♠♦✈❡ ❛✇❛② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡

♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❬❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧❪ r✉❧❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡♠❄✑ ❚❤✐s ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♦♥❧② r❡❢❡r

t♦ ❤✐s ❘✉❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ t♦ ♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥

r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ s❡✈❡r❛❧ t✐♠❡s✳✷✺✻ ▲♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❛t ✐t ❢r♦♠ ❛♥ ❡❞✐t♦r✬s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡✱ ✇❡ ♠✉st ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❛t

t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❤❛s ❧❡❢t t❤❡ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡ st②❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ t❛❧❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

♣❤r❛s❡ ✏❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡♠✑✳ ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t t❛❧❦ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇❛②✳ ■♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❈ ✏t❤✐s ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧✑ ♦r ✏t❤✐s ❢r✐❡♥❞✑✱ ✇❤♦ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❛♥②♦♥❡ ❡❧s❡ ❜✉t ❇✉③③❡tt✐✱ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥

❛❜❧❡ t♦ st✐❧❧ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ❵②♦✉✬✿ ✏✇❤✐❝❤ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ♣r❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡♠✳✑ ❬✾✱

✶✺✲✶✻❪ ❚❤❛t ❦❡❡♣s ✐t ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✳ ❈♦✉❧❞ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ st②❧❡ ❜❡

✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧ ♦r ❞✉❡ t♦ ❛❜s❡♥t✲♠✐♥❞❡❞♥❡ss❄ ❖r ❝♦✉❧❞ t❤❡r❡ ❜❡ ♠♦r❡ t♦ ✐t❄ ❈♦✉❧❞ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡

❜❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ ❛ ❧❛t❡r ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❜② ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✐t ✇♦rt❤✇❤✐❧❡ t♦

❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞

s②st❡♠ ❝❛♠❡ ❢r♦♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❄ ■t ❧♦♦❦s ❛s ✐❢ ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡

q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♠♦r❡ ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥❝❡ ❜② ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s✉❜❥❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜✲❝❧❛✉s❡✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❤❡ ❤❛s ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ t❤❡ ♣❧✉r❛❧ ✏②♦✉r ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✑ ❬✏ ✐ t✉♦✐ ✑ ❪ ❜② ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ✏t❤❡ s✉♣❡✲

r✐♦rs✑✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t ✐s t♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✳

➦ ❚❤❡② ❜❡tr❛② t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ✿ ✇❛t❝❤❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❬✷✷❪

❚❤❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② ✲ ❛❧s♦ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ s♦ ✲ ❣♦❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ t❤✐r❞

q✉❡st✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢r❡s❤❡♥s ✉♣ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡

❙②st❡♠ ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧✳ ❚✇♦ t♦t❛❧❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s②st❡♠s ❛r❡ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❥✉①t❛♣♦s❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ❥✉st ❧✐❦❡ ✐♥

t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡✱ ❜✉t ✐♥ r❡✈❡rs❡ ♦r❞❡r✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s t❤❡

r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ✜rst✳ ❍❡r❡ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♠❡s ✜rst ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t②♣✐❝❛❧

✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛r②✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✏❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✇❛t❝❤❢✉❧ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥✳✑ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✐s✿ ✏ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r❡

❝♦❧❧❛ ✈✐❣✐❧❛♥③❛✑ ❛♥❞ ✏ ❛♠♦r♦s❛♠❡♥t❡✑✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ✇♦r❞s ❛r❡ ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ r❡❝❛❧❧ ❛ ♠❡♠♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡

✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣s ✏ s♦r✈❡❣❧✐❛r❡

✐♥ ❣✉✐s❛ ❞✐✑ ❬✇❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❝❛r❡❢✉❧❧② s♦ t❤❛t❪ ❛♥❞ ✏ ♣❛❞r✐ ❛♠♦r♦s✐✑ ❬❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❢❛t❤❡rs✱ ❞❡❛r ❢❛t❤❡rs

✐♥❞❡❡❞❪✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❜♦t❤ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ ❤✐s s②st❡♠ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ❤❡r❡✿ ✇❛t❝❤✐♥❣✱

❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❡②❡ ♦♥ t❤✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡❧②✳ ❍❡ ❛❧s♦ ♠❡❛♥s ❞♦✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡

✷✺✻■t ✇❛s t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ ❡♠❡r❣❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡

t♦ r❡❝❛❧❧ s♦♠❡ ♣❛❣❡s ❤❡r❡ ✐♥ ▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✸✽✲✽✺✵✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤ts ✐♥ ❆♣r✐❧✲▼❛② ✶✽✻✽ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❝❧❡❛r❧② s❤♦✇s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ st✐❝❦ t♦ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞

♦❜s❡r✈❡ t❤❡♠✳ ✭▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✻✵✱ ✶✼✸❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✾✱ ✾✶✳✮

✶✹✽

15.9 Page 149

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t❤✐♥❣s ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✳ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❇ ❛♥❞ ❈ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r② ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡❞ ♦♥❧② ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥

❢♦r ✏t❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r❧② s②st❡♠✑ ❬✷✷✱ ❇ ❪ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✏❧♦✈✐♥❣ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥✑ ❬✷✷✱ ❈ ❪✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡❛❧❧②

✜tt❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❡r❢❡❝t❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢r❛♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ t❤❡

✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ ❛s ♣✉tt✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐♠♣❡❞✐♠❡♥t ♦r ❛♥ ♦❜st❛❝❧❡

r❡♠❛✐♥s t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ t❡①ts ✭❇✱ ❈ ❛♥❞ ❉ ✮✳ ■t ❛✐♠s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ♦♥❧② ❛t t❤❡ ✏♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥

♦❢ ❞✐s♦r❞❡rs✳✑ ✷✺✼ ❚❤❛t ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♣r❡✈❛✐❧✐♥❣

❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✱ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✬ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❛t ❧❡♥❣t❤ ✐♥ t❤✐s

✇r✐t✐♥❣✳

❚❤❡ r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ❢✉❧❧② ❝♦♥tr❛sts ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇❛t❝❤❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡

t❡r♠✬s ❢✉❧❧ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✐t❡♠ ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳ ❚❤❡

r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ✏❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥ ✏❢r❛♠✐♥❣ ❧❛✇s t♦ ❜❡ s✉st❛✐♥❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t✑ ✇❤✐❝❤

✐s ✏❧❡ss tr♦✉❜❧❡s♦♠❡ ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❦s ❢❛st❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞✳✑ ❬✷✷❪ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡

tr❡❛t✐s❡ ✐t ✇❛s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✏♠❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧❛✇ ❦♥♦✇♥ t♦ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝ts✑✱ ✏✐♥✢✐❝t✐♥❣✱ ✇❤❡♥ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✱

t❤❡ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t ❞❡s❡r✈❡❞✑ ❛♥❞✿ ✏t❤✐s s②st❡♠ ✐s ❡❛s②✱ ❧❡ss tr♦✉❜❧❡s♦♠❡✳✑ ✷✺✽

❚❤❡ r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❡❛s✐❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ ❜✉t ✇✐t❤

t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐t ♦♥❧② ✏❝r❡❛t❡s ❤❛tr❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝❛✉s❡s ❞✐s❝♦♥t❡♥t✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❝♦♥t❡♠♣t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✑

❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐♠♣♦s✐♥❣ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ♣❧❛②s ❛ ♠❛✐♥ ♣❛rt✳ ■❢ ♦♥❡ ♥❡❣❧❡❝ts ❞❡♠❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡

❜♦②s r❡s♣❡❝t t❤❡ r✉❧❡s✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ r❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✇✐❧❧ ✏❜r✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t s❡r✐♦✉s ❞✐s♦r❞❡rs✑✳

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ✇❛r♥❡❞ ❢♦r s✉❝❤ ♣❡r♥✐❝✐♦✉s ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❤✐s ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡✳ ❍❡ ✉s❡❞

t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✇♦r❞s✿ ✏❊①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ t❡❛❝❤❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❡❛s✐❧② ❢♦r❣❡t t❤❡ ♣✉♥✲

✐s❤♠❡♥ts t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣❛rt ❢♦st❡r ❜✐tt❡r ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s✱ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❞❡s✐r❡ t♦ t❤r♦✇ ♦✛ t❤❡ ②♦❦❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ t♦ s❡❡❦ r❡✈❡♥❣❡✳✑ ✷✺✾ ❚❤✐s r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡

❧❛r❣❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❈ ✐♥ ❛ ❧❛t❡r ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞ ❡❞✐t✐♥❣✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s s✉❜✲

st❛♥t✐❛t❡❞ ♣❛rt❧② ❜② ❇ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt❧② ❜② ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥s ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② ❛♥ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡

♦❢ ✐❞❡❛s ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❨❡t ❛❧❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts s✉♣♣♦rt ❛ r❡✲❝♦♥✜r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡

❤❛♠♠❡r✐♥❣ ❤♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥str✉❝t❡❞✿ ✏❆s

❝♦♥❝❡r♥s ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✱ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ✐t ✐s ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t ♦r ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t ❬✷ ❚✐♠✳ ✹✿✷❪ ❬✏ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥❡

❡❞ ✐♠♣♦rt✉♥❡✑ ❪ ✐♥s✐st t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ❜❡ ♣r❛❝t✐s❡❞✳✑ ✷✻✵ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ s❝❡♥❡ ♦❢

t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧✐st❧❡ss r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛❞ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡❞ t❤❛t ❤✐s ♦✇♥ s②st❡♠ ✇❛s

❛t st❛❦❡✳

❚❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡♥❞ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡✲q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡

❜❡❡♥ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❜② st❛t✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❞✐s❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❧♦r❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s

♦❢ t❤❡ ✏❣r❛❞✉❛❧✑ ❞❡t❡r✐♦r❛t✐♦♥ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ✏♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❧②✑ ❡♠❡r❣❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡

✏❧❛♥❣✉✐s❤✐♥❣✑✱ ②❡s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏t❤❛t ❧♦✈❡✑✳ ◆♦✱ ❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡rs t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑✿

✏❚❤✐s ✐s s✉r❡ t♦ ❤❛♣♣❡♥ ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❬❵❢r✐❡♥❞❧② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣✬❪✳✑ ❈❤♦♦s✐♥❣ t❤❛t

❧✐♥❦ ❤❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣✉ts t❤✐s ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❤✐s ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ t❤❡♠❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞

✷✺✼▼♦r❡ ♦♥ ✐t ✐♥ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆ss✐st❡♥t✐❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✶✲✽✵✳ ❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✵✵❪✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✼✳

✷✺✽❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✾✾✲✶✵✵❪✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✹✻✲✷✹✼✳ ❍♦✇ ✜r♠❧② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞ t❤❛t ❤✐s

s②st❡♠ ✇❛s ♠♦r❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t✱ ✐s ❝❧❡❛r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s✿ ✏■t ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❞♦❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t s♦♠❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t✐❡s✑ ❢♦r

t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳ ❈❢✳ ❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✵✻❪❀ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✶✳ ❚❤❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✏❧❡ss tr♦✉❜❧❡s♦♠❡ ❢♦r t❤❡

♣❡rs♦♥ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞✑ ✐s ❢❛✐❧✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✵✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✺✸ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳

✷✺✾❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✵✶✲✶✵✷❪✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✽✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✳

✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✷✺✲✸✷✻✳ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✽✳✮

✷✻✵❈❢✳ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✼✻✲✼✾✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✼✾✳ ❆s ❢❛r ❛s t❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✱ s❡❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✽ ✐♥

t❤❡ ✷♥❞ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✳

✶✹✾

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t❛❝❦❧❡❞✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t ❜② ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✱ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❦❡② ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ❛♥❞

❤♦✇ t❤✐s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❍♦✇ t❤❡♥ ❛r❡ ✇❡ t♦ s❡t ❛❜♦✉t ❜r❡❛❦✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥

t❤❛t ❜❛rr✐❡r❄✑ ❬✶✽❪ ■t ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦r ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ t❤❛t ✐s ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣✱ ❜✉t

t❤❡ ♠✉t✉❛❧ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡s ♦r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡ ❛r❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❡❛♥s t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✱ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱

✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ❛✛❛❜❧❡✱ ❦✐♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧ ✇❛②s ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♦♥❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r✳

❍❡ r❡✲❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡s t❤✐s ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ✐ts ❝❧❛r✐t②✿ ✏■❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ✐s t♦

r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ✐ts ❢♦r♠❡r ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r s②st❡♠ ❤❛s ❣♦t t♦ ❜❡ r❡st♦r❡❞✳✑ ❚❤❡ ✜rst

♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤✐s s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ r❡♠✐♥❞s ✉s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈✐❜r❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ s❝❡♥❡

✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✱ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❛♥❞ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳ ■t ❡✈♦❦❡s t❤❡ ✏✇♦♥❞❡r❢✉❧✑ ❢❡st✐✈❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ❬✏❛ ❢♦r❡t❛st❡ ♦❢

❤❡❛✈❡♥✑ ❪✳ ❬✶✻❪ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s②st❡♠✱

♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✱ ✐s s♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡✈✐✈❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r

❤❛♣♣② ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ ✐t✳ ■♥ ❈✱ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❥✉st❧② ♠❛❞❡ ❛ str♦♥❣

❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❛t q✉✐t❡ ❞✐st❛♥t ✐❞❡❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ t❡①t✳ ❚❤❡

r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❤r❛s❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ tr❛✐♥ ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡

❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r ❡①♣❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t✱ ❝♦♥✜r♠s t❤✐s✳ ■t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ♣❛rts s✉❝❤ ❛s✿ ✏❜②

❜❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❡② ❧✐❦❡✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❧❡t t❤❡♠ ❧✐❦❡ ✇❤❛t ♣❧❡❛s❡s t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✑✳ ❚❤❡ ❧✐♥❦

❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✏❢♦r♠❡r ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss✑ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏❢♦r♠❡r s②st❡♠✑✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤

❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ♦❝❝✉♣✐❡s ❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✱ ✐s ✉♥❞❡♥✐❛❜❧❡ t❤❡r❡✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❤❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❞❡✜♥✐t❡❧② ✜♥✐s❤ ♦✛ t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡r ♣❛rt ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✇✐t❤

❤✐s s❤❛r♣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✱ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r② s♦✳

❼ ▼♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛rt t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❬r❡❝t♦r❪ ♣❧❛②s ✐♥ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡

♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ❬✷✷✲✷✸❪

■♥ ❉ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s ❜② ✉♥❢♦❧❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ✇❛② ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s ❜② ✏t❤❡

❢♦r♠❡r ❬t❤❡ ♦❧❞❪ s②st❡♠✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✏❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ r❡st♦r❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ r❡♥❡✇❡❞

❞r✐✈❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ✏t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❡r s②st❡♠✑✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏s②st❡♠✑✱ ♠❛②

r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ t✐t❧❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r ❤❡ ❞♦❡s

♥♦t ❧✐t❡r❛❧❧② ❝♦♣② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✇♦r❞s ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡✳ ❍❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡s

t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ♥❡✇ ✇❛② ♥♦✇✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♦♥❧②

str✐❦❡s ♦♥❡ ✇❤❡♥ ♦♥❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡s ❉ ✇✐t❤ ❈ ✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❧✐♥❦s ✉♣ ♠♦r❡ ❝❧♦s❡❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦♥❣♦✐♥❣

❝♦♠♠❡♥t✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❛❞♠✐t✳ ❚❤✐s s✉♠♠❛r②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❧✐♥❦s ✉♣ s♦ ❝❧♦s❡❧② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥♥❡❝ts

str♦♥❣❧②✱ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❛♣♣❡❛rs ✐♥ ❉ ✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♣✉ts ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♦t❤❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❤❡r❡✳ ◆❡✐t❤❡r

❞♦❡s ❤❡ ❦❡❡♣ t❤❡ ♣❧✉r❛❧ ✏s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✇❛s s♦ ❝♦♥s♣✐❝✉♦✉s ✐♥ ✏②♦✉r ♣❡♦♣❧❡✑ ❬✏ ✐

t✉♦✐✑ ❪ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✏s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✑✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✱ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s ♦♥❧②

✏t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✑✳ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ✐s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r ♥♦✇✳ ❍❡ r❡✲✇r✐t❡s t❤❡ ✜rst ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❬❈ ❪ r❡❛❧❧②

❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧②✱ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ✉s ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ♥♦ ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥s ✇❤② ❤❡ ❞♦❡s s♦✳

■t ✐s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s t❤❛t ❛ r❡❛❞❡r ❝❛♥ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t t❤❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r ✏s✉♣❡r✐♦r✑ ❛s ✏ ♣❛rs

♣r♦ t♦t♦✑✱ ✐✳❡✳ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✳ ■t ✐s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t t♦♦ ❢♦r

❤✐♠ t❤❛t ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❡✈❡r② s✐♥❣❧❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❜②

❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❧✉r❛❧ ✐♥ ❈ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ t❡①t✳ ❚❤✉s ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ s✉♠♠♦♥

❡❛❝❤ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡✳ ❊✈❡r②♦♥❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❢❡❡❧ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❧② ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✉♣♦♥ t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡

s②st❡♠ ✐♥ ❧♦②❛❧t② t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳

✶✺✵

16 Pages 151-160

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16.1 Page 151

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❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡ r✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❛t ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥✱ ❜✉t ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❛t ❛❧❧ t❤❛t t❤✐♥❣s

✇❡♥t s♦ s♠♦♦t❤❧②✳ ■t r❛t❤❡r ❛♣♣❡❛rs t❤❛t ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇❛s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✜❢t❤ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦

t❤❡ s✐①t❤ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐t r❡❛❞s✿ ✏✐♥s✐st ❬t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ❤❛s

t♦ ✐♥s✐st❪ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ❜❡ ♣r❛❝t✐s❡❞✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❤❡ ❬t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r ♦r ❝r❛❢ts♠❛st❡r❪ ✐s

t♦ r❡❢❡r t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r✱ ✇❤♦ ✇✐❧❧ ❛♣♣❧② t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✑✱ ❢✉rt❤❡r✿ ✏❧❡t t❤❡

r❡❝t♦r ❛❜✐❞❡ ❜② t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡✳✑ ❚❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ✐s ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t s✉♣❡r✐♦r✳ ❈♦♥tr❛r②

t♦ t❤✐s✱ ✐t ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❛❞♠✐tt❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣❧✉r❛❧ ✏r❡❝t♦rs✑ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❛♥❞

❢♦✉rt❤ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ■t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r✬s ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s

✐♥s✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❧♦②❛❧t② t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ r❡♠✐♥❞❡❞ ❤✐♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❛t

t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✬s ❡♥❞✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ✏t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡

❈ s②st❡♠✑ ✉♣ t♦ t❤r❡❡ t✐♠❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❢t❤ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✳✷✻✶ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ t♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ t❤❡ t❡①t ♦❢

❈ ❉ ❢♦r t❤❛t r❡❛s♦♥ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♠❡ ♦♥ t♦ ❤✐♠ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❛♥❞ ✳

■t ✐s ♣❧❛✉s✐❜❧❡✳ ❨❡t ■ t❤✐♥❦ ✐t str❛♥❣❡ t❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛s ♥♦t s✐♠♣❧② s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ✏s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✑

❜② ✏r❡❝t♦r✑ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✳ ■ ❣♦t t❤❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛s ♦♥❧② ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t t❤❡

❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥

✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦♥t❤s ❛❢t❡r ❤✐s r❡t✉r♥ ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡✳ ❍❡ t❤❡♥ r❡s✉♠❡❞ ❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛s ❛ s❡❝r❡t❛r②✳ ■♥

t❤♦s❡ ❞❛②s ❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ r❡❝t♦r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡✈❡r ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✇♦r❦ ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦

✇❛s ❛ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ✐t❡♠ ♦❢ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦♥❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ r❡✢❡❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❦❡② t❛s❦s ♦❢ ❛

r❡❝t♦r✱ t❤❡ ✉❧t✐♠❛t❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♦❢ ❛ ❤♦✉s❡ ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ ❉♦♥

❈ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❘❡✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❤✐s ✜rst ❞r❛❢t ✐♥ t❡st✐✜❡s t♦ t❤✐s r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤♦s❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s✳ ■

✇✐❧❧ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡ t❤✐s ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❥✉st✐❢②✐♥❣ ✇❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡✐❣❤t❤ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞② ✭✈♦❧✉♠❡

✷✮✳✷✻✷

❲❤❛t❡✈❡r t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❛t ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♠❛② ❜❡✱ t❤❡ r❡✇r✐t✐♥❣ str❡♥❣t❤❡♥s t❤❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞②

❛r✐s❡♥ s✉s♣✐❝✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤❛s ✈❛♥✐s❤❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ✈✐s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❛t ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s

❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡ ❤❛s ❣♦♥❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✇r✐t❡r s♣❡❛❦s ♠♦r❡ ❝❧❡❛r❧② t❤❛♥ ❡✈❡r ❜❡❢♦r❡

❢♦r ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✳ ❍❡ t❛❦❡s ♦✈❡r ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❡✈❡♥ t❤♦✉❣❤✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ t❤❡

s❝r✐♣t✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t✐♥❣✳✷✻✸

●❡♥❡r❛❧❧② s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✏❢♦r♠❡r s②st❡♠✑ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢✿ ✏❧❡t t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❜❡ ❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s t♦

❈ ❉ ❛❧❧✑ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ✭ ❛♥❞ ✮✳ ■t ✐s ❛♥ ✐❞❡❛ ✇✐t❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❛♣♦st❧❡ P❛✉❧ ❤❛s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞

❤✐s t♦t❛❧ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✐t♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❈♦r✐♥t❤✐❛♥s ✭✶ ❈♦r✳✱ ✾✱ ✷✷✮✳ ✏❚♦

❛❧❧ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s✳✑ ❆♥❞ ❤❡ ❣♦❡s ♦♥✿ ✏■ tr② t♦ ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t❡ ❛❧❧ ❬❡✈❡r②❜♦❞②❪ ✐♥

❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s ❜② ♣✉rs✉✐♥❣ ♥♦t ♠② ♦✇♥ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♠❛♥② s♦ t❤❛t t❤❡②

♠❛② ❜❡ s❛✈❡❞✑ ✭✶ ❈♦r✳✱ ✶✵✱ ✸✸✮✳✷✻✹ ❚❤❡ ♦r❞❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞✲❣r♦✉♣ ❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s✴t♦ ❛❧❧ ✕ t❤❛t

✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ●r❡❡❦ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✕ ♠❛❞❡ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥t s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❛♥ ❛❞❛♣t❡❞

✷✻✶❋♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡s❡ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥s✱ s❡❡ ❆❙❈ ❉ ✺✼✾✵✷✻✸❀ ❋❞❇ ✶✳✽✻✹ ❇✷ ❛♥❞ ✶✳✽✻✹ ❆ ✶✷✱ ✶✳✽✻✹ ❇✶✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❡ ▼❇

❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✶✻✲✹✶✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✸✵✲✸✸✷✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✼✾ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳

✷✻✷❚❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ tr❡❛t❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡❧② ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✽ ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳

✷✻✸ ❲❡ ❞♦ ♥♦t ✇❛♥t t♦ ✉♥❞❡rr❛t❡ ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✻✸ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ ❜✉t t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❧✐♠✐ts✳

✷✻✹■♥ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥✉♠ ❊✳ ❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥✐ q✉♦t❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✺✸ t❤❡ ▲❛t✐♥ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈♦r✳ ✶✱ ✾✱ ✷✷✿ ✏❖♠♥✐❜✉s ♦♠♥✐❛ ❢❛❝t✉s

s✉♠✑ ❬t♦ ❛❧❧ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛❧❧❪✳ ❈❢✳ ❱❆▲❊◆❚■◆■✱ ❊✳✱ ▲❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ♠❛r✐❛♥❛ ❞✐ ❉✳ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥✉♠✱

❛♥♥♦ ✶✺✱ ❚✉r✐♥✱ ✶✾✺✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✻✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❡rs❡ ✭✶✵✱✸✸✮ ❢r♦♠ ❙t P❛✉❧✬s ❧❡tt❡r ✐s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧

✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳ ■t ❧✐♥❦s ✉♣ ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ t❡①ts✳ ❚❤❡ t❡♥❞❡♥❝② ✐♥ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥s

t♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t ✏♠❛♥②✑ s✐♠♣❧② ❛s ✏❛❧❧✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ r❡♠❛✐♥s ♣r❡s❡♥t✳ ❈❢✳ ♣❡r

●✳ ❇❛r❜❡r✐s✿ ❋■❙❙❖❘■✱ ▼✳✱ ■❧ ❱❛❞❡ ♠❡❝✉♠ ❞✐ ❞♦♥ ●✐✉❧✐♦ ❇❛r❜❡r✐s✿ s♣✉♥t✐ ❞✐ ✐♥❞❛❣✐♥❡ ❡ s❣✉❛r❞✐

❞✬✐♥s✐❡♠❡ ✱ ❘❙❙ ❳❳❳ ◆✳ ✶ ✭✺✽✮ ♣✳ ✹✹✳

✶✺✶

16.2 Page 152

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❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❝r②st❛❧❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦tt♦ ✏❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s t♦ ❛❧❧✑ ❬❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ t♦ ❛❧❧❪✱ ✏t♦

❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s t♦ ❛❧❧✑ ❬❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ t♦ ❛❧❧❪✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦tt♦ ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❛♥ ✐♥s♣✐r✐♥❣ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡

❛♥❞ s❧♦❣❛♥ ❢♦r ❜✐s❤♦♣s ❛♥❞ ♣r✐❡sts ✐♥ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❝✐r❝❧❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ ②❡❛rs s♦ t❤❛t t❤❡② t♦♦❦ ✐t ✉♣ ❛♠♦♥❣

t❤❡ st✐♠✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ✐❞❡❛❧s ❛♥❞ ♠♦tt♦❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❣❛✈❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣✉❧s❡s t♦ t❤❡✐r s❛❝❡r❞♦t❛❧

s❡r✈✐❝❡✳

❚❤❡② ♠❛② ❛❧s♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ str✉❝❦ ❜② ✐t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈♦t✐♦♥❛❧ ✇r✐t✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❙t✳ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✳

❚❤❛t ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ♠❛r❦ ❤✐s ❧✐❢❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❤✐s ❧✐❢❡ ❛s ❛ ❜✐s❤♦♣✳ P❡♦♣❧❡ st✐❧❧ ♣r❛② ❛s

❢♦❧❧♦✇s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❤✉r❝❤❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜✐s❤♦♣✬s ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❛② ♣r❛②❡r✿ ✏●♦❞✱ ❨♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞

❙❛✐♥t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ✇✐t❤ s✉❝❤ ❞❡✈♦t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✬s s❛❧✈❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡

❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s t♦ ❛❧❧✳✑ ✷✻✺

❚❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤♦❧② ❜✐s❤♦♣ ♦❢ ●❡♥❡✈❛ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♠❛❞❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❤✐s ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥

②❡❛rs ❛t t❤❡ ❊❝❝❧❡s✐❛st✐❝❛❧ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ ✭❈♦♥✈✐tt♦✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥t❛❝t ✇❛s ♠❛❞❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ▲✳ ●✉❛❧❛

❛♥❞ ●✳ ❈❛❢❛ss♦✱ t✇♦ ♣r✐❡sts ✐♥ ❝❤❛r❣❡ t❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡② t❤♦✉❣❤t ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ❛♥ ✐❞❡❛❧

s❛✐♥t t♦ ❜❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ❛s ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ✐♥

❛ ♣r✐❡st✬s ❧✐❢❡✳ ■t s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❝❛✉s❡ s✉r♣r✐s❡ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡❞

t❤❡♦❧♦❣✐❛♥ ▲✉✐❣✐ ●✉❛❧❛ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✿ ✏❍❛❞ ❤❡ ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ ❛❧❧

❢♦r ❛❧❧ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ♦❢ ◆❛♣♦❧❡♦♥ ■❄✑ ✷✻✻

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❦♥❡✇ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡❞ ✐t t♦♦✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛❧s♦ s❛✐❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡♣♦rt ♦❢ t❤❡

❇♦❧❧❡tt✐♥♦ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦ ❛❜♦✉t ❛♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❤❡ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦✲♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❛♥❞ ✇♦♠❛♥ ❝♦✲

♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ✐♥ ❇♦r❣♦ ❙❛♥ ▼❛rt✐♥♦ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✵✳ ❍❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✉♣♦♥ t❤❡♠ t♦ s❤♦✇ ✏t❤❛t t❤❡② ❛r❡

tr✉❡ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❙t✳ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✱ ✇❤♦ ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s t♦ ❛❧❧ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✇✐♥

❛❧❧ t♦ ●♦❞✳✑ ✷✻✼

■♥ ❤✐s ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ ②♦✉t❤ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ t❤✐s ✐❞❡❛❧ ✐♥ ❤✐s ♦✇♥ ✇❛②✿

✏❚❤❡ ❘❡❝t♦r ♠✉st ❞❡✈♦t❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❡♥t✐r❡❧② t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✑ ❛♥❞✿ ✏❆♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r ✐s ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ✐s

❝♦♥s❡❝r❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✇❡❧❢❛r❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s✳✑ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ❵❝♦♥s❡❝r❛t❡✬✱ ❵❞❡✈♦t❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❡♥t✐r❡❧②✬

s✉❣❣❡st s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧ ❡♥❝♦♠♣❛ss✐♥❣✳ ■t ♠❡❛♥s t♦t❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❧✐❢❡❧♦♥❣ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥

✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❛♥s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❛♠❜✐t✐♦♥✱ ♣✉rs✉✐t ♦❢ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ s✉❝❝❡ss✱ ❥❡❛❧♦✉s② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞♦❧❡♥❝❡✳ ❋♦r

❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ✐t ❛❧s♦ ♠❡❛♥t s♦♠❡✲

✷✻✺P❡r❤❛♣s t❤❡ ♠♦tt♦ ❤❛s ❛ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ✇❤❛t ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ❝♦♥✜❞❡❞ t♦ ❏❡❛♥♥❡ ❞❡ ❈❤❛♥t❛❧

❛t ♦♥❡ t✐♠❡✿ ✏❲❤❡♥ ■ ✇❛s ✐♥st❛❧❧❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❜✐s❤♦♣✱ ●♦❞ t♦♦❦ ♠❡ ❢r♦♠ ♠②s❡❧❢ t♦ ♣♦ss❡ss ♠❡ ❢♦r ❤✐♠✳

❚❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❣❛✈❡ ♠❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ ■t ♠❡❛♥s ❤❡ t✉r♥❡❞ ♠❡ ✉♣s✐❞❡ ❞♦✇♥ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ■ ✇❛s ❢♦r ♠②s❡❧❢ ❛♥❞

t✉r♥❡❞ ♠❡ t♦ ✇❤❛t ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❢♦r t❤❡♠✳✑ ■♥ ❋r❡♥❝❤✿ ✏◗✉❛♥❞ ❥❡ ❢✉s ❝♦♥s❛❝ré é✈êq✉❡✱ ❉✐❡✉ ♠✬ôt❛

à ♠♦✐✲♠ê♠❡ ♣♦✉r ♠❡ ♣r❡♥❞r❡ ❛ ❧✉✐✱ ♣✉✐s ✐❧ ♠❡ ❞♦♥♥❛ ❛✉ ♣❡✉♣❧❡ ❝✬❡st à ❞✐r❡ q✉✬✐❧ ♠✬❛✈❛✐t ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐

❞❡ ❝❡ q✉❡ ❥✬ét❛✐s ♣♦✉r ♠♦✐ à ❝❡ q✉❡ ❥❡ ❢✉ss❡ ♣♦✉r ❡✉①✳✑ ✭▲❆❏❊❯◆■❊✱ ❊✳✲❏✳✱ ❙❛✐♥t ❋r❛♥ç♦✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s✱

▲✬❤♦♠♠❡✱ ❧❛ P❡♥sé❡✱ ▲✬❆❝t✐♦♥✯✱ P❛r✐s✱ ❊❞✐t✐♦♥s ●✉② ❱✐❝t♦r✱ ✶✾✻✻✱ ♣✳ ✹✼✾✮✳

❚❤❡ ❝r♦ss✲❤❡❛❞✐♥❣ ✏❆❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s t♦ ❛❧❧✑ ♦❢ ❆✳ ❆♠❛❞❡✐ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡♥t❤ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡

✭✶✾✸✾✮ t❡st✐✜❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦tt♦ ✜tt✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❧✐❢❡✱ ❡✈❡♥ t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐t ✇❛s

❵♦♥❧②✬ ♣✉t ❛❜♦✈❡ ❛ s❤♦rt ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ✇✐t❤ ❜r✐❡❢ ❧❡tt❡rs ❛♥❞ ❧✐st✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❜❡♥❡❢❛❝t♦rs✳ ✭▼❇

❳✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✼✮✳ ●✳❇✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞ ❛s t❤♦r♦✉❣❤❧② ②❡❛rs ❜❡❢♦r❡✿ ✏❚❤❡②

s❛② ❛❜♦✉t ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s t❤❛t ✏❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s t♦ ❛❧❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ❣❛✐♥ ❛❧❧

❱✐t❛ ❢♦r t❤❡ ▲♦r❞✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ❢♦r ✉s t❤❡ ❡♣✐t♦♠❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❧✐❢❡✿ ❆❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s t♦ ❛❧❧✦✑ ✭❋❘❆◆❈❊❙■❆✱

❜r❡✈❡ ❡ ♣♦♣♦❧❛r❡ ❞✐ ❞♦♥ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❙❛♥ ❇❡♥✐❣♥♦ ❈❛♥❛✈❡s❡✱ ✶✾✵✸✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✶✳✮✳

✷✻✻❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❞❡❧❧✬❖r❛t♦r✐♦✳✳✳✱ ✶✶✼✴✼✶✹✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ▼❡♠♦✐rs✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✵ ❬✏❤❡ ✇❛s

❡✈❡r②♦♥❡✬s ❢r✐❡♥❞✑ ❪ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛❣r❡❡ q✉✐t❡ ✇❡❧❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳

✷✻✼▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✺✹✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✹✸✸✳

✶✺✷

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t❤✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ ❡♥❝♦♠♣❛ss✐♥❣✿ ❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ❛❧❧✳ ❖✉ts♣♦❦❡♥ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ♦♥❡

♦r t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❡❛❝❤ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡♥❡ss s✉❝❤ ❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ✐s ✐♥❝♦♠♣❛t✐✲

❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆❧❧ ❛s♣❡❝ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝r✐♣t ❛r❡

r❡❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❡ss❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦tt♦ ❤❡r❡ ♥♦✇✿ ✏t♦ ❜❡ ❛❧❧ t♦ ❛❧❧✳✑

❆❢t❡r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❛t ❤❛❞ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥✱ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ r❡✈❡❛❧s ✇❤❛t t❤✐s ✇♦r❞ ✏❛❧❧

✭t❤✐♥❣s✮✑ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ♦❢ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❜② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢

t❤r❡❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛❝❡ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❧✐st❡♥✐♥❣ ❡❛r✳ ❚❤❡

❡❞✐t♦r ♣❤r❛s❡s t❤✐s ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❚❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♠✉st ❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡ r❡❛❞② t♦ ❧✐st❡♥

t♦ ❛♥② ❜♦②✬s ❝♦♠♣❧❛✐♥ts ♦r ❞♦✉❜ts✳✑ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❤❡ ❤❛s ❣♦t t♦ ❜❡ ✏❛❧✇❛②s ❛❧❡rt t♦ ❦❡❡♣

❛ ♣❛t❡r♥❛❧ ❡②❡ ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✳✑ ■t ✐s ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❛❜♦✉t ✇❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ♦✉t✳ ■t ✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧②

❛❜♦✉t ❞♦✐♥❣ s♦ ✐♥ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r❧② ✇❛②✳ ■♥ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ♣❧❛❝❡ ❤❡ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ✏❛❧❧ ❤❡❛rt t♦ s❡❡❦ t❤❡

s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❣♦♦❞ ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ❉✐✈✐♥❡ Pr♦✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❤❛s ❡♥tr✉st❡❞ t♦ ❤✐♠✳✑ ■♥ t❤❡

❧❛tt❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✐t♠❡♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss ❣♦❡s ❤❛♥❞

✐♥ ❤❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✳

❘❡❛❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r ❛ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ✐t ❞♦❡s ❧♦♦❦ ❛s ✐❢ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♠❛✐♥❧②

❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✐s str❡♥❣t❤❡♥❡❞ ✐❢ ✇❡ t❛❦❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t t❤❡

t❡①ts ♦♥ ❛ r❡❝t♦r✬s t❛s❦s ❛s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ♣❤r❛s❡❞ t❤❡♠ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧②✳ ❲❡ ✜♥❞ ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡

✐♥ t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ♦❢ ❙t✳ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❉❛② P✉♣✐❧s✿ ✏❚❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ❤❛s t♦

s❤♦✇ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❧② t❤❛t ❤❡ ✐s t❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞✱ ❝♦♠r❛❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❜r♦t❤❡r ♦❢ ❛❧❧✳✑ ❋✉rt❤❡r✿ ✏❍❡ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡

❧✐❦❡ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r ❛♠✐❞st ❤✐s ♦✇♥ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥✳✑ ▼♦r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s✿ ✏■t ✐s t❤❡

r❡❝t♦r✬s t❛s❦ t♦ t❛❦❡ ❝❛r❡ ♦❢ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧✱ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ s❝❤♦❧❛st✐❝ ❛✛❛✐rs✑✱ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s t❤❡

s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❜♦②s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❘❡♠✐♥❞❡rs ❢♦r ❘❡❝t♦rs

✇❡ r❡❛❞✿ ✏❊✈❡r②♦♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❢r♦♠ ②♦✉r ❛❝ts ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❞s t❤❛t ②♦✉ ❛r❡

s❡❡❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❡❧❢❛r❡ ♦❢ s♦✉❧s✳ ✳ ✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡ ②♦✉r ❡✛♦rts ♦♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧✱ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞

✐♥t❡❧❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❡♥tr✉st❡❞ t♦ ②♦✉ ❜② ❉✐✈✐♥❡ Pr♦✈✐❞❡♥❝❡✳✑ ✷✻✽ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛r❡

❛❧❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❜② t❤❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r ✏s✉♣❡r✐♦r✑ ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡✳

❼ ❇❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t ❬✷✸❪

❚❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐♥❣ ❛s s✉❝❤ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡ ♦❢ ❛

s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❛♥❞ s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜❧❡ ♦♣❡♥♥❡ss ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ s✐❞❡✿ ✏❚❤❡♥ ❤❡❛rts ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r

❜❡ ❝❧♦s❡❞✳✑ ❚❤✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞♥❡ss ✇✐❧❧ ♣r❡✈❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t❡ t❤❡ ❢❡❛r❡❞ ❛♥❞

✐♥t❡♥s❡❧② ❧♦❛t❤❡❞ s❡❝r❡t✐✈❡♥❡ss✿ ✏❛♥❞ ❞❡❛❞❧② s✉❜t❡r❢✉❣❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ❤♦❧❞ s✇❛②✳✑

❼ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❬✷✸❪

❚❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✈✐✈✐❢②✐♥❣ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ✏❞❡❛❞❧② s✉❜t❡r❢✉❣❡✑ ✐♥s♣✐r❡s ▲❡♠♦②♥❡

t♦ t❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉t ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ t❛s❦s ♦❢ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts✳ ❍❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ s❛t✐s✜❡❞ ✇✐t❤

s✐♠♣❧② ♠❡♥t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ✉♣s❡tt✐♥❣ r❡t✐❝❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤✐s ✏s❡❝r❡t✐✈❡♥❡ss✑✳ ❚❤❡ t❡r♠ ✐ts❡❧❢

s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝❧❡❛r ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t❤♦✉❣❤✱ ❢♦r ✲ ❛s ❛♥ ❡❞✐t♦r ✲ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ✐♥s❡rt❡❞ ❛♥ ✉♥❛♠❜✐❣✉♦✉s ♥❡✇

✷✻✽▼❖❚❚❖✱ ❋r✳✱ ■ ✏❘✐❝♦r❞✐ ❝♦♥❢❞❡♥③✐❛❧✐✳✳✳✑ ✱ ✐♥ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✵✳ ▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳

✶✵✹✶❀ ❊▼❇ ❳✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✼✳ ✏P❤②s✐❝❛❧✑ ✐s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ✏s❛♥✐t❛r✐♦✑✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ t❡①t✱ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦

❤❡❛❧t❤✳

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♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❜② ❇✉③③❡tt✐✳ ❍❡ ✇❛s t❛❧❦✐♥❣

❛❜♦✉t ❙t✳ ❆❧♦②s✐✉s✱ ✇❤♦ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛s❤❛♠❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t ✇❤❛t ✇❛s ❜❡✐♥❣ ✇❤✐s♣❡r❡❞ ❛♥❞

t♦❧❞ ✐♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❣r♦✉♣s✳ ❬✽✲✾❪ ❙t✐❧❧✱ ❤❡ ♥♦✇ ❛❞❞s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ♥❡✇ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t t♦ ❈

❤❡r❡✳✷✻✾ ■t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s t✇♦ t♦♣✐❝s✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❛♥❞ t♦t❛❧❧② ♥❡✇ ♦♥❡ ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ❡①♣❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❝❡rt❛✐♥

②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✉r❣❡s t❤❡ ❞✉t② t♦ r❡♣♦rt✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✉s❡s ❛

t❤♦✉❣❤t ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❥♦tt❡❞ ❞♦✇♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❆✳ ■ ✐♥t❡♥❞ t♦ ❞✐s❝✉ss t❤❡

r❡♠❛r❦ ♦♥ t❤✐s ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✽✱ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✳

❆s ❢❛r ❛s s❡❝r❡t✐✈❡♥❡ss ✐s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✱ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r t❤✐♥❦s ✐t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ r❡♠✐♥❞ ✉s ♦❢

t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ ✉♣ t✐❧❧ t❤❡♥✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥

r❡q✉✐r❡s ✏t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❬♣❧✉r❛❧ ❛❣❛✐♥ ♥♦✇❪ t♦ ❜❡ ✉♥❜❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ✐♠♠♦r❛❧

❝♦♥❞✉❝t✳✑ ❋♦r t❤❛t ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ r❡❢❡r t♦ ❤✐s ♦✇♥ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥

❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s✳✷✼✵ ❆ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢

t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✷✳ ❖♥❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡ st✐♣✉❧❛t❡❞ t❤❡

❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿ ✏❆s s♦♦♥ ❛s ❛ ❜♦② ❝❛✉s❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♠♦r❛❧❧②✱ ❤❡ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ r❡♠♦✈❡❞ ✐♥st❛♥t❧② ❢r♦♠

❤✐s ❢r✐❡♥❞s ❛♥❞ s❡♥t ❜❛❝❦ t♦ ❤✐s ❢❛♠✐❧②✳✑ ❚❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥s

✇❤♦ ❛r❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ t♦ ❜❡ ♠♦r❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧❧② ❞❛♥❣❡r♦✉s ♠✉st ❜❡ ♠❡r❝✐❧❡ss❧② r❡♠♦✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠

♦✉r ❤♦✉s❡s✳✑ ✷✼✶ ❚❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ✏❚❤❡ ❯s❡ ♦❢ P✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❍♦✉s❡s✑ t❡st✐✜❡s t♦

t❤✐s ♥♦r♠ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✸✳ ■t ❝♦♥✜r♠s ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ r❡✜♥❡s t❤✐s ♥♦r♠✳ ■t ❞♦❡s s♦ ❛s

✐t ♠❛❦❡s ✉s❡ ♦❢ ▼♦♥❢❛t✬s ✇♦r❞✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ✇❛② t♦ ❜❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t

✇❛s✿ ✏■♥ t❤❡ s❛❞ ❡✈❡♥t✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❛t ❛ ♣✉♣✐❧ ❣✐✈❡s ❣r❛✈❡ s❝❛♥❞❛❧ ♦r ♦✛❡♥❞s t❤❡ ▲♦r❞✱

❤❡ ✐s t♦ ❜❡ r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r ✇❤♦ ✇✐❧❧ ♣r✉❞❡♥t❧② t❛❦❡ t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❥✉❞❣❡s

✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥❡✳ ❙❤♦✉❧❞ t❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧ ❜❡ ❞❡❛❢ t♦ t❤❡s❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t❢✉❧ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s

❢♦r ❤✐s ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❜❛❞ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ s❝❛♥❞❛❧ t♦ ♦t❤❡rs✱ ❤❡ s❤♦✉❧❞

❜❡ s✉♠♠❛r✐❧② ❞✐s♠✐ss❡❞✱ ❤✐s ❣♦♦❞ ♥❛♠❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ♣r♦t❡❝t❡❞ ❛s ♠✉❝❤ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❛♥

❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ❜② s✉❣❣❡st✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❧❛❞ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❧② ❛s❦ ❤✐s ❢❛♠✐❧② t♦ ✇✐t❤❞r❛✇ ❤✐♠ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡

s❝❤♦♦❧ ♦r ❜② ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❛❞✈✐s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧② t♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ s❝❤♦♦❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤♦♣❡ t❤❛t t❤❡✐r s♦♥ ✇✐❧❧

❞♦ ❜❡tt❡r ❡❧s❡✇❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❝❤❛r✐t② ❤❛s ♣r♦✈❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡✳✑ ✷✼✷

❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ✏♦♥❧②✑✱ ✏✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡✑ ❛♥❞ ✏✉♥❜❡♥❞✐♥❣✑ ❬r❡❧❡♥t❧❡ss❪✱ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ✏✐♠♠♦r❛❧

✷✻✾■t ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ ❛ ❜✐t ❜❧✉♥t t♦ s✉❣❣❡st t❤❛t ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✇❛s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ q✉✐t❡ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s✳

✷✼✵❖♥ ❤✐s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❝❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✸✲✼✺✳

✷✼✶❖❊ ❳❳❳■■■ ❬✻✷ ❛♥❞ ✻✼❪✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✼✹✳ ■♥ ❤✐s ❝❤r♦♥✐❝❧❡

✭✶✽✼✺✲✶✽✼✾✮ ●✳ ❇❛r❜❡r✐s ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✇r✐tt❡♥✿ ✏■t ✐s t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡ t❤❛t ✉♥❞❡r ♥♦ ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s

❜❛❞ ❜♦②s✱ ✇❤♦ ♠✐❣❤t ❝♦rr✉♣t t❤❡✐r ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❛♥② ✇❛②✱ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ t♦❧❡r❛t❡❞✳ ❖♥❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ ✐♥❞❡❝❡♥t

❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ♦r t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧❡st ✐♠♠♦r❛❧ ❛❝t s✉✣❝❡s t♦ ❞✐s♠✐ss t❤❡ ❣✉✐❧t② ♦♥❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡✳ ❇✉t

t❤✐s ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ✜rst t❛❧❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r ♦✈❡r ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳✑ P✳ ❇r❛✐❞♦ t❤✐♥❦s t❤❛t

❋r ❇❛r❜❡r✐s✬ ❤❛rs❤♥❡ss ✐s t♦ ❜❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ ❤✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ♥♦✈✐❝❡ ♠❛st❡r✳ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱

Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✽✮✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ♥♦t❡ ♦❢ ❏❛♥✉❛r② ✷✸ ✶✽✼✻ ✐♥ ▼❇ ❳■✱ ✹✺✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ✹✷✾✳ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ❛❞❞r❡ss ♦♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✺ ✶✽✼✼✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✷✵✲✹✷✶❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳

✸✸✵✳

✷✼✷❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✽✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✹✻✲✹✹✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✺✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❛✉t✐♦✉s ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐s ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❛❧s♦ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞

❜② ❛ ❜♦♦❦ ♦❢ ▼❖◆❋❆❚✱ ❆✳ ▲❛ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❡❞✉❝❛③✐♦♥❡ ❈r✐st✐❛♥❛✱ ✶✽✼✾✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✵✳ ❖♥ ❡①♣✉❧s✐♦♥✱ s❡❡

❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❘❡❞❡❧✐❥❦❤❡✐❞ ✐♥ ❞❡ ♦♠❣❛♥❣ ♠❡t ❥♦♥❣❡r❡♥ ✭✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✽✹✮✱ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✷✵✲✶✷✻✳ ■t ✐s ❛

♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ r❡❣✉❧❛r❧②✳ ❍❡ ♣✉t ✐t ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❛❣❡♥❞❛✱ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛

❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t✳ ❆❧s♦ t❤❡♥ ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t ♦♥❧② ✏❛ s♠❛❧❧ ♥✉♠❜❡r✑ ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✿ ✏◆♦✇ ■ ✐♥t❡♥❞ t♦ ✇❛✐t ❛ ✇❤✐❧❡

t♦ s❡❡ ✐❢ t❤❡s❡ ❜♦②s ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ t♦ ❜❡❤❛✈❡❀ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐❢ t❤❡② ❞♦♥✬t✱ ■ s❤❛❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ t❛❦❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ✇❤✐❝❤✱

✉♥❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡❧②✱ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❜❡ t❛❦❡♥ ✇✐t❤ s♦♠❡ ♦t❤❡r ❜♦②s✱ t❤❛t ✐s✱ ❞✐s♠✐ss t❤❡♠✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✼❀ ❊▼❇

❳■✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✽✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✺✾✲✹✻✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■✱ ♣✳ ✹✸✵✳✮

✶✺✹

16.5 Page 155

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❝♦♥❞✉❝t✑ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ r❡♣❡❛ts ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s ♦❢ ✶✽✽✸ ❛♥❞ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞

●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥ ❛ ✈❡r② ❝♦♥❞❡♥s❡ ✇❛②✳ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏♦♥❧②✑ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r s❡❡♠s t♦

❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡ ❥✉st ❧✐❦❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t❤❛t ❡①♣✉❧s✐♦♥ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦♥❡t❤❡❧❡ss r❡♠❛✐♥ ❛ ✈❡r② ❤❡❛✈②

❛♥❞ ❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s ❛ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ t❛❦❡♥

❛t t✐♠❡s✱ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡r❡ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✱ ✐❢ ♥♦t t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛♥❞

❛❧♠♦st t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ t♦ r❛✐s❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✳

■t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛♣♣❡❛r r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t t♦ ♠❡ t♦ r❡♣❡❛t t❤❛t t❤✐s ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ✇❛s ❛❞❞❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ✐♥ ❛

❧❛t❡r st❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t✐♥❣✳ ■t ❡①♣❧❛✐♥s ✇❤❛t ✐s ♠❡❛♥t ❜② s❡❝r❡t✐✈❡♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ✇❤② ❉♦♥

❘✉❧❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ✐♠♣r❡ss ❛♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

♦r

❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst s❡r✐❡s

♦❢ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s✳ ❬✷✸✱ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❆❪

❈ ❚❤❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ✭ ✮

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s s❡❡♠s t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ✺ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡♥t❤ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡

✳ ❚❤❡

t✐t❧❡ ✐s✿ ✏❆ss✐st❛♥ts ♦r ❘❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ P❡rs♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉♦r♠✐t♦r②✳✑ P❛rt ♦❢ ✐t r❛♥ ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿

✏■♠♣✉❞✐t✐❛ ♥❡❝ ♥♦♠✐♥❡t✉r ✐♥ ✈♦❜✐s ❬■♠♣✉r✐t② ♠✉st ♥♦t ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛♠♦♥❣ ②♦✉❪✳

■❢ ♦♥❡ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡rs ❛ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ✐♥ t❤❛t ✜❡❧❞✱ ✐t ✐s ♦♥❡✬s str✐❝t ❞✉t② t♦ r❡♣♦rt ✐t t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r✳✑ ✷✼✸

■t ✐s ❛ ♠♦r❛❧ ❞✉t②✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ❵t♦ ❢❛✐❧✬ ♠❡❛♥s t♦ ❝♦♠♠✐t ❛ s❡r✐♦✉s✑ s✐♥✳ ❆s ✐t ✐s ❛ ✈❡r②

s❡r✐♦✉s ♠❛tt❡r✱ ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ♠✉st ❝♦✲♦♣❡r❛t❡✳ ■t ✐s ♥♦t ❛ ♠❛tt❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♦♥❧②✳ ❆❧s♦

❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ ❤❛s t♦ ✇❛t❝❤ ♦✉t ❛♥❞ ❧✐st❡♥✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r ✐t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡

❛♥ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❤♦✇s ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ♦r ✐s ❛ ❜❡♥❡✜t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✱ ♦♣❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ✇❛②

♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ■t r❡❛❧❧② ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ❢✉❧✜❧❧✐♥❣ ✏❛ str✐❝t ❞✉t② ✐♥ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥❝❡✑ ✇❤✐❝❤

❛❧❧♦✇s ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r② ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♠♦r❛❧ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡

❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ✐s t♦ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡ ❛ ✇❤♦❧❡s♦♠❡ ♠♦r❛❧ ❝❧✐♠❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧

✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣✳ ■t ✐s ❢♦r t❤✐s ❣♦❛❧ t❤❛t ✏t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs ❬♣❧✉r❛❧❪✱ ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡②❡s

♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✱ ♠✉st ❡①❡rt ❛❧❧ t❤❡✐r ❡✛♦rts t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ♠♦r❛❧✐t② ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞✳✑ ✷✼✹ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s t❤❡✐r

♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❛♥❞✱ ❛s ✐t s❡❡♠s✱

❆ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♥♦t❡s ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✳

❇❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ ❤❛rs❤♥❡ss ❛♥❞ str✐❝t ❞✉t② t❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❞♦ ♥♦t

✜t ✐♥ ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st ✜t ✐♥ ❧❡ss ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t② ♦❢ tr✉st

❛♥❞ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✳

✸✳✹✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❦❡②✇♦r❞

✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑ ❛♥❞ ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t

❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣r❡ss✐♥❣ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ✇❤❛t ❤❛❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ t♦ ❜r❡❛❦

❞♦✇♥ t❤❡ ❜❛rr✐❡r ✇❛s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❜r✐❡❢ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝✐s❡✿ ✏❋❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑ ❬✶✽❪✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢

t❤✐s ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ ✈❡r② ❧♦♥❣✱ ♠♦r❡ ♦r ❧❡ss ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ❡ss❛②✱ ❛s ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡

❛♠♦r❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝❧❛r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ✏

✑✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❛t ❛❧❧ s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣ t❤❛t

t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ♠❛❦❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♥♦✇ ❛s❦ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ t❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❆♥❞ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❜❡st ✇❛②

♦❢ ❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❬❢r✐❡♥❞❧② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣❪❄✑ ■t ❧♦♦❦s ❛s ✐❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝❛♥♥♦t s❡❡

✷✼✸

❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✸✼✴✺❪✳ ❚❤❡ ▲❛t✐♥ t❡①t ❝♦♠❡s ❢r♦♠ ❙t✳ P❛✉❧✬s ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❊♣❤❡s✐❛♥s ✭❊♣❤✳ ✺✱✸✮✳ ❆ s✐♠✐❧❛r

❞✉t② ❛♣♣❧✐❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦❤♦✉s❡s✳ ❈❢✳ ❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✸✹✴✹❪✳

✷✼✹

❋❞❇ ✶✳✽✻✹ ❆✶✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✹✶✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✸✵✲✸✸✶✳

✶✺✺

16.6 Page 156

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t❤❡ ✇♦♦❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ tr❡❡s✳ ❲❤❛t ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✉r❣❡♥t❧② ♥♦✇❄ ❲❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t

t❤✐♥❣ t♦ ❞♦❄ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❞♦❡s ♠♦r❡✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❤❡ ♠❛❦❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛❧s♦

❛s❦ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ tr✐✉♠♣❤ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ✏t❤✐s ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑ t♦♦✳

■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ❤❡ ♣✐❝❦s ✉♣ ❛❣❛✐♥ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ❜❡❛r✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s st❛t❡♠❡♥t ❛t t❤❡

st❛rt ♦❢ ❤✐s ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡✿ ✏❲✐t❤♦✉t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❬❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧

r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣❪ ♦♥❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❤♦✇ ♦♥❡✬s ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ✐❢ ♦♥❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♠❛❦❡ ♦♥❡✬s ❧♦✈❡ ✈✐s✐❜❧❡

❬t❛♥❣✐❜❧❡✱ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❪✱ t❤❡r❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❬✶✽❪ ❚❤✉s t❤✐s s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ r❡❛❧✐③❡s ❛♥♦t❤❡r

♣❡r❢❡❝t ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❛❣❛✐♥✳

❨❡t ✐t ✐s q✉✐t❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♠❡❛♥s ♠♦r❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❛ t❤✐r❞ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ❤❡

❝♦✉❧❞ ❛❧❧✉❞❡ ❤❡r❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞

r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♠✉t✉❛❧ tr✉st ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳ ❱❛❧❢rè t♦♦ s❛✐❞ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐✈❡❧② ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✿ ✏❋❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❬❝❧♦s❡♥❡ss❪ ❧❡❛❞s t♦ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞

❧♦✈❡ ❜r✐♥❣s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❬✻❪ ❍✐s st❛t❡♠❡♥t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥❡❞ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡

❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❝♦♠♠❡♥ts✳ ■♥ t❤❛t ❝❛s❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♥♦✇ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s t❤❡

q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛s t♦ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ✐♥♣✉t✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ♦❢ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣

❜♦t❤ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ t❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❤✐♠✳

❼ ✏❚❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡✑ ❬✷✸❪

❆t ✜rst ❤❡❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡✑ ✐s ❞✐s❛♣✲

♣♦✐♥t✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ♥♦t ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ✐ts ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ✐ts ♥❡✉tr❛❧

t♦♥❡✳ ❚❤✐s t♦♥❡ ✐s ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❞✐s❛♣♣♦✐♥t✐♥❣ ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

✭❈ ✮✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✇❛s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ❜② t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞

str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✏②♦✉✑✱ ✈✐③✳ ✏❚❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ s❡t✳✑ ❘❡✲

t❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❛♥s✇❡r ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❜❡tt❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡ st②❧❡✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞

✏r✉❧❡s✑ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✉♥❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛❧❧② ❤❛✈❡ r❡♠✐♥❞❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏r✉❧❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡♠✑ ❛s

♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ r❡♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ❬✷✷❪

❲❤❡♥ ✇❡ ❣♦ ❞❡❡♣❡r ✐♥t♦ ✇❤❛t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ st✐❧❧ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r

❛ ❞❡❡♣❡r ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛❝❡ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣❛✐❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s

t❡r♠✿ ✏r✉❧❡s✑ ✐♥ ✏❘✉❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡✳✑ ❬✷✸❪ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❤❛❞ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ r❡❛s♦♥

❢♦r t❤❛t ❝❤❛♥❣❡✳ P❡r❤❛♣s ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✏ r❡❣♦❧❡✑ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❈ ♠❡r❡❧② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❛t

❛❜❜r❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❝❧❡❛r ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ❛❢t❡r ✏t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r✉❧❡s✑ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❜❧❛♠❡✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦

♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s✉♠♠❛r② ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞

●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ s❛✐❞ ❛t t❤❡

t✐♠❡✿ ✏❚❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s ❛r❡ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ❬r❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s❪ ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥s ❬t❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r❪ ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛t✐♦♥s✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❜② t❤❡♠ ❬t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs❪ ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛♥ts✳ ❇✉t t❤✐s ♠❡❛♥s

t❤❡② ♠✉st ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s✳ ▲❡t t❤❡♠ ❜❡ t❛✉❣❤t ✐♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ♠♦♥t❤❧② ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✳ ▲❡❛r♥❡❞

❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❛r❡ ♥♦t r❡q✉✐r❡❞❀ ✐t ✐s ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡♠ r❡❛❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❜r✐❡❢

❡①❤♦rt❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ■♥ t❤❡ s✐①t❤ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✐t s❛✐❞✿ ✏■♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ❢r❡❡ t♦ ❣♦ ❛♥❞ ✈✐s✐t t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡s ♦❢t❡♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❧② ❞✐r❡❝t t❤❡♠✳ ◆♦✇ ❧❡t t❤❡

r❡❝t♦r ❛❜✐❞❡ ❜② t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♥❡✈❡r tr❡❛t ❛♥②♦♥❡ ❜r✉sq✉❡❧②✳✑ ✷✼✺

✷✼✺❋❞❇ ✶✳✽✻✹ ❇✶ ❛♥❞ ❇✷✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ✜♥❞ ❜♦t❤ ✏❘❡❣♦❧❡ ✑ ❛♥❞ ✏r❡❣♦❧❡ ✑✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❝❛♣✐t❛❧s✳

▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✶✻ ❛♥❞ ✹✶✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳✸✸✵ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✸✸✷✳

✶✺✻

16.7 Page 157

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❚❤❡ ✜rst t❤✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ♠❛② s✉♣♣♦s❡ ✐s t❤❛t ❛t t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❜② ✏❘✉❧❡✭s✮✑✱

✇❛s r❡❢❡r✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❜② ✏❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥s✑✱ t♦ ✏ ❉❡❧✐❜❡r❛③✐♦♥✐✑ ♦r ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s

♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥ ✶✽✽✸✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ✇❛② ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡

❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✇❡r❡ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❛❝❡ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡✿

✏❚❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❡ss ♦❢ ♦✉r ♣✐♦✉s ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❛♥❞ ✐ts ♠❡♠❜❡rs ❧❛r❣❡❧②

❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ ❛♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦✉r ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ✇❤✐❝❤

❛r❡ t❤❡✐r ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ❍❡ ❣♦❡s ♦♥ ❛ ❜✐t ❢✉rt❤❡r✿ ✏❲❡ s❤❛❧❧ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥

✐t ❜② ❛♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦✉r ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s✳✑ ✷✼✻ ❊❛❝❤ t✐♠❡

❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t❤❡ ✉♥❛♠❜✐❣✉♦✉s t❡r♠ ✏❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✑ ✐♥ t❤❛t ♣r❡❢❛❝❡✳

❋✉rt❤❡r t❤❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✏✐♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ♠♦♥t❤❧② ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✑ ♠❡❛♥t ❛ ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ r❡♠✐♥❞❡r

❛♥❞ ♣❡r❤❛♣s ♥♦t ❛ r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t r❡❢r❡s❤❡r ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❋✐rst ●❡♥❡r❛❧

❈❤❛♣t❡r ♦♥ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r✐s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✷✼✼

■t ✇❛s ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ♥♦ s✉r♣r✐s❡ t❤❛t ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏r✉❧❡✭s✮✑

❛s ❧❡ss ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ♥♦t s✉✐t❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s s❝r✐♣t t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

✇❛s ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❧❛❝❡✱ ❥✉st ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ✏❘✉❧❡✭s✮✑ ✐♥ t❤❡

♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❍❡r❡ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ✏❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s✑ ✐s ✉♥♠✐st❛❦❛❜❧❡

❛♥❞ ♠♦st s✉✐t❛❜❧❡✳

❚❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜t ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡

♦r s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ♦❢ q✉✐t❡ s♦♠❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s

✇✐t❤ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘✉❧❡ ♦r ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s✳ ❲❡ ✇❡r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡

t❤❡s❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡s ♦❢t❡♥ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ■t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①❝❧✉❞❡ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r t❤❛t

t❤❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ✇✐t❤ ✐❞❡❛s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❤♦✇♥✳ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐s t❤❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t

✇❤❡r❡ ✏✉♥✐t② ♦❢ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧✑ ✇❛s ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞✳✷✼✽ ❚❤✐s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✇❛s r❛t❤❡r

❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥❛❧✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r ✐t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧✐♥❡❞ t❤❛t ▲❛③③❡r♦ ♦❢t❡♥ ❤❛❞ ♣❛rts ❢r♦♠ t❤❛t

❘✉❧❡ ❬❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s❪ r❡❛❞ ♦✉t ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ q✉♦t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳✷✼✾

❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ♣♦✐♥t ❤❡r❡ ✐s t❤❡ t❤♦r♦✉❣❤ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ str✐❝t ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

❛rt✐❝❧❡s ♦❢ t❤❛t ❘✉❧❡✳ ■ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡ ✐t t♦ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ✐s st❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s

❤❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❇ ❛♥❞ ❈ ✳

❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❛♥s✇❡r ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♥❡❡❞ ♦✇♥❡rs❤✐♣ ♦❢ t❤❡

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s✱ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② t❤❡ ✏❘✉❧❡✑ ❢♦r ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✬s ❍♦✉s❡ t♦♦✳ ❚❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ t♦

❜❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ ✐t ❛♥❞ ❜r✐♥❣ ✐t ✐♥t♦ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❤❡❛rt ❛♥❞ s♦✉❧✳ ❚❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞

t❤❡ ✏❜❡st ✇❛②✑✱ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♠❡❛♥s✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s s♦ ♠❛♥② ❛s♣❡❝ts ✇❤✐❝❤

❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞✳ ■❢ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♠❛♥❛❣❡ t♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r✐③❡ t❤❛t

✷✼✻❖❊ ❳❳❳■■■ ❬✹✲✺❪✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✺✷✶❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✾✳

✷✼✼❙❡❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✾✾✳ ■♥ ✶✽✻✽ t❤✐♥❣s ✇❡r❡ ❡✈❡♥ ❧❡ss ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❘✉❧❡ ♦r ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❈♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t t❤❡♥ ②❡t ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❝❡ t❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❛❢t❡r ✶✽✼✸ ❛♥❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞

✶✽✽✹✳ ■♥ ✶✽✻✽ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝♦✉❧❞ st✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞ s❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❡s st♦r② ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡

r✉❧❡s✿ ✏❚❤❡② ❬t❤❡ ❜♦②s❪ ❤❛✈❡ ❤♦✉s❡ r✉❧❡s✳✑ ✭❈❢✳ ▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✵❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✼✾✳✮ ■t ✐s ❡✈❡♥ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡

t❤❛t t❤✐s ✉tt❡r❛♥❝❡ ❤❛❞ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♥❡①t t♦ ♦t❤❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ st♦r②✳ ■♥ ▼❛② ✶✽✼✾ ✐t

✐s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❙t✳ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ♦✉t t♦

❤✐♠✿ ✏❨♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ r✉❧❡✭s✮ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❜♦♦❦s✳ Pr❛❝t✐s❡ ✇❤❛t ②♦✉ ♣r❡❛❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❜❡ ✈✐❣✐❧❛♥t✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳■❱✱

♣✳ ✶✷✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✾✵✮ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t ✏❧❡ r❡❣♦❧❡✑ ✇❡r❡ t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱ ♦❢ ❝♦✉rs❡✳

✷✼✽❈❢✳ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✶✾✼✱ ✶✾✽✳

✷✼✾■♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ t❤❡ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✾✵❀ ✾✹❀ ✶✵✹❀ ✶✾✵❀ ✷✻✽❀ ✷✼✹✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣

❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ❛♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ ♦t❤❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✿ ✷✸❀ ✸✹❀ ✸✼❀ ✾✸❀ ✾✺❀ ✶✵✺✳

✶✺✼

16.8 Page 158

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♠❡❛♥s t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ s❡❡ t❤❛t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✱ ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞ tr✉st ✢♦✉r✐s❤ ❛♥❞ t❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❜r❡❛❦

❞♦✇♥ t❤❡ ❜❛rr✐❡r ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❝❧❡❛r ✐t ❛✇❛② ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧②✳

■t ✐s ❛s ✐❢ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛❧s♦ ♠❡❛♥✿ ❵▲♦♦❦✱ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥

✇r✐tt❡♥ ❞♦✇♥ ❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ♥❡✇✳ ❨♦✉ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ ✐t ❛❧❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍♦✉s❡s✳

❚❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐s ❛ s♦rt ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❡♥❞✐✉♠✱ ❛ s✉♠♠❛r②✱

❛ ▼❛❣♥❛ ❈❛rt❛ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r✉❧❡s✳ ■t ♣✉ts ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❡♠♣❤❛s❡s ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ s♣♦t❧✐❣❤ts✱

✈✐③✳ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑✱ ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐tà✑ ❛♥❞ ✏ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥③❛✑ ✭tr✉st✮✱ ❜✉t ❛❧❧ t❤❛t ✐s ✐♥ ❤❛r♠♦♥② ✇✐t❤ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥s✳ ❙♦ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ t❤❛t ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❤❛❞ t♦ ❜❡ t♦❧❞✱ ✐s t♦❧❞ ♥♦✇✳

❼ ❚❤❡ ✇❡❧❝♦♠✐♥❣✱ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✱ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧②✱ ✇❛r♠✲❤❡❛rt❡❞✱ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ✐s ✏t❤❡ ❜❡st

❞✐s❤ ❛t ❛ ❞✐♥♥❡r✑✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❬✷✸✲✷✹❪

❆t ❧❡❛st ✐❢ ✇❡ ❞♦ ♥♦t t❛❦❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛♥❞ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ✇❛② ♦❢ ♥❛rr❛t✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✳

❏✉st ❧✐❦❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ st♦r✐❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ t♦❧❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤ts✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐s

❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❤❡r❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥ ✉♥st♦♣♣❛❜❧❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥❡r✳ ❊✈❡♥ ❛❢t❡r ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡❛r

❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❤❛❞ ❝♦♠❡ t♦ ❛ ❝❧♦s❡✱ ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ st♦♣♣❡❞✳

❙♦♠❡t✐♠❡s t❤♦✉❣❤ ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♠❛♥❛❣❡ t♦ ❛s❦ ♦♥❡ ♠♦r❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❛♥

♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡ ✈✐✈✐❞ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡ st♦r②✳ ❈✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ❣♦t ✐♥ ❤✐s ✇❛②✳ ■t ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ s♦rt ♦❢

❞r❡❛♠ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡ ✇✐t❤ ❙t✳ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ✐♥ ▼❛② ✶✽✼✾✳ ❍❡ ✏✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❛s❦ ♠♦r❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✱

❜✉t ♠✉✤❡❞ t❤✉♥❞❡r t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❛✐r ✇✐t❤ ✢❛s❤❡s ♦❢ ❧✐❣❤t♥✐♥❣✑ ♣✉t ❛♥ ❛❜r✉♣t ❡♥❞ t♦

t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆❢t❡r ❛ ❤❡❛✈② ♥✐❣❤t ✇✐t❤ ♣❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❞②s♣♥♦❡❛ ❬❞✐✣❝✉❧t ❜r❡❛t❤✐♥❣❪ ✐♥

❏❛♥✉❛r② ✶✽✽✸ ❤❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏■ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ♦✉r ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✱ ❜✉t✱ ✐♥ ❡①q✉✐s✐t❡ t♦♥❡s ♠♦r❡

r❡s♦♥❛♥t t❤❛♥ ❝❛♥ ❡✈❡r ❜❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❡❞✱ ❤❡ ❬❋❛t❤❡r Pr♦✈❡r❛❪ ❜❡❣❛♥ t♦ ❝❤❛♥t s♦❧❡♠♥❧②✳✑ ✷✽✵

❚❤❡ s♦♥❣✬s ✬❛♠❡♥✬ ❛❧s♦ ♠❡❛♥t ✬❛♠❡♥✬ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞r❡❛♠ ❛♥❞ ♥♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r q✉❡st✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ ❛s❦❡❞✳

❆❧s♦ ✐♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✽✻✽ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ❣♦t ✇❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ✇❛♥t❡❞✳ ❍❡ ✇❛s q✉✐t❡ ♣✐q✉❡❞ t❤❡♥ ❛♥❞

❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞✿ ✏❉♦❡s t❤✐s ♠❡❛♥ t❤❛t ■ ❝❛♥♥♦t t❡❧❧ ♠② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣❄✑ ❆♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❤❡

❤❛❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❣♦✿ ✏❚❡❧❧ ♠❡ ❛t ❧❡❛st ✇❤❛t ■ ❝❛♥ t❡❧❧ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ■ ❛♠

❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡♠✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❡①tr❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥ s❡❡♠s ❛ st②❧✐st✐❝ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ t♦ r❛✐s❡ t❤❡ t❡♥s✐♦♥✳

❚❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛rt♥❡r ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡ss✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♦♥❝❡ t❤❡♥✿ ✏❨♦✉ ♠❛② t❡❧❧ t❤❡♠

✇❤❛t❡✈❡r ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ r❡♠❡♠❜❡r✳✑ ✷✽✶ ❆s t❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞ r❡♠♦✈❡❞ t❤❡ ✈❡✐❧ ♦♥❝❡ ♠♦r❡✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

♠❛♥❛❣❡❞ t♦ ❝❛♣ t❤❡ st♦r② ❜② ❛ ❝♦♠❢♦rt✐♥❣ ✜♥✐s❤✳ ❖✈❡r t❤❡ ②❡❛rs t❤✐s s♦rt ♦❢ ✐♥s✐st❡♥❝❡

❝♦✉❧❞ ♦❢ ❝♦✉rs❡ ❡❛s✐❧② t✉r♥ ✐♥t♦ ❛ st❡r❡♦t②♣❡ st②❧✐st✐❝ ❞❡✈✐❝❡✳

❖❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ✉❧t✐♠❛t❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❢❛✐❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✶✽✽✹✳ ❚❤✐s

t✐♠❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡❝❡✐✈❡s ❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s r❛❝❦❡❞ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t♦rs✳ ■♥

■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✐t ✐s ❛ ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ♣❤r❛s❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ❣♦t ✐♥ ❉✉t❝❤ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❛s ❛♥ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t

s✐♥❝❡ ♠❛♥② ②❡❛rs✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❜❡st ❞✐s❤ ❛t ❛ ❞✐♥♥❡r ✐s ❛ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❢❛❝❡✳✑ ✷✽✷ ❚❤✐s tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✱

✷✽✵▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✶✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✾✵ ❛♥❞ ▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✻✲✶✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✲✺✳

✷✽✶▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✵❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣ ✼✾ ✭♣❛rt❧② r❡✲tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✮✳

✷✽✷❆t ❛♥② r❛t❡ ✐t ✐s ❧✐❦❡ t❤✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉✉t❝❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❳❱■■ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡✿ ▼❇◆

❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✼✹✳ ❚❤❛t ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✾✻✻✳

❚❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ r❛♥✿ ✏■❧ ♣✐❛tt♦ ♠✐❣❧✐♦r❡ ✐♥ ✉♥ ♣r❛♥③♦ è q✉❡❧❧♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❜✉♦♥❛ ❝❡r❛ ✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✷

❛♥❞ ❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✻✳✮ ❚❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✾✶✿ ✏❚❤❡ ♠♦st ❛♣♣❡t✐③✐♥❣ ❝♦✉rs❡ ✐♥ ❛♥②

♠❡❛❧ ✐s ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❝❤❡❡r✳✑ ■♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ✭✶✾✾✼✮✿ ✏❆t ❛ ❞✐♥♥❡r t❤❡ ❜❡st ❞✐s❤ ✐s ❛ ❤❡❛rt② ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡✳✑

✭❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✶✳✮

✶✺✽

16.9 Page 159

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❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐s ♥♦t ❡✈✐❞❡♥t✱ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❞✐❝t✐♦♥❛r✐❡s ❤❛❞ ❧❡❞ ♦t❤❡rs ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡

❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❜❡st ❞✐s❤ ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐♥♥❡r ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

♠♦st ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ ❢♦♦❞✳✑ ✷✽✸ ❚❤✐s s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ r✐❞✐❝✉❧❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥

❝♦✉rs❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♥✉tr✐t✐♦✉s ❢♦♦❞ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❜❡❤✐♥❞ ✐t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s

r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥s ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❡st ❛♥❞ ♠♦st ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s②st❡♠✳

❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❛♥❞ st✐❧❧ ✈❛❧✐❞ ❉✉t❝❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥

✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s✐♥❣ ✏❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❢❛❝❡✑ ✇❛s ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ♦♥❡✿ ✏ ▲❡ ♠❡✐❧❧❡✉r ♣❧❛t ❞✬✉♥

❞✐♥❡r✱ ❝✬❡st ✉♥ ❜♦♥ ✈✐s❛❣❡✳✑ ✷✽✹ ❲❤✐❝❤❡✈❡r ✇❛②✱ ✐t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t t❡❛❝❤ ✉s ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤✳ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥s

✐♥❡✈✐t❛❜❧② r✐s❡✿ ✏❍♦✇ ❞♦❡s t❤✐s s❛②✐♥❣ ✜t ✐♥ ❤❡r❡ ❛♥②✇❛②❄✑ ✏❲❤❛t ✐s ✐ts ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡

♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t❄✑ ❆s ✐t ✐s✱ t❤❡r❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❦✳

❚❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ❧❡❛✈❡s ♥♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❛s t♦ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ✐s ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t

t♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❚❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t ❛❧❧ t❤❡

t✐♠❡ ❛♥②✇❛②✳ ■t ❣♦❡s ✇✐t❤♦✉t s❛②✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✐s t❤❡ ✐❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❛❦❡

❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t✳ ❆ ✜rst ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❦❡② ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♦✛❡r❡❞✱ ■ t❤✐♥❦✱ ❜② ❋r

❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥✐✱ ❋r✳ ❉❡sr❛♠❛✉t✱ ❋r ❱✐❣❛♥ò ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✳

➦ ❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛t ❱❛❧❞❝❝♦

■♥ ✶✾✺✸ ❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥✐ ✇❛r♥❡❞✿ ✏■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥t t❤✐s ❧❛st s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ ❜❡✐♥❣ ♠✐s✉♥❞❡r✲

st♦♦❞✱ ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❜❡ ❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❡s❡ ✇♦r❞s ✇❡r❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳✑

■t ✐s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s✳ ❨❡t ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t t❤✐♥❦ ✐t r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t t♦ ❞r❛✇ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ✐t ✐♥ ■t❛❧②✳ ❚❤❡

❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❤❡ ❣❛✈❡ ❞♦❡s ❤♦❧❞ ❣♦♦❞ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐t s♦✉♥❞s s♦♠❡✇❤❛t ❡①❛❣❣❡r❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐s ❛t

t✐♠❡s ❛❜str❛❝t✱ ♥♦t t♦ s❛② ✇♦♦❧❧②✿ ✏■t ✐s ❛❧❧ ❛❜♦✉t✳ ✳ ✳ r❡♠✐♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t❤❛t t❤❡

❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❬❧♦✈✐♥❣❪ ♥♦r♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ❛r❡ ❢✉❧❧② ❢♦✉♥❞❡❞ ♦♥ ❈❤❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡

t♦ ❜❡ ♣✉t ✐♥t♦ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❛❦❡ ✐s t❤❡ ❡✈❡r❧❛st✐♥❣ s♠✐❧❡ ❛♥❞

t❤❡ ✐♠♣❡rt✉r❜❛❜❧❡ ♣❡❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r ❤❛s t♦ s❤♦✇ ✐t ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧② ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡

♣✉♣✐❧ ❛ ♥✐❝❡r ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❛❣r❡❡❛❜❧❡ ❧✐❢❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❧✈❡ ♥✐♥❡ t❡♥t❤s ♦❢ t❤❡ tr♦✉❜❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❛t ✇❛②✳✑ ✷✽✺

❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✐s ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✿ ✏❚❤❡ ✐❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❛❦❡ ✐s t❤❡ ❡✈❡r❧❛st✐♥❣ s♠✐❧❡

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❡rt✉r❜❛❜❧❡ ♣❡❛❝❡✳✑ ❨❡t ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ♥❡❛t❧② ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡

❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ♣❛r❛♣❤r❛s❡ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ❡✐t❤❡r✳ ❍✐s str♦♥❣

❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ ❈❤❛r✐t② ♦r ✏❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡✑ ❬❝❛r✐tà❪ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦

t❤❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❛t ❋r ❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥✐✬s ❞✐s♣♦s❛❧✳ ■♥ ✐t ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ ❜②

✏ ❝❛r✐tà✑✳ ■t ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ t❡①t ✭❉ ✮✳ ❍❡ ❥✉st❧② st❛t❡s ✐♥ ❤✐s

❝♦♠♠❡♥t t❤❛t ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❡rt✉r❜❛❜❧❡ ♣❡❛❝❡ ♦❢ ♠✐♥❞ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡

t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✬s ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ✐❝✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❛❦❡ t♦ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥ t❤❡

❝✉❧✐♥❛r② ♠❡t❛♣❤♦r✳

❆ ②❡❛r ❧❛t❡r✱ ✐♥ ✶✾✺✹✱ ❋r✳ ❉❡s♠❛r❛✉t q✉♦t❡❞ ❛ ✈❡rs❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ❛✉t❤♦r ❈♦r♥❡✐❧❧❡ t♦

♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ♣❤r❛s❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❋r❡♥❝❤ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ r❡❛❞❡rs✳ ✏❚❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡✱✑

✷✽✸❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦❦r✐♥❣ ❬❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❈✐r❝❧❡ ❧❡❞ ❜② ❋❛t❤❡r ▼✳ ❇❛❡rt❪✱ ❉❡ ❞r♦♠❡♥ ✈❛♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❖✉❞✲❍❡✈❡r❧❡❡✱

✶✾✺✾✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t② t❤❡② ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏❜✉♦♥❛ ❝❡r❛ ✑ ♠❛② ❜❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞

❢r♦♠ ❛♥♦t❤❡r t❡①t✳ ■♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ■❱ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❇✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ ✇❡ r❡❛❞✿ ✏❢❛❝❡✈❛ ❧♦r♦ ❜✉♦♥❛ ❝❡r❛ ✑✳

❚❤❡ ❉✉t❝❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t♦r ❤❛❞ ❛ ✇✐❧❞ ❣✉❡ss ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ ❛ ✏❞❡✈✐❛♥t✑ ❛♥❞ s❤♦rt❡♥❡❞ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡✳ ✭▼❇

■❱✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✺❀ ▼❇◆ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✵❀ ❊▼❇ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✵✿ ✏❇r♦s✐♦ ✇❛s s❡❡♠✐♥❣❧② r❡❝❡♣t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛✳✑✮

✷✽✹❈❢✳ ❉❊❙❘❆▼❆❯❚✱ ❋r✳✱ ❙❛✐♥t ❏❡❛♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✺✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s st✐❧❧ t❤❡ ♦✣❝✐❛❧ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❈❢✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉✲

t✐♦♥s ❡t ❘è❣❧❡♠❡♥ts✱ ✶✾✽✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✾✳

✷✽✺❱❆▲❊◆❚■◆■✱ ❊✳✱ ▲❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ♠❛r✐❛♥❛✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✶✳

✶✺✾

16.10 Page 160

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❤❡ ✇r♦t❡✱ ♠✉st ❜❡ ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ✏❈♦r♥❡✐❧❧❡✬s ✈❡rs❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛

♣r♦✈❡r❜✿ ❵▲❛ ❢❛ç♦♥ ❞❡ ❞♦♥♥❡r ✈❛✉t ♠✐❡✉① q✉❡ ❝❡ q✉✬♦♥ ❞♦♥♥❡✬ ❬❚❤❡ ✇❛② ✇❡ ❣✐✈❡ ✐s ♠♦r❡

✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ t❤❛♥ ✇❤❛t ✇❡ ❣✐✈❡❪✳✑ ❆s ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❤❡ st❛t❡❞✿ ✏❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♣♣❡❛❧s t♦

t❤❡ t❛❝t❢✉❧♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✳✑ ✷✽✻ ❚❤❡ s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡✱ ♣♦❧✐t❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♥❣ s❡❡♠s t♦ ❜❡ ❛

♣r❡s❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡✐r ❣✉❡sts✱ ✐♥✈✐t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❡❛❧ ♦❢ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳

■t ✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t t♦ ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❛t ❋r✳ ❉❡sr❛♠❛✉t✱ ❧✐❦❡ ❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥✐✱ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ t❤❡

♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣r♦✈❡r❜ ❛s ❛ ❝❛❧❧ ✉♣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❜❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥❡❞ ✇❤❡t❤❡r

▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇❛s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏t❛❝t❢✉❧♥❡ss✑✳ P❡rs♦♥❛❧❧② ✏ ❜♦♥ ✈✐s❛❣❡✑ r❡♠✐♥❞s ♠❡ ♦❢

❛♥ ♦♣❡♥✱ ❦✐♥❞ ❢❛❝❡✱ ❜❡❛♠✐♥❣ ❡②❡s ❛♥❞ s♠✐❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❛t ♠❡❛♥s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ❛♥❞

✐♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t ❬❉ ❪✿ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧✱ ❛✛❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞

s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s

t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛s♣❡❝t ❥✉st ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ✇❡❧❝♦♠✐♥❣✱ ❦✐♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❛❜❧❡ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ❤♦sts ❛♥❞

s❡r✈✐♥❣ ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ❛r❡ ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣✉❡sts✱ ✐t ✐s ❵t❤❡ ❜❡st ❞✐s❤✬✳

❇♦t❤ t❤✐s ✇❡❧❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ✏s♣♦✐❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣✉❡sts✑ ❛r❡ t❤❡ tr✉❡ t♦❦❡♥s ♦❢ ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣✳

■♥ t❤✐s s❡♥s❡ ■ ❛❧s♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❋r ❱✐❣❛♥ò✬s ✇❛② ♦❢ ❜r✐♥❣✐♥❣ ✐t ✉♣ t♦ ❞❛t❡✳ ❚♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥

t❤❡ ✶✾✽✹ str❡♥♥❛ ❤❡ ❧✐st❡❞ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s str✐❦✐♥❣ t❤♦✉❣❤ts✳ ◗✉♦t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥

♣❤r❛s❡ ❤❡ ♣✉t t❤✐♥❣s ✐♥t♦ ❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❜r❛❝❦❡ts✿ ✏❛

❝♦r❞✐❛❧ ❢❛❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ✷✽✼ ■t ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✏❩✐♥❣❛r❡❧❧✐✑

❞✐❝t✐♦♥❛r②✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✇❡ r❡❛❞✿ ✏ ❢❛r❡ ❜✉♦♥❛ ❝❡r❛✿ ❛❝❝♦❣❧✐❡r❡✱ r✐❝❡✈❡r❡ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳✑ ✏ ❋❛r❡

❜✉♦♥❛ ❝❡r❛✑ ♠❡❛♥s ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧❧②✱ r❡❝❡✐✈❡ ❦✐♥❞❧②✳✷✽✽ ❖❢ ❝♦✉rs❡ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t r❡✈❡❛❧❡❞

✐♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥❝✐s❡ ✉♣❞❛t❡ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ❋r ❱✐❣❛♥ò ♠❡❛♥t t❤❡ ❧♦r❞ ❛♥❞ ❧❛❞② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡ ❛♥❞

t❤❡✐r ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ ♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡ t❛❜❧❡✳ ❆s ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♣✉t t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r

t❤❡ s✉❜❤❡❛❞✐♥❣✿ ❑✐♥❞♥❡ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✑ ❛♥❞ ❛s ❤❡ s♣♦❦❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙✐st❡rs

❛♥❞ ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❋❛♠✐❧②✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❛ss✉♠❡ ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t t♦ ❛♣♣❧② t❤❡ ♣r♦✈❡r❜ t♦

❛❧❧ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇❡❧❢❛r❡ ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ Pr❡❝✐s❡❧② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡ ✇❛s ❛❧s♦

❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞ t❤❛t ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝r✐♣t ♦❢ ✶✽✽✹ ❛❧❧ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✇❡r❡ ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞✳ ❆❧❧ ✕ ❜♦t❤ ♥♦✇ ❛♥❞

t❤❡♥ ✕ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r ✐♥ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✱

❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✱ ✇❛r♠✲❤❡❛rt❡❞♥❡ss✱ tr✉st✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧✐t②✱ ✐♥ s❤♦rt ❤❡❛❧t❤② ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✳ ❆❧❧ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❝t

❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤✐s✳

➦ ✏❚❤❡ ❜❡st ❞✐s❤✑ ✐s ✏❛ ❤❡❛rt② ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡✑✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡

❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡

❚❤❡ ❊♥❣❧✐s❤ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❧✐♥❡✿ ✏❆t ❛ ❞✐♥♥❡r t❤❡ ❜❡st ❞✐s❤ ✐s ❛ ❤❡❛rt②

✇❡❧❝♦♠❡✳✑ ✷✽✾ ❆ ❤❡❛rt② ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡ ♦r r❡❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ❛s r❡str✐❝t✐✈❡ t❤♦✉❣❤✳ ■t

✇♦✉❧❞ t❤❡♥ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐s❡ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞✱ ❦✐♥❞✱ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r r❡❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢

❛ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❛t ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❞♦ ❥✉st✐❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡

❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝r✐♣t✳ ❆ r❡❛❧ ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡ ❞♦❡s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❧❛st t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ t✐♠❡ ♦❢

t❤❡ ♠❡❛❧✳ ❖❢ ❝♦✉rs❡✱ ✐t ❣♦❡s ✇✐t❤♦✉t s❛②✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❛❣❛✐♥ ❛❧❧ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❤❛✈❡ t♦ t❛❦❡ ❝❛r❡ ♦❢

t❤❛t ❤❡❛rt②✱ ❦✐♥❞✱ ♣♦❧✐t❡ ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡✳

✷✽✻❉❊❙❘❆▼❆❯❚✱ ❋r✳✱ ❙❛✐♥t ❏❡❛♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✺✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✶✾✳

✷✽✼❱■●❆◆❖✱ ❊✳✱ ✏◆♦♥ ❜❛st❛ ❛♠❛r❡✦✑ str❡♥♥❛ ✶✽✽✹✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ ❈❛s❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③✐❛ ❋▼❆✱ ✶✾✽✹✱ ♣✳ ✾✳ ■♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥✿

✏✉♥ ✈✐s♦ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧❡✳✑

✷✽✽❩■◆●❆❘❊▲▲■✱ ◆✐❝♦❧❛✱ ▲♦ ❩✐♥❣❛r❡❧❧✐ ✶✾✾✻✱ ❱♦❝❛❜✉❧❛r✐♦ ❞❡❧❧❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛ ✐t❛❧✐❛♥❛✱ ❩❛♥✐❝❤❡❧❧✐✱ ✶✾✾✻✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✶✳

✷✽✾❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✶✳

✶✻✵

17 Pages 161-170

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17.1 Page 161

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■ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❛❞❞ ❤❡r❡ ❛ ❧✐✈❡❧② ❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❡♥❧✐❣❤t❡♥✐♥❣ ❞❡t❛✐❧✳ ❆❢t❡r

❤✐s r❡t✉r♥ ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣✉t t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❛ ❝♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ■t ❤❛❞ t♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ t❤❡

♦♣✐♥✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♦r❛❧ ❝♦♥t❛❝ts ❛♥❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥

q✉❡st✐♦♥s✳ ❙✳ ❋✉♠❛❣❛❧❧✐✱ t❤❡ ✈✐❝❡ ♣r❡❢❡❝t✱ s❡✐③❡❞ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② t♦ ♣✉t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t

♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡①♣✉❧s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❜♦②s✳ ❍❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t t❤❛t ✏t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❢❛r t♦♦ ♣❛t✐❡♥t ✇✐t❤

❜❛❞ ♦r ❞❡♣r❛✈❡❞ ♣✉♣✐❧s✑✳ ❚♦ s✉♣♣♦rt ❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ❤❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ ❤♦✇ ❣♦♦❞ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs

t❤♦✉❣❤t ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r✿ ✏❚❤❡② ❝♦♠♣❧❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❞♦ ♥♦t ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ✇❤② s♦♠❡ r❛♣❛❝✐♦✉s

✇♦❧✈❡s ❛r❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠✳ ❚❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❡✈❡♥ ❜❡ t♦❧❡r❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ s❝❤♦♦❧ ❣♦✈❡r♥❡❞

❜② ❧❛②♠❡♥✳ ❚❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❦❡♣t ✐♥ ❛ st❛t❡ s❝❤♦♦❧✳ ❚❤❡② ❝❛♥ st❛② ❤❡r❡ ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ❡✈❡♥

tr❡❛t❡❞ ❦✐♥❞❧②✳✑

❚♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡ tr❡❛t❡❞ ❦✐♥❞❧② ❤❡ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✏ s✐ ❢❛ ❧♦r♦ ❜✉♦♥ ✈✐s♦✑✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

♠❡❛♥s ✏tr❡❛t ❦✐♥❞❧②✱ ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧❧②✑✳ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❝♦♣✐❡❞ t❤✐s ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ♥❡❛r❧② ❧✐t❡r✲

❛❧❧② ✐♥ ❛ s✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ t❤❛t s✉❜♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡✳ ■t ❜❡❝❛♠❡✿

✏ s✐ ❢❛ ❧♦r♦ ❜✉♦♥❛ ❝❡r❛✳✑ ✷✾✵ ❚❤❛t ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝❤❛♥❣❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ ❙✳ ❋✉♠❛❣❛❧❧✐✬s ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡

✇♦r❞s✳ ◆❡①t t♦ ♦t❤❡r ❧✐tt❧❡ ❛❧t❡r❛t✐♦♥s t❤✐s ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦♥❧② s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ st②❧✐st✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❣✉✐st✐❝

❝❛r❡ ❡♠♦②♥❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ t❛❦❡ ♦❢ t❡①ts ❛s ❛♥ ❛✉t❤♦r ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❛♠❜✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ st②❧❡

♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤✐♥❣ ❤❡r❡ ✐s ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛ ❦❡② t♦ ❜❡tt❡r ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥❞

t❤❡ ❧❛st ✇♦r❞s ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♣✉t ✐♥t♦ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ♠♦✉t❤✳

■t ✐s ❛ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✜ts ✐♥ ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst r❡❝r❡✲

❛t✐♦♥ s❝❡♥❡ ✇✐t❤ r♦❛r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧❧② s❤♦✉t✐♥❣ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s❧②

❧✐✈✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❛❦✐♥❣ ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ❣❛♠❡s✳ ❚❤❛t s❝❡♥❡ ❤❛❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞

❜❡❡♥ ❝❧♦s❡❞ ❜② t❤✐s ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥✿ ✏❨♦✉ ❝♦✉❧❞ s❡❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ❝♦r❞✐❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜✲

❞❡♥❝❡ r❡✐❣♥❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳✑ ❬✻❪ ❖♥❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② r❡♠❛r❦ t❤❛t

t❤❡ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ tr✉st ✐♥ t❤❛t ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ♠❛✐♥❧② ❝❛♠❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ■t ✐s

❝❧❡❛r ❤♦✇❡✈❡r t❤❛t ✐t ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ s♦ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❜❡❤❛✈❡❞ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧❧②

❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧❧②✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ t❛❦❡ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ♥❡①t ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✳

❚❤✐s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t st❛rt❡❞ ❜② ♣✉tt✐♥❣ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑ ❛♥❞ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧②

r❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐✈❡ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢ ❥♦✈✐❛❧✱ ❦✐♥❞✱ ❛✛❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞

❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥❞✉❝t ✇❛s ❛ s♦✉r❝❡

♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✳ ❬✻❪ ❚❤❡✐r ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✇❛s ❛❧r❡❛❞② t❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡①t t❤❡ ❜❡st

❞✐s❤✳

❚❤❡ s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ s❡❡♠s t♦ ❜❡ ❜❛❝❦❡❞ ✉♣ ❜② ❛ ❝♦✉♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s t❡①ts

✇❤❡r❡ ❤❡ s♣❡❛❦s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❧♦♦❦ ♦r ❡②❡ ❝♦♥t❛❝t✳ ■♥ ❛ ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤

♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏■t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ t❤❛t ✐♥ t❤❡

❝❛s❡ ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥ ✉♥❦✐♥❞ ❧♦♦❦ ❬✉♥♦ s❣✉❛r❞♦ ♥♦♥ ❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡❪ ✐s ♠♦r❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ t❤❛♥

❛ s❧❛♣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡✳✑ ✷✾✶ ❚❤✐s ✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✇❤❡♥ ✐t ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t t❤❡

t❡❛❝❤❡r ♦r ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r ✇✐t❤❤♦❧❞s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜♦② ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ♦r r❡❢✉s❡s ❤✐s ✉s✉❛❧ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❧♦♦❦✱

❤✐s ♥♦r♠❛❧✱ ❦✐♥❞✱ ✇❛r♠✲❤❡❛rt❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡❛r ❣❧❛♥❝❡✳ ■t ✐s ❢r♦♠ t❤✐s s♦rt ♦❢ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞

❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ❢r♦♠ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ▼♦♥❢❛t t❤❛t ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ❝♦✉❧❞ ✇r✐t❡ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❡ss❛② ♦♥

✷✾✵

❙✳ ❋✉♠❛❣❛❧❧✐✬s t❡①t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❜② ●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✐♥✿

P❘❊▲▲❊❩❖✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❱❛❧✲

❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✾✾✴✺✶✲✻✶ ❛♥❞ ✸✵✻✲✸✵✼✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t♦r② ❞✐❝t✐♦♥❛r② ✏▲♦ ❩✐♥❣❛r❡❧❧✐

✶✾✾✻✑ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✶✴❈✱ ✶✳✾✼✷✴❆✳ ▼♦r❡ ♦♥ ❙✳ ❋✉♠❛❣❛❧❧✐✬s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✽ ✭s❡❝♦♥❞ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✮ ♦❢ t❤✐s

st✉❞②✳

✷✾✶

❖❊

❳❳■❳

❬✶✵✽❪✳

❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱

♣✳

✷✺✷✴✷✳

✶✻✶

17.2 Page 162

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✉♥♦ s❣✉❛r❞♦ ❞✐ ✐♠♣♦s✐♥❣ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✿ ✏■♥❞❡❡❞ ✇❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ♠♦r❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❣❧❛♥❝❡ ❬

❝❛r✐tà❪✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✇♦r❞ ♦❢ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r♦✉s❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❧❛❞✬s ❤❡❛rt✱ t❤❛♥

✇✐t❤ ❛ ✢♦♦❞ ♦❢ r❡♣r✐♠❛♥❞s✳✑ ✷✾✷ ❚❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦♣❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞ ❡②❡ ❝♦♥t❛❝t ✇✐❧❧

❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ r❡str✐❝t❡❞ t♦ ♠♦♠❡♥ts ✇❤❡♥ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts ✇❛s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✳

❍♦✇❡✈❡r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤❡ ❡②❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❢❛❝❡ ♠❛② ❜❡✱ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ♦✉t✇❛r❞ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡

❛♥❞ ♥♦♥✲✈❡r❜❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♣❧❛② t❤❡ ❦❡② ♣❛rt✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ❛ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ s✉❝❤ ❛s ✏t❤❡

❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛rt② ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ✐s t❤❡ ❜❡st ❞✐s❤ ✐♥ ❛ ♠❡❛❧✑ ✐s t♦

❜❡ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ ♦r ❛s ❛ ✈❛r✐❛♥t✿ ✏ t❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡✳✑ ■♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ♦❢ ❊✳

❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥✐ t❤✐s ✐s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ t❤❡ ❝r♦✇♥✐♥❣ ❣❧♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞

❇✉③③❡tt✐✳ ■t ✐s t❤❡ ❝❧✐♠❛①✳

➦ ❆ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ❤❛♣♣② ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ r❡✐❣♥

❲❤❡♥ ✇❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t❤❡ ❉✉t❝❤ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧❛t❡r ●❡r♠❛♥ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ t❡①t✱

✇❡ q✉✐t❡ q✉✐❝❦❧② ♥♦t✐❝❡ ❛ s❤✐❢t ✐♥ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣✳✷✾✸ ❚❤❡ str❡ss ✐s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r ♦♥ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧✐t②

♦r ❝♦r❞✐❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ t❛❝t❢✉❧♥❡ss ❛t t❤❡ ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧② ❝❤❛r♠✐♥❣✱ ❛✛❛❜❧❡

❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣✉❡sts ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ ❛s ❢❛r ❛s t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✱ ♥♦t

❛♥② ❧♦♥❣❡r ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ str❡ss ✐s ♦♥

t❤❡ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ t❛❜❧❡ ♣❛rt♥❡rs✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❜❡st ❝♦✉rs❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♠❡❛❧ ✐s

❛ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❢❛❝❡✳✑

❢❛r❡ ❜✉♦♥❛ ❝❡r❛ ❢❛r ❚❤✐s tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❜② ❛ s②♥♦♥②♠ ♦❢ ✏

✑✿ ✏

❜❛❧❞♦r✐❛ ❛❧❧❡❣r✐❛ r✉♠✉r♦s❛ ✑✳ ■t ❝❛rr✐❡s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❛♥ ❛r❝❤❛✐❝ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣✿ ✏

✑ ❬♥♦✐s② ❡①✉❜❡r❛♥t

❢❡st❛ ❛❧❧❡❣r❛ ❥♦②❪ ♦r ✏

✑ ❬♠❡rr②✱ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❢❡❛st❪✳✷✾✹

◆♦ ❞♦✉❜t ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❥♦② ❝♦♥st✐t✉t❡ ❛ t♦♣✐❝ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇r✐t✐♥❣✳ ■t r❡♠❛✐♥s r❡✲

❉ str✐❝t❡❞ t❤♦✉❣❤ t♦ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✳

■t ✐s ❞♦✉❜t❧❡ss❧② ❛ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛♥t❡❞ ❛♥❞

♣r♦♠♦t❡❞✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❤❡ ❛s❦s ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✏❤♦✇ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❝❛♥ ❣❡t ❜❛❝❦ t❤❡ ❧✐✈❡✲

❧✐♥❡ss✱ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❡①✉❜❡r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ❞❛②s✑✳ ❬✶✶❪ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❛♥s✇❡r ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡

♠✐s✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞✳ ❚❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ✏♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✱ ♣❡❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ✇✐❧❧ r❡✐❣♥ ♦♥❝❡

❛❣❛✐♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳✑ ❬✶✽❪ ◆❡①t t♦ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ✈❡r② ✐♠✲

♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ♣r♦♠♦t❡ ❥♦② ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ♦♥ ❛ ❢❡st✐✈❡ ❞❛②✳ ❋r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡ ❤❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❛s❦❡❞ ❋r

▲❛③③❡r♦ ♦♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✸ ✶✽✽✹ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ s✉r❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❢❡❛st ♦❢ ▼❛r② ❍❡❧♣ ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s

s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛ ♥✐❝❡ ❢❡❛st ✏❛❧s♦ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❢❡❝t♦r②✳✳✳ t♦ ❞r✐✈❡ ❛✇❛② ❛❧❧ ♠❡❧❛♥❝❤♦❧② ❛♥❞ ❜❡ ❤❛♣♣②

❬❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧❪ ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲♦r❞✳✑ ✷✾✺ ❍❡ ✐♥s✐st❡❞ ❛❣❛✐♥ ♦♥ t❤❛t ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦

t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✿ ✏■ ✇❛♥t t❤✐s ❢❡❛st t♦ ❜❡ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❢✉❧❧ s♦❧❡♠♥✐t②✱ ❛♥❞ ❋r

▲❛③③❡r♦ ❛♥❞ ❋r ▼❛r❝❤✐s✐♦ s❡❡ t♦ ✐t t❤❛t ✇❡ ❛r❡ ♣❧❡❛s❡❞ ❬❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧❪ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❢❡❝t♦r② ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳✑

❬✸✹❪ ■t ❣♦❡s ✇✐t❤♦✉t s❛②✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t♦ ❜❡ s❛t✐s✜❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❤❛♣♣② ❜❡❝❛✉s❡

✷✾✷❊ ■❱✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✻✳ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✸✳

✷✾✸■♥ ●❡r♠❛♥ ✇❡ ✜♥❞✿ ✏❉❡r ❜❡st❡ ❚♦♣❢ ❛✉❢ ❞❡♠ ❚✐s❝❤ ✐st ❡✐♥ ❢r♦❤❡s ●❡s✐❝❤t✑ ✭❑❖❘❚❊✱ ❘✳✱ ●❡❞❛♥❦❡♥

③✉ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦s ❇r✐❡❢ ❛✉s ❘♦♠✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❆❦t✉❡❧❧✱ ♥r✳ ✶✽✱ ❊♥s❞♦r❢✱ ✶✾✽✵✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✮ ♥❡①t t♦ ✏❉❡r ❜❡st❡

●❛♥❣ ❜❡✐♠ ▼❛❤❧❡ ✐st ❡✐♥ ❢r♦❤❡s ●❡s✐❝❤t✑ ✭❑♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❡♥ ✉♥❞ ❛❧❧❣❡♠❡✐♥❡ ❙❛t③✉♥❣❡♥✱ ✶✾✽✺✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✵✮✳

❚❤❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ✐s ❝❧❡❛r❧② ✏❛ ❤❛♣♣②✑ ♦r ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❢❛❝❡✳

✷✾✹❩■◆●❆❘❊▲▲■✱ ◆✳✱ ▲♦ ❩✐♥❣❛r❡❧❧✐✳✳✳✱ ♣✳✶✾✵✳

✷✾✺❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✵✸ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❈❢ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✾✺✳ ❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱

❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✵✷✲✷✵✹❀ ✷✷✻✳

✶✻✷

17.3 Page 163

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t❤❡② ❣♦t s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ❢❡st✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❡①tr❛ ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❞✐s❤✳ ❍❡ ❤❛❞ ✇❛♥t❡❞ ✐t t❤❛t ✇❛② ❛❧r❡❛❞②

✐♥ ✶✽✻✹ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡❞ ❤✐s ❛rr✐✈❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ▼✐r❛❜❡❧❧♦✳ ✏❆♥❞ ✇❤❛t ❛❜♦✉t

t❤❡ ❜♦❞②❄✑ ❤❡ ❛s❦❡❞ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r✳ ❆s ❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r ❤❡ ✇❛s ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r✇❛r❞✿ ✏❙♦ ■ ♥♦✇

■ ❛s❦ ❋❛t❤❡r Pr❡❢❡❝t t♦ s❡❡ t♦ ✐t t❤❛t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❥♦②❢✉❧ t✐♠❡ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♥✐❝❡ ♣✐❝♥✐❝✳✑

✷✾✻ ❚❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ t❤✐s ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧✳

❚❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ✏❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧✑ ♦r ✏❤❛♣♣② ❢❛❝❡✑ ❤❛s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❣♦t ❛ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥

❜❡❝♦♠❡s ♠♦r❡ s♦❧✐❞ ❛s t❤❡ r❡♣♦rts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛② ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s✬ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♥❛♠❡

❝❡❧❡❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✵ ✇❛s ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛❧ ❇♦❧❧❡tt✐♥♦ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦ ❡♥t✐t❧❡❞✿ ✏ ▲❛

❣r❛t✐t✉❞✐♥❡ ✜❧✐❛❧❡ ❛ ❧✐❡t❛ ♠❡♥s❛ ❝♦❧❧❛ ❜♦♥tà ♣❛t❡r♥❛✳✑ ❚❤❡ r❡♣♦rt❡r ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡s

❧✐❡t❛ t❤❡ ❤❛♣♣② ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❬

❪ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ t❛❜❧❡✳✷✾✼ ■t ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❞❡♥✐❡❞ t❤❛t

♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❤❛♣♣② ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❛❜❧❡ ♠❛t❡s ✐s t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢ ❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡②

t❤✐♥❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣✉❡sts ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ ✐♥✈✐t❡❞ ❛♥❞ s❡❛t❡❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ❢❡st✐✈❡ t❛❜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡

✐s ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥❣❡♥✐❛❧ ❛s t❤❡ ♠❡❛❧ ✐s ❜❡✐♥❣ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡❞✳

❚❤❛t s❡❡♠s t♦ ❜❡ ✇❤❛t ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❑✳●✳ ❋✐s❝❤❡r✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❜❡st t❤✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ❧✉♥❝❤ ✐s ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡✬s

s❛t✐s❢❛❝t✐♦♥✳✑ ✷✾✽ ❉✐❞ ❤❡ t❤✐♥❦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✇❤♦ ❧✉♥❝❤❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡

r❡❢❡❝t♦r②❄ ❖r ✇❛s ❤❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♥♦✉♥ ✏✉s✑ ✉s❡❞ ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦❄ ✏❯s✑

✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❞✉❡ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤

❤✐s ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❇✉t ❡✈❡♥ ✐❢ ✏❛❧❧✑ ❡♥❝♦♠♣❛ss❡s t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ❛♥❞ ❤♦sts ❛t t❤❡ t❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞

s❛t✐s❢❛❝t✐♦♥ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s♦❧❡❧② r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ r❛t❤❡r ✉♥✉s✉❛❧ ♦r ❵❝♦♣✐♦✉s✬ ❞✐s❤❡s✱ ❜✉t ♣♦ss✐❜❧②

❛❧s♦ t♦ t❤❡ ❢❡st✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❛♠❜✐❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥s ✏❛ ❤❛♣♣② ❢❛❝❡✑ ♦r ✏❛ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧

❢❛❝❡✑ ❞♦ ♥♦t t❛❦❡ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ♦r ✉♥✐t❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✬s ✜rst ❧❛r❣❡ ♣❛rt

✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✳

■ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❤❡❧♣ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❉✉t❝❤ ❛♥❞ ●❡r♠❛♥ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥s ❤❛✈❡

♦✈❡r❧♦♦❦❡❞ t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✐r❡❝t ❝♦♥t❡①t ❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦♣✐❝s

✐♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ■t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s t❤❡ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✬✱ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✬ ❛♥❞

❛ss✐st❛♥ts✬ ♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ r❡❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧

❝♦♥❞✉❝t✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ■ ♣r❡❢❡r t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❦✐♥❞ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡✱ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧②✱ ❛✛❛❜❧❡

❧♦♦❦s✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♠♣❧✐❡s ❛ ❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥t ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐♥❣ ❥♦✈✐❛❧✱ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ❛s

✇❡❧❧✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❜❡st ❞✐s❤ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✱ ❛❧✐❛s

▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳

❆ st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤✐s ♠❛tt❡r ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♥♦t ✉♥✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣✱ ✐s t❤✐s ♦♥❡✿ ❚r❡❛t✐♥❣ t♦♣✐❝s ✐♥

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣② ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ✇♦r❦ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❥♦②✱ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss ♦♥ t❤❡

♦♥❡ ❤❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ❛✉t❤♦rs ❞♦ ♥♦t r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡s❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣s ♦r

tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛②✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s t✇♦

♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s✳ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ t❤❡② s✐❧❡♥t❧② ♣❛ss ❜② t❤❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ t❤❡

✜♥❛❧ ❝❤♦r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❧❛r❣❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡② ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ❞♦ ♥♦t s❡❡♠

✷✾✻❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ s❡❝♦♥❞♦✱ ♣✳ ✺✾✳ ▲❡tt❡r ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t❡❞ ❞❛t❡ ✏❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❏✉❧② ✶✽✻✹✑✳ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱

❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✳ ▼❇ ❱■■■✱ ♣✳✽✼✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❱■■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✷✳

✷✾✼✏▲❛ ❣r❛t✐t✉❞✐♥❡ ✜❧✐❛❧❡ ❛ ❧✐❡t❛ ♠❡♥s❛ ❝♦❧❧❛ ❜♦♥tà ♣❛t❡r♥❛✑✱ ❇♦❧❧❡tt✐♥♦ s❛❧❡s✐❛♥♦✱ ❛♥♥♦ ■❱✱ ♥♦✳ ✾✱ ❙❡♣t❡♠✲

❜❡r ✶✽✽✵✱ ♣♣✳ ✾✲✶✵✳ ❚r❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✐t❧❡✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❝❤✐❧❞✲❧✐❦❡ ❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ✭♠❡rr②✮ t❛❜❧❡

✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢❛t❤❡r❧② ❣♦♦❞♥❡ss✳✑

■♥ ❤✐s ♠❡♠♦r✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❡✈❡♥t ✐♥ ✶✽✼✼ ●✳ ❱❡s♣✐❣♥❛♥✐ ✇r♦t❡✿ ✏❚❤❡ r❡st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛② ♣❛ss❡❞ ❜② ✐♥

t❤❡ s✐♥❝❡r❡st ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss ❝✉❧♠✐♥❛t✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ❜r♦t❤❡r❧② ❢❡st✐✈❡ ❞✐s❤ ✭✏❛❣❛♣❡ ❢r❛t❡r♥❛❧✑✮✳ ❱❊❙P■●◆❆◆■✱

●✳✱ ❯♥ ❛♥♥♦ ❛❧❧❛ s❝✉♦❧❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✼✶✳

✷✾✽❋■❙❈❍❊❘✱ ❑✳●✳✱ ●✐♦✈❛♥♥✐ ❇♦s❝♦✱ Pä❞❛❣♦❣✐❦ ❞❡r ❱♦rs♦r❣❡✱ ♣✳ ✼✹✳

✶✻✸

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t♦ ❡♥✈② ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r t❤✐s r❛t❤❡r t♦✉❣❤ ♣♦✐♥t ♦r t♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❢♦r ✐t✳

✸✳✺ ❈❧♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ✏❧♦♥❣✑ ♦r ✉♥✐t❡❞

✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ❬✷✹✲✷✺❪

❏✉st ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❤❡ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ t♦ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r t❤❛t s♦rt ♦❢ ♣r♦✈❡r❜✱ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇❡♥t ❜❛❝❦

t♦ t❤❡ ❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛t✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❛s❦❡❞ ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤❛❞ ❛❣❛✐♥

❡♠♣❤❛t✐❝❛❧❧② t❛❦❡♥ t❤❡ ✢♦♦r✳ ❍❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❞♦ s♦ ❢♦r ❧♦♥❣ s✐♥❝❡ ❤❡ ✏✜♥✐s❤❡❞ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣✑

❛❢t❡r ❤✐s r❛t❤❡r ❡♥✐❣♠❛t✐❝ ✉tt❡r❛♥❝❡✱ ❛t ❧❡❛st ✐♥ t❤✐s ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ❆♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ❤❡ ❤❛s ❣♦t

♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ t♦ ❛❞❞ t♦ ❤✐s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ♦♥ ✏s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❬t♦ ❜❡ s❡❡♥❪✑ ✭✶✺✴♦✴✮ ✐♥ ✇❤❛t

■ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✏t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ s❝❡♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐st❧❡ss r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✑✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❦❡❡♣s q✉✐❡t ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳ ❍❡

✐s ✐♠♣r❡ss❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❡❛r❧✐❡r✿ ❍❡ ✇❡♥t ♦♥ ✏❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❛t r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥

✇✐t❤ ❣r❡❛t ❞✐s♣❧❡❛s✉r❡✳✑ ◆♦ ♠❛tt❡r ❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ✐♥s✐❣❤t ❤❡ ❤❛s ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞ ♦r ❤♦✇ ♠❛♥② ❣♦♦❞

♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❤❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❣✐✈❡♥✱ ❤❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❢❡❡❧ ✜♥❡ ❛t ❛❧❧✳ ❍❡ ✐s s✉❜❥❡❝t t♦ ❛ ✏❣r❡❛t

❞✐s♣❧❡❛s✉r❡✑✳ ❚❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♣❡r❤❛♣s ❜❡ ❜❡tt❡r tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ❛s ✏✐♥t❡♥s❡ s♦rr♦✇✑ ♦r

♣♦ss✐❜❧② ✏❞❡❡♣ s❛❞♥❡ss✑✳ ✏ ❉✐s♣✐❛❝❡r❡✑ ✐s ❛ s②♥♦♥②♠ ♦❢ ✏ r❛♠♠❛r✐❝♦✑ ✐♥ ❈ ✱ ❜✉t ✐ts ♥✉❛♥❝❡

❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①♣r❡ss ❧❡ss ♣❛✐♥✳✷✾✾ ❆s ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣s②❝❤✐❝ ❜✉r❞❡♥ ❤✐s

♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ t✐r❡❞♥❡ss ♦r ✏✇❡❛r✐♥❡ss✑ ❦❡❡♣s ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣✳

❆s ❤❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥s ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ s❧❡❡♣✐♥❡ss t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❝❛♥ ❣♦ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✱

✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❧♦st ❤✐s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ❜② s❧❡❡♣✐♥❡ss ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ♣r❛②❡r ❛♥❞ ✇❛s

tr♦✉❜❧❡❞ ❜② ❛❜s❡♥t✲♠✐♥❞❡❞♥❡ss✳ ❍❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✉♣ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ t✐♠❡

♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ✏st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❜❡s✐❞❡ ❤✐s ❜❡❞✑ ♦♥❧② ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡

tr✐❡s t♦ s❤❛❦❡ ♦✛ t❤✐s s❧❡❡♣✐♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❧s ❤✐s s✇♦❧❧❡♥ ❧❡❣s ✏❤✉rt✐♥❣ s♦ ♠✉❝❤ t❤❛t ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞

♥♦t st❛♥❞ ✉♣ ❛♥② ❧♦♥❣❡r✳✑

❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜rst ❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ✶✽✽✹ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

s✇♦❧❧❡♥ ❧❡❣s✳ ■t ❣♦❡s ✇✐t❤♦✉t s❛②✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❈❡r✐❛ ❛❧s♦ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥s ✐t ♦❢t❡♥ ✐♥ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❳❱■■ ♦❢

t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❇✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ ❛s ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥✐❣❤t ♦❢ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✶✵✿ ✏❚❤❡ s✇❡❧❧✐♥❣s

✐♥ ❤✐s ❧❡❣s t❤❛t ❤❛❞ ♣❛✐♥❡❞ ❤✐♠ ❢♦r ②❡❛rs✱ ❤❛❞ ♥♦✇ ❛❧s♦ r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ✐♥ ❤✐s t❤✐❣❤s✳✑ ✏❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❛

✈✐♦❧❡♥t ❢❡✈❡r ❛tt❛❝❦ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✶✺t❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✑ ❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ ✏❤❡ ♣❛ss❡❞ ❡♥t✐r❡ ♥✐❣❤ts s❧❡❡♣❧❡ss✳✑ ✏❖♥ t❤❡

✶✼t❤ ❤❡ ❝♦♥❢❡ss❡❞ t♦ ❋❛t❤❡r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ s✇❡❧❧✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❤✐s ❧❡❣s ❤❛❞ ❝❧✐♠❜❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣✐t

♦❢ ❤✐s st♦♠❛❝❤ ✇❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❛ r♦✉♥❞ s✇❡❧❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✐③❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡❣❣✳✑ ✏❖♥ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ✷✶✱ ✷✷

❛♥❞ ✷✸✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦♦❦ ✇❛❧❦s ✇✐t❤ ❣r❡❛t ❞✐✣❝✉❧t② ✇✐t❤ ❋❛t❤❡r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✳✑ ✸✵✵ ❲❡ ♠✉st

✐♠❛❣✐♥❡ ❤✐♠ ❜❡✐♥❣ s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ q✉✐t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧② ❜② ❤✐s s❡❝r❡t❛r②✳

❊❛r❧② ▼❛r❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❧❡❢t ❢♦r ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❉r✳ ❆❧❜❡rt♦tt✐ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s

❝❧♦s❡st ❝♦❧❧❡❛❣✉❡s✳ ❊✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ✇❡♥t ♦✛ ❜❡tt❡r ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧② t❤❛♥ ♠♦st ❤❛❞ ❢❡❛r❡❞

♦r ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞✳ ❖♥ ❤✐s ✇❛② ❜❛❝❦ ❡❛r❧② ❆♣r✐❧ ❤❡ ♣❛✐❞ ❛ ✈✐s✐t t♦ t❤❡ ❤♦✉s❡s ❛t t❤❡ ▲✐❣✉r✐❛♥

❝♦❛st✱ ❜✉t t❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ tr❛✈❡❧ ♦♥ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② t♦ ❘♦♠❡✳ ✏❇✉t ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹✱ t❤❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t②

❤❡ ❤❛❞ ✇❛❧❦✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ✐♥✜r♠✐t✐❡s ❢r♦♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ✇❛s s✉✛❡r✐♥❣ ♦❜❧✐❣❡❞

✷✾✾■♥ t❤❡ ❈ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✐t r❡❛❞ ✏ ✈✐✈♦ r❛♠♠❛r✐❝♦✑ ❬❣r❡❛t s♦rr♦✇✱ ✜❡r❝❡ ❜✐tt❡r♥❡ss❪ ✈❡rs✉s ✏ ✈✐✈♦ ❞✐s♣✐❛❝❡r❡✑ ❬❣r❡❛t

❞✐s♣❧❡❛s✉r❡✱ ❣r❡❛t ❞✐s♠❛②❪ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ✭❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳

✷✻✶✳✮ ■t ✐s ♥♦t ❡❛s② t♦ s❡♥s❡ ♦r r❡♥❞❡r t❤❡ ♥✉❛♥❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ s②♥♦♥②♠s✳

✸✵✵▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✼✱ ✸✵✱ ✸✷❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✷✱ ✶✺✱ ✶✻✳

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❤✐♠ t♦ ❞r❛st✐❝❛❧❧② ❧✐♠✐t ❤✐s s♦❝✐❛❧ ❝❛❧❧s✳✑ ✏❙♦ ♠❛♥② ❤❛r❞s❤✐♣s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❜✉r❞❡♥

♦❢ ❜✐tt❡r ❞✐s❛♣♣♦✐♥t♠❡♥ts ❛❣❣r❛✈❛t❡❞ ❤✐s ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ ✐♥✜r♠✐t✐❡s✳ ❍✐s ❧✐✈❡r ❛❝❤❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❡②❡

✇❛s ✐♥✢❛♠❡❞✳ ❖♥ ❆♣r✐❧ ✷✼ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❛♥ ❛tt❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❢❡✈❡r t❤❛t ❧❛st❡❞ t❤r❡❡ ❞❛②s✳ ❍❡ ❢❡❧t s♦

s✐❝❦ ♦♥❡ ♥✐❣❤t t❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ ❣❡t ♦✉t ♦❢ ❜❡❞✳ ❆♥❞ ❛t ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❤♦✉rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛② ❤❡ ✇❛s

✉tt❡r❧② t✐r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ❡①❤❛✉st✐♦♥✳✑ ✸✵✶

❲❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✇❛s ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧② ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ♠❡❡t t❤❡ ♣♦♣❡ ❛t ❛♥ ❛✉❞✐❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ▼❛② ✾✱ ✏❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❦♥❡❧t ❞♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ ❦✐ss❡❞ t❤❡ ♣♦♣❡✬s ❢♦♦t✱ t❤❡♥ ❛s❦❡❞ ✐❢ ❤❡ ♠✐❣❤t r❡♠❛✐♥ st❛♥❞✐♥❣✱

s✐♥❝❡ ❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t r❡♠❛✐♥ ♦♥ ❤✐s ❦♥❡❡s✳✑ ❚❤❡ ♣♦♣❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ r❡❛❝t❡❞ t♦ t❤❛t✿ ✏❉♦ ♥♦t

st❛♥❞✱ ❜✉t s✐t✑ ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ✐s s❛✐❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ✏♠♦t✐♦♥❡❞ ❇✐s❤♦♣ ▼❛❝❝❤✐ ❢♦r ❛ ❝❤❛✐r t♦ ❜❡ ❜r♦✉❣❤t

❢♦r✇❛r❞✳✑ ✸✵✷

■t ✐s ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t♦ s❛② ❤♦✇ ❧♦♥❣ ❤✐s ❛❜s❡♥t✲♠✐♥❞❡❞♥❡ss ❧❛st❡❞ t❤❛t ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣

✐♥ ▼❛②✳ ❲❡ ❦♥♦✇ s✉❝❤ ❛ t❤✐♥❣ ♥❡❡❞ ♥♦t ❧❛st ❧♦♥❣✳ ❘❡❛❧ t✐♠❡ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✈❡r② s❤♦rt ✐♥

❝♦♥tr❛st ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ❧❛r❣❡ ❡❞✐t♦r✐❛❧ ❜♦❛r❞

●✳❇✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❝❤♦s❡ r❡❛❧ t✐♠❡ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✏■t ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ✈❡r② ❧❛t❡✑✳ ❙♦

❤❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❧❡❛✈❡ ✐t t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ t♦ ❣♦ t♦ ❜❡❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❛tt❡♠♣t

❛t ♣r❛②✐♥❣ ❛tt❡♥t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❧❡t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t♦ ❞♦ s♦ ✇✐t❤♦✉t

✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐ r❡s♦❧✈✐♥❣ r❡s♦❧✉t❡❧②✿ ✏t♦ ✇r✐t❡ t❤❡s❡ ❧✐♥❡s t♦ ♠② s♦♥s ❬

❪✑✳ ❚❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✐♥

❉ ✐s ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt✿

✏❋♦r t❤❛t r❡❛s♦♥ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❧✐❦❡❞ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ t❤❡s❡ ❢❡✇ ❧✐♥❡s t♦ ②♦✉ ❛ ✇❡❡❦ ❛❣♦✳✑ ❬✸❪ ■♥

t❤✐s ✇❛② t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❤❛s ❝♦♠❡ ❢✉❧❧ ❝✐r❝❧❡ ✐♥ ✐ts ❧✐t❡r❛r② ✇❛②✳

❆t ✜rst s✐❣❤t t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠✐♥❣ r♦✉♥❞ ❞✐✛❡rs ❧✐tt❧❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❈ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡

♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ s✉❜st✐✲

t✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏ r❛♠♠❛r✐❝♦✑ ❈ ❬❞❡❥❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❜✐tt❡r♥❡ss❪ ✐♥ ❜② ✏ ❞✐s♣✐❛❝❡r❡✑ ❬❞✐s♣❧❡❛s✉r❡✱

❉ ♦ ♠✐❡✐ s❛❞❡ss❪ ✐♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ✏t♦ ✇r✐t❡ t❤❡s❡ ❧✐♥❡s t♦ ②♦✉✱ ♠② ❞❡❛r s♦♥s ❬

❝❛r✐ ❈ ❪✑ ✐♥ ✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s✱ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦

t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳

■♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ str♦♥❣ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s ❛s ❛ r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛t✐♦♥

♦❢ ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞✳ ❚♦ ❣♦ ♦♥ ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ✐s ♥♦t ❡✈❡♥ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛t ❛❧❧✳ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ✏❢❡❧t ❤✐s ✇❡❛r✐♥❡ss ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧❧② ✇❤❡r❡❛s ❤✐s ❢r✐❡♥❞ ✇❛s t❛❧❦✐♥❣✳✑ ■t ❧♦♦❦s

❛s ✐❢ ❤❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❡✈❡r ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ t✐r❡❞♥❡ss ❛❧❧ t❤❡ t✐♠❡✳ ■t ❧♦♦❦s ❛s ✐❢ ❤❡ ❤❛s

♥♦t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ❜❡❡♥ ❛❜❞✉❝t❡❞ ♦r ♥✉♠❜❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❞✐str❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ❝♦♥❢♦r♠s

✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢✉❧❧ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❇② t❤❡ ✇❛②✱ ✐♥ t❤❛t ❧❡tt❡r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡

❞✐❞ ♥♦t ✉s❡ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❞r❡❛♠✑✳ ❚❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s♦♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ♦r ✉♥✐t❡❞

✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❢❡❡❧s t❤❡ ✇❡❛r✐♥❡ss ❣♦✐♥❣ ❝r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ ♦♥❧② ❛t t❤❡

❡♥❞✳ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ✇❤❡♥ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✏st♦♣♣❡❞ t❛❧❦✐♥❣✑ ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s st❛r✐♥❣ ✈❡r② s❛❞❧②

❛t t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞✳

❊♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ t✐r❡❞♥❡ss ✐s ❛ ✈❡r② ♥❛t✉r❛❧ t❤✐♥❣ ❤❡r❡✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞

❆ ✐t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✜rst s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✳ ❬✷✹✱ ❛t ❤❡ ❜♦tt♦♠ ♦❢ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ❆❪ ❍❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡

❜❡❡♥ t✐r❡❞✱ ♥❛② ♦✈❡rt✐r❡❞ ❛❢t❡r ❤✐s tr✐♣ t♦ ❋r❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❡♥s✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡ ✐♥ ❋❡❜r✉❛r②✳

❚❤✐s ✐s ♣r♦✈❡❞ ❜② ❛♥ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t t❤❛t t♦♦❦ ♣❧❛❝❡ ♦♥ ❤✐s r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ❚✉r✐♥ ✐♥ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✳ ✏❖♥

✸✵✶▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✵✱ ✽✾❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✾✲✻✵✱ ✻✼✳ ❈❢✳ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞② ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✶✵✵✱

✶✵✺ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✸✵✲✸✷✳

✸✵✷▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✾✼❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✼✻✲✼✼✳

✶✻✺

17.6 Page 166

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❤✐s r❡t✉r♥ ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡ ♦♥ ▼❛② ✶✹ ✶✽✽✹ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❛ st♦♣♦✈❡r ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ❢♦✉r ❤♦✉rs ❛t

t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❖rt❡✳ ■t ✇❛s ❧❛t❡✱ ❛❜♦✉t ✶✵ P✳▼✳✱ ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ tr✐❡❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t s✉❝❝❡ss t♦

❞♦③❡ ♦♥ ❛ ✇❛✐t✐♥❣✲r♦♦♠ ❜❡♥❝❤✳✑ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❤❡ s✉❞❞❡♥❧② ✏s❛✇✑ ▲♦✉✐s ❬❈♦❧❧❡❪ t✉r♥✐♥❣

✉♣✳ ✏❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛❧❦❡❞ ✉♣ t♦ ❤✐♠✳✑ ❆♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r t❤✐♥❣s ❤❡ s❛✐❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✏❛♣♣❡❛r✐♥❣✑ ❜♦②✿

✏■ ❛♠ t✐r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ♣♦♦r ❤❡❛❧t❤✳✑ ❚❤❡ st❛t❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥❢✉s✐♦♥ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❛♣♣❡❛r ❧❡ss str✐❦✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠

❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥s ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❝❤✐❡❢ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r✳ ❊✈❡♥ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✇❛s ♣❡r♣❧❡①❡❞✳✸✵✸ ■t ✐s

❝❧❡❛r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t❤❡♥ ✇❛s ❛ ✈✐❝t✐♠ ♦❢ ❛ ❤❛❧❧✉❝✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ str❡ss❢✉❧ ❛♥❞ ❡①❤❛✉st✐♥❣

s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✳

❆t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ❜② ❋r ❘✉❛ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❧✐st❡♥✐♥❣ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❡①✲

♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t✐r❡❞♥❡ss ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛✐♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡❣s ❛s q✉✐t❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❝❛✉s❡s ♦❢

❛❜s❡♥t✲♠✐♥❞❡❞♥❡ss ♦r ❞♦③✐♥❣ ♦✛ ✇❤✐❧❡ st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✉♣✳ ❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✇❤♦

❛tt❡♥❞❡❞ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛t s❝❤♦♦❧ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✹✱ ✇❛s ♥♦t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s♦rt ♦❢ ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣

❛❞❞r❡ss❡s ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♠❛❞❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❞r❡❛♠s✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❧② ♥♦t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r

❡✐t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s✉❜t❧❡ ❤✐♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ▼❛② ✶✵ ✶✽✽✹ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ✐t

✇❛s ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ❞r❡❛♠✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❡♠♦r✐❡ ❇✐♦❣r❛✜❝❤❡ t❤❡ ❧❛st ❞r❡❛♠

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♥❛rr❛t❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ✇❡♥t ❜❛❝❦ t♦ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✷✹ ✶✽✼✽✳ ■t ✇❛s t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞

❞r❡❛♠ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤♦❧✐❞❛②s✳ ❍❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✐t ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❨♦✉ ❛❧❧

❦♥♦✇ t❤❛t ❞r❡❛♠s ❝♦♠❡ ✐♥ s❧❡❡♣ ❛♥❞ ❞♦♥✬t ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡❞✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❥✉st ❛s t❤❡r❡

✐s ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ✇r♦♥❣ ✐♥ ❞✐s❜❡❧✐❡✈✐♥❣ t❤❡♠✱ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ❤❛r♠ ✐♥ ❜❡❧✐❡✈✐♥❣ t❤❡♠✱

❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❝❛♥ t❡❛❝❤ t❤✐♥❣s✳ ❙♦✱ t♦♦✱ t❤✐s ❞r❡❛♠✳✑ ❆♥❞ ❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞✿ ✏❆♥❞ t❤✐s ✇❛s ♠②

❞r❡❛♠✳ ❊✈❡♥ t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐t ✐s ♦♥❧② ❛ ❞r❡❛♠✱ ✐t ❝❛rr✐❡s ❛ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❤❛r♠ t❤♦s❡

✇❤♦ ❛❝❝❡♣t ✐t✳✑ ✸✵✹ ❚❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣ ❧✐st❡♥❡rs ✐♥ ✶✽✼✽ ❜❡❧♦♥❣❡❞ t♦ ❛ ❧♦♥❣ r♦✇ ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥s ✇❤♦

✉s❡❞ t♦ ❧✐st❡♥ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✏❞r❡❛♠s✑✳ ❆s ✇❛s ♦❢t❡♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛st✱ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥

❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❡❛r❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛♥❞ ♣✉t t❤✐♥❣s ✐♥t♦ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❧s♦ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✽✳ ◆♦t

t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤❡ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ ✇❛s ✇♦r❞❡❞✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ✏✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✑ ✐ts❡❧❢ ✇❛s ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✳

❚❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❆s ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r

❈❤❛♣t❡r✱ ♥♦✈✐❝❡s ♦r ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s t❤❡② ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ❧✐st❡♥✐♥❣ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧② t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❞r❡❛♠

❛❝❝♦✉♥ts ❢♦r ②❡❛rs✳ ❚❤❡② ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ q✉✐❝❦❧② ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ t❤❛t ✐t ✇❛s ❛❧❧ ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ❞r❡❛♠

❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤❛❞ ♣✉t ❛ ✜♥❡ ❇♦tt✐❝❡❧❧✐ ❢❛❜r✐❝ ♦♥ ❤✐s ✬♣❛✐♥t✐♥❣✬ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤✐s

♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❝❛s❡✳ ■t ✇❛s ✉s✉❛❧❧② ♦❜✈✐♦✉s t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✐♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♠♦r❛❧✐③✐♥❣ st♦r✐❡s

✇❛s ❞r❡ss❡❞ ✉♣ ❛s ❛ ♥✐❣❤t❧② ❞r❡❛♠✳✸✵✺

✸✵✸▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✾✵✲✾✶❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱✱ ✻✾✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✶✾✲✶✷✵❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✾✾✳

✸✵✹▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✻✶✲✼✻✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱✱ ♣✳ ✺✽✺ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✺✽✼✳

✸✵✺❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ♦♣❡r❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡❛❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡✈❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇❛②✳

❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✿

✏❋♦r

s♦♠❡ ❞❛②s ♥♦✇ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ②❡❛r ♠♦tt♦ ❢♦r ②♦✉✱ ♠② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s✳ ❇✉t ✉♥t✐❧ ❧❛st ♥✐❣❤t✱

♥♦ ♠❛tt❡r ❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ■ r❛❝❦❡❞ ♠② ❜r❛✐♥s✱ ■ ❝♦✉❧❞ t❤✐♥❦ ♦❢ ♥♦t❤✐♥❣ ✇♦rt❤✇❤✐❧❡✳ ❊✈❡♥ ❧❛st ♥✐❣❤t✱ ❛❢t❡r

❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ❜❡❞✱ ■ ❦❡♣t ✇♦♥❞❡r✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t t♦ t❡❧❧ ②♦✉ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ②❡❛r ❬✶✽✻✽❪✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧✐❢❡ ♦❢ ♠❡ ■

❝♦✉❧❞♥✬t t❤✐♥❦ ♦❢ ❛ t❤✐♥❣✳ ❆❢t❡r ❛ ❧♦♥❣ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✇♦rr②✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t ✐t✱ ■ ✜♥❛❧❧② ❢❡❧❧ ✐♥ ❛ t✇✐❧✐❣❤t s❧❡❡♣✱ t❤❛t

♠✐❞❞❧❡ st❛❣❡ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ st✐❧❧ ❤❡❛r ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ r❡♣❧② ✐❢ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞✳ ■♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ st❛t❡✱ t❤❡♥✱ ■ ❜❡❣❛♥

t♦ ❞r❡❛♠✱ t❤♦✉❣❤ ■ ✇❛s♥✬t r❡❛❧❧② ❞r❡❛♠✐♥❣✳ ■ s❡❡♠❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥ ♠② ♦✇♥ r♦♦♠✳ ❬❚❤✐s ✐s ❛ r❛t❤❡r ❧✐t❡r❛❧

tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ✏■t ✇❛s ❛ ♠♦♠❡♥t ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❤❡❛r ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ✐s q✉❛s✐ ❝♦♥s❝✐♦✉s✳ ■t ✇❛s ❛ st❛t❡ ♦❢

s❧❡❡♣✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❦♥♦✇ ✇❤❛t ♦♥❡ ❞♦❡s✱ ❤❡❛r ✇❤❛t ♦♥❡ s❛②s ❛♥❞ ❛♥s✇❡r ✐❢ ❛s❦❡❞ ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥✳ ■♥

s✉❝❤ ❛ st❛t❡ ■ ❣♦t ♦✈❡r✇❤❡❧♠❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢ ❛ ❞r❡❛♠✱ t❤♦✉❣❤ ✐t ✇❛s♥✬t r❡❛❧❧② ❛ ❞r❡❛♠✳ ■ s❡❡♠❡❞

t♦ ❜❡ st✐❧❧ ✐♥ ♠② ♦✇♥ r♦♦♠✳✑ ❪ ✭▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✶✶❀ ❊▼❇ ■❳✱ ♣✳ ✻✮✳

✶✻✻

17.7 Page 167

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❼ ■♥ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ✈✐s✲à✲✈✐s ❇✉③③❡tt✐✳

■♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝❛❧❧s ❤✐♠ ✏t❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞✑ ❬✏♠② ❢r✐❡♥❞✑ ❪ ♠♦st ❝♦r❞✐❛❧❧② ❛♥❞

❈ ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦st ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♥❣ ✇❛②✳ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ❞✐st❛♥❝❡✿ ✏❆s t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r

❉ ♦♥❡ st♦♣♣❡❞ t❛❧❦✐♥❣✳✑ ■t ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❧❡ss ❛❧♦♦❢✱ ❜✉t q✉✐t❡ ❝♦♦❧ ✐♥ ✿ ✏▼② ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧ ✜♥✐s❤❡❞

s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❤❛❞ r❡❛s♦♥s ❢♦r t❤✐s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡

t❡①t t❤♦✉❣❤✳

❲❡ ❝❛♥ st❛t❡ st✐❧❧ t❤❛t ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✐t② ✇❡r❡ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡

❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤✐s ❡✛❡❝t ✇❛s ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥

♦❢ ❛ t②♣✐❝❛❧ ❞❡t❛✐❧✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❜② t❤❡ t❡r♠ ✏❢r✐❡♥❞✑✳ ❲❡ r❡❛❞ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✿

✏❆t t❤❛t ♠♦♠❡♥t ♠② ♦t❤❡r ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧✱ ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ❛ ✈❡r② ✇❤✐t❡ ❜❡❛r❞✱ ❝❛♠❡ ✉♣ t♦ ♠❡✳✑

❬✻❪ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s✳ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❡♥❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ✇❛s ✜♥✐s❤❡❞✱

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ r❡❛❝t❡❞✿ ✏❚❤❡♥ ■ ❛s❦❡❞ ♠② ❢r✐❡♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇❤✐t❡ ❜❡❛r❞✳✑ ❬✾❪ ▲❛t❡r ✇❤❡♥

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♦♣♣♦s❡❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✿ ✏❙t✐❧❧✱ ♠② ❞❡❛r✱ ❞♦♥✬t ②♦✉ s❡❡✳ ✳ ✳ ❄✑ ❬✷✽❪ ❙t✐❧❧ ❢✉rt❤❡r ✐♥ t❤❡

❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦♥❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❢❡❛st ♦❢ ▼❛r②

❍❡❧♣ ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s✿ ✏■♥ ✜♥✐s❤✐♥❣ ■ ❛s❦❡❞ t❤✐s ❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦❢ ♠✐♥❡✳✑ ❬✸✵❪ ❆♥❞ ✜♥❛❧❧②✿ ✏❲❤❡r❡❛s

❑ t❤❡ ❬♠②❪ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ✇❛s t❛❧❦✐♥❣✳✑ ❬✸✶✱ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❪

❈ ■t r❡❛❞s ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t❧② ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❢r♦♠ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡

♦♥✇❛r❞s✿ ✏❆t t❤❛t ♠♦♠❡♥t t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r② ❝❛♠❡ ✉♣ t♦ ♠❡✳✑ ❬✻❪ ❆♥❞

✐t ❢✉rt❤❡r r❡♠❛✐♥s ✐♥ t❤❛t r❡❣✐st❡r✳ ❆❢t❡r t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❡✈❡♥t ✐t ❣♦❡s

❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❍❛✈❡ ②♦✉ s❡❡♥ ②♦✉r ❜♦②s❄✑ ✕ s❛✐❞ t❤❛t ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧✳✑ ❬✾❪ ❆♥❞ ✜♥❛❧❧②✿ ✏❲❤❡r❡❛s

t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♦♥❡ st♦♣♣❡❞ t❛❧❦✐♥❣✳✑ ❬✷✹❪ ❖♥❧② ✐♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐t r❡❛❞s ♦♥❝❡✿ ✏❚❤❡♥ t❤❛t ❢r✐❡♥❞

❇ r❡s✉♠❡❞✳✑ ❬✶✺❪ ❬❚❤✐s s✉❜st✐t✉t❡❞ t❤❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ✿ ✏❆♥❞ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ♦♥❡ r❡s✉♠❡❞✑✳❪

❈ ❑ ❚❤❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s✐t✉❛t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥

❛♥❞ ✳ ❆t ✜rst ✐t ✐s

❥♦✈✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✇❤❡♥ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✐s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞✿ ✏❆t t❤❛t ♠♦♠❡♥t ♠② ♦t❤❡r ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧✱

✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ❛ ✈❡r② ✇❤✐t❡ ❜❡❛r❞✱ ❝❛♠❡ ✉♣ t♦ ♠❡✳✑ ❬✻❪ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐t ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t

❛❢t❡r✇❛r❞s✿ ✏❍❛✈❡ ②♦✉ s❡❡♥ ②♦✉r ❜♦②s❄ t❤❛t ❢♦r♠❡r ♣✉♣✐❧ ❛s❦❡❞ ♠❡✳✑ ❆ ❜✐t ❢✉rt❤❡r✿ ✏❚❤❛t

♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧ ❡①❝❧❛✐♠❡❞✳✑ ❬✾✲✶✵❪ ❍❡ ❡✈❡♥ ✉s❡s t✇✐❝❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♥♦✉♥ ✏t❤❛t✑✳ ❆♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢

t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✿ ✏❲✐t❤ t❤❛t ♠② ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧ ✜♥✐s❤❡❞ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣✳✑ ❬✷✹❪ ■♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛❣❛✐♥

❈ q✉❡❧ ♠✐♦ ❛♠✐❝♦ ✐t r❡❛❞s ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s ❧✐❦❡ ✐♥ ✿ ✏❚❤❡♥ t❤❛t ❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦❢ ♠✐♥❡ ❬

❪ r❡s✉♠❡❞✳✑ ❬✶✺❪

❉ ▲❡✐ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ♠♦r❡ ♦❢t❡♥ t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐t❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ✏②♦✉✑ ❬✏ ✑ ❪✳ ❬✶✺❪

❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✐s r❡❛❧❧② ♥❡✉tr❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛❧♦♦❢ ✐♥ t❤❛t r❡s♣❡❝t✳

❚❤✐s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝❛r❡❢✉❧❧② ♣r❡♣❛r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞✳ ❆t t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ❇✉③③❡tt✐

♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✱ ❜❡✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❤✐❡❢ ♦❢ t❤❡

♣r✐♥t✐♥❣ ♦✣❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜r❛ss ❜❛♥❞ ❢r♦♥t ♠❛♥✳ P❡r❤❛♣s ❜♦t❤ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛rt✐s❛♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s t❤❛t ❤❡ ✇❛s ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧ ❛♥❞

❛ r❡❛❧❧② ❣♦♦❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t✇♦ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ❚❤❡

❛s♣❡❝ts ❣❛✈❡ ❤✐♠ ♠♦r❡ ♦❢ ❛ s❛② ❛♥❞ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ t♦ ❤✐s ✇♦r❞s✳ ■t s❡❡♠s

t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✳

❼ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡ ✐t s❤♦✉❧❞ str✐❦❡ ✉s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❈ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✜♥✐s❤❡s ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿

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♦ ♠✐❡✐ ❝❛r✐ ✏❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ t❤❡s❡ ❧✐♥❡s t♦ ②♦✉✱ ♠② ❞❡❛r ♦♥❡s ❬

❪✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s

♦ ❤❛s ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ t❤✐s ✈✐✈✐❞ ❛❞❞r❡ss✿ ✏❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ t♦ ✇r✐t❡ t❤❡s❡ ❧✐♥❡s t♦ ②♦✉✱ ♠② ❞❡❛r ❜♦②s ❬

♠✐❡✐ ❝❛r✐ ✜❣❧✐✉♦❧✐❪✳✑ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t♦

❤✐s ✏❞❡❛r ❜♦②s✑✳ ❍❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡s ✐t ❛❣❛✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t❧② ✇❤❡♥ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts✿ ✏r❡s♦❧✈❡❞

t♦ ✇r✐t❡ t❤❡s❡ ❧✐♥❡s t♦ ♠② ❞❡❛r s♦♥s✳✑ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ r❡s✉♠❡❞ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡

❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✿ ✏♠② ❞❡❛r s♦♥s✑✱ ❜✉t ✐♥ ❞♦✐♥❣ s♦ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t ❛❞❞r❡ss ✏t♦ ②♦✉✑ ❬❜♦t❤ ✐♥ ♣♦❧✐t❡ ❛♥❞

♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ②♦✉❪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❣♦t ❧♦st✳ ■t ❧♦♦❦s ❛s ✐❢ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡

❤❛s ❣r❛❞✉❛❧❧② r❡❛❧✐③❡❞ t❤❛t ✐t ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦r ❛ s♦rt ♦❢ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧

❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✇❤❡r❡✈❡r ❛t ✇♦r❦ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❛ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳ ■t ✇❛s

✈❛❧✐❞ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❛② ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss ❛t t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✐♥ ✶✽✽✵✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧②

❢♦r t❤♦s❡ ❛t ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ s❝❤♦♦❧s✳✸✵✻

❚❤♦s❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❞♦ ♥♦t r❡♠♦✈❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛rt ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ t♦

t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s s❡❡♠s t♦ ❜❡ ❛ s❧✐❣❤t❧② t♦✉❝❤❡❞ ✉♣ ❝♦♣② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

❈ ❛♥❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❢✉❧❧ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥ ✇❛s t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡

❈ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡①t s❡♥t❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✏❧♦♥❣✑ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ s❤♦✇ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡r

s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✐♥

❈ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❊✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧② ❜♦t❤ ❧♦♦❦ ❧✐❦❡ ❛ r❡✲✇r✐tt❡♥ t❡①t ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✳

❚❤❡s❡ ❛❢t❡rt❤♦✉❣❤ts ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤✐s s❤♦rt ✜♥❛❧ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡

❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✱ ✐s ♠❛✐♥❧② ❛ r❡✜♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t❡❞ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢

❈✳ ■t r❡♠❛✐♥s t❤❡ r❡❛❧ ✜♥❛❧ ♣❛rt ❛s ♥♦ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛❞❞❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡①t s❡♥t❡♥❝❡s

♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♥✐t❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠ ❛ tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❛tt❛❝❤♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♥♦t ②❡t

❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t❡❞ ♣❛❣❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✺ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✇✐❧❧ r✐❣❤t❧②

❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ t❤❛t tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② t❤❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛♥❞

❢♦r♠❛❧ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛rt ❢♦r t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❝❛♥ ❜❡

❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ✜♥✐s❤❡❞ ❤❡r❡✳

✸✵✻❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r✮✳

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✹ ❊ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞

❚❤❡ t♦♣✐❝s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ♦r ✉♥✐t❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥❞✐✉♠

♦❢ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞

■♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ■ ❤❛✈❡ tr✐❡❞ t♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ t✇♦ t❤✐♥❣s ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✳ ■t ✐s ❛♥

❛tt❡♠♣t ❛t ❜♦t❤ q✉✐t❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧② ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ✭❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✮ ♦❢ t❤❡

❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♥❣ t❤❛t ♠♦st ✐❞❡❛s ❛♥❞ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢

✈✐❡✇ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❤❛❞ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❡❛r❧✐❡r ❛♥❞ ❡❧s❡✇❤❡r❡✳✶ ■ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❞♦ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❛s♣❡❝t ♠♦r❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞❧②

❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ■ ❛♠ ♥♦t s✉r❡ ❛t ❛❧❧ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ✕ ❧❡t ❛❧♦♥❡ ❞✐❝t❛t❡❞ ✕ t❤❡ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts

❛♥❞ ❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❥♦✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ❍❡

♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t r❡❛❞ ❤✐s s❡❝r❡t❛r②✬s t❡①t ❛♥❞ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝♦rr❡❝t ✐t ❡✐t❤❡r✳

❇✱ ❈ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦t ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ tr❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❝❤❡❝❦✲✉♣ ♦r ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts

❉ ❛♥❞ ✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ ♦❧❞❡st ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❛♥❞ ♠❛② ❜❡

t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♦♥❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤❡❞ ❜② ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✳✷ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♥❡✈❡r s✐❣♥❡❞ t❤❡s❡ t❡①ts✳✸ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ✐t s❡❡♠❡❞ t♦ ♠❡ q✉✐t❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦

❛♠♣❧② ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ t♦♣✐❝s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❛♥❞ s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s t♦♦

❝❛♥ ❜❡ tr❛❝❡❞ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳

❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞ ❛ str♦♥❣ ♦✇♥❡rs❤✐♣ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❜♦❞② ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤t✳

◆♦ ❞♦✉❜t t❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ❜❡❝❛♠❡ q✉✐t❡ ✐♥t❡♥s❡ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡② st❛②❡❞ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✳ P✳ ❇r❛✐❞♦

✇r♦t❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✿ ✏■♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ t✐♠❡ ✭❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❆♣r✐❧ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✮

t❤❡ s②♠❜✐♦s✐s ♦❢ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s s❡❝r❡t❛r② ✇❛s s♦ str♦♥❣

t❤❛t ♥♦t t❤❡ s❧✐❣❤t❡st ❞✐s❝♦r❞ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡❛s ✇❛s ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛❜❧❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❋❛t❤❡r

❛♥❞ ▼❛st❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣✉♣✐❧✳✑ ✹ ■t ✐s ❢❛✐r t♦ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ ❛s ✇❡❧❧

✐♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t t❤❛t ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ❝♦♥t❛❝ts ❛s ❛ r❡❝t♦r ♦❢ ▲❛♥③♦ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ♣❛ss✐♦♥❛t❡

❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛❞♠✐r❡❞ ✇♦r❞s ❛♥❞ ❛❝ts ❤❛❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r❡❞ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥s

❛♥❞ ✐❞❡❛s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ♠✉❝❤ ❡❛r❧✐❡r✳

❘❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ❡✐❣❤t✐❡s ❡✈❡♥ ❛ t❤✐r❞ ❛s♣❡❝t

❝r♦♣♣❡❞ ✉♣ ♥♦✇ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❛♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❛❜♦✈❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛s♣❡❝ts✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤②

✶

■ ❤❛✈❡ ❞♦♥❡ t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ♠♦r❡ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡❧② t❤❛♥ P✳ ❇r❛✐❞♦ ❞✐❞ ✇✐t❤ ♥♦t❡s ❣♦✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢

t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ✶✾✽✹✿ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ▲❛ ❧❡tt❡r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✼✲✺✽✳

✷

■❜✐❞✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✼ ❛♥❞✱ ❛s ❢❛r ❛s t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥s ❣♦✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✴❙✐❣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✹✼✴❙✐❣❧❡✳ ▲❡ss ❝❧❡❛r ✐s ❛ ♣❛r❛✲

❣r❛♣❤ ✐♥ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ▲✉❝❡ ✐♥t❡❧❧❡tt✉❛❧ ♣✐❡♥❛ ❞✬❛♠♦r❡✳ P❡r ✐❧ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛r✐♦ ❞✐ ✉♥❛ ✏❧❡tt❡r❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛✑✱

❖r✐❡♥t❛♠❡♥t✐ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝✐✱ ❛♥♥♦ ❳❳❳■✱ ♥➦ ✻✱ ✶✾✽✹✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✻✽✳

✸

❖♥❧② ✐♥ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❞♦❡s P✳ ❇r❛✐❞♦ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ s✐❣♥❡❞

✐t ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❧②✿ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ▲✉❝❡ ✐♥t❡❧❧❡tt✉❛❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✻✽✳

✹

❇❘❆■❉❖✱

P✳✱

▲✉❝❡

✐♥t❡❧ ❧❡tt✉❛❧❡✳✳✳✱

♣✳

✶✵✻✽✳

✶✻✾

17.10 Page 170

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✐t s❡❡♠s ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ t♦ ♠❡ t♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ s✉r✈❡② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤❡♠❡s ✇❤✐❝❤

✇❡r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞✳ ❚✇♦ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❡s ✇✐❧❧ ❤❡❧♣ t♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ t❤✐s✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❝❛t❡❣♦r② ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s

❝♦♥✜r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❛❞❞s r❛t❤❡r r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧❡

s❤✐❢ts ♦❢ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡♦r✐❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦♥❡s ♦❢ ❤✐s ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ♦r

❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✳

✹✳✶ ❈♦♥✜r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ q✉✐♥t❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ✏s②st❡♠✑ ♦r ♠❡t❤♦❞

✹✳✶✳✶ ❚❤❡ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣❡❞ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥

❚❤❡ ✜rst t❤✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r❡✈❛✐❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❡ ❡♠✐♥❡♥t ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥

♦❝❝✉♣✐❡❞ ❜② r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❖♥❧② t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦

❝♦♥tr❛st✐♥❣ s❝❡♥❡s ❛❧r❡❛❞② t❛❦❡s s♦♠❡ ❢♦rt② ❧✐♥❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡♠ r❡q✉✐r❡s ❛♥♦t❤❡r

s✐①t②✳ ■t ✐s ❛ ✇♦♥❞❡r❢✉❧ ✐❧❧✉str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛♥s✇❡r t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r✈✐❡✇❡r ♦❢ ▲❡ Pè❧❡r✐♥✳

❍✐s r❡♣❧② ✕ ✏✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡s✑ ✕ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛

❝❡rt❛✐♥ ✇✐tt✐❝✐s♠✳✺ ❆❝t✉❛❧❧② ✐t ❝♦♠❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r✳

●❛♠❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ♦❝❝✉♣② ❛ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ r♦❧❡ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s s♣✐r✐t✳

❼ ◆♦ ❞♦✉❜t ✐t ✐s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡s✱ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❛s s✉❝❤

❚❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵ ✭♦r ✶✽✻✵✮ s❤♦✇s t❤❛t✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s

✏♦✈❡r❥♦②❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ s✐❣❤t✑ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡❞ ♦❢ ✏❛ s❝❡♥❡ ❢✉❧❧ ♦❢ ❧✐❢❡✱ ❢✉❧❧ ♦❢ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥t✱ ❢✉❧❧ ♦❢

❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss✳✑ ❬✻❀ ✺❪ ❋r♦♠ ❤✐s ❝❤✐❧❞❤♦♦❞ ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ❤♦✇ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t

♠♦✈❡♠❡♥t✱ ❣❛♠❡s ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤② r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✇❡r❡ ❢♦r ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ❛♥❞ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❚❤❡② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞

❛♥ ❛♥s✇❡r t♦ ❛♥ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ♥❡❡❞ ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✳ ❍❡ ✇❛s ❞✐s❛♣♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛♥♥♦②❡❞ ❜② t❤❡

❝♦♥tr❛r②✱ t❤❡ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✈✐✈❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ s❝❡♥❡✿ ✏❚♦♦ tr✉❡✦ ❲❤❛t ❛♥

❛♣❛t❤❡t✐❝ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✦✑ ❬✶✵❪ ❆t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❇✉③❡tt✐✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✏❤❡ ✇❡♥t ♦♥ ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❛t

r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❣r❡❛t ❞✐s♣❧❡❛s✉r❡✳✑ ❬✷✹❪ ■t ✇❛s ❛ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ❛ ♠♦❝❦❡r② ♦❢

✇❤❛t ✐t ♦✉❣❤t t♦ ❜❡ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❤✐♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❡s ♦❢ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ▼❛❣♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❙❡✈❡r✐♥♦

❛r❡ ❜r✐❧❧✐❛♥t t❡st✐♠♦♥② t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❣r❡❛t ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❛t ❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥

❛♥❞ ❣❛♠❡s✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣② ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❝r♦✇♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❜✉t

✉♥♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧❡❞ st❛♥❝❡✿ ✏❚❤❡r❡ ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡ ❢✉❧❧ ❧✐❜❡rt② t♦ ❥✉♠♣✱ r✉♥✱ ♠❛❦❡ ❛s ♠✉❝❤ ♥♦✐s❡ ❛s

t❤❡② ♣❧❡❛s❡✳✑ ✻

❼ ❚✐♠❡s ♦❢ ❣❛♠❡s ❛♥❞ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❡♥❥♦② ❛♥ ✐♥✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠

✺

❈❢✳ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✱ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✻✾✳

✻

❖❊

❳❳■❳

❬✶✵✺❪❀

❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱

♣✳

✷✹✾✴✸✳

✶✼✵

18 Pages 171-180

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18.1 Page 171

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■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ t❤❛t ✈❛❧✉❡✱ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✱ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r

s❤♦✉❧❞ s♣❡♥❞ t❤❡s❡ t✐♠❡s ❛♠✐❞st t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥s ✐s✿ ❜② s✐♠♣❧② ❥♦✐♥✐♥❣

✐♥ ❬✺❪✱ ❜② ✏♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❡② ❧✐❦❡✑ ❬✶✸❪✱ ❜② ✏♠❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❧✐tt❧❡ ✇✐t❤

t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s✑ ❬✶✾❪ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❝❛♥ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❧♦✈❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ♥♦t r❡❛❧❧②

s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r② ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ ❧✐❦❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ ✏❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧②

❝♦♥✈❡rs❡✑ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳✑ ❬✶✻❪ ❚❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ❞♦ s♦ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ❣❡♥✐❛❧✱ r❡❧❛①❡❞

❛♥❞ r❡❧❛①✐♥❣ ✇❛②✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s❡♥s❡ ♦❢ ♣✉r♣♦s❡✳ ❚❤❛t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛♣♣❡♥

t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣✐♥❣✱ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞✱ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♥❣ ♦r ✇❛r♥✐♥❣ ✏✇♦r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r✑✱ ✏t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ♦❢

♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ❧♦✈❡s✳✑ ❬✶✾✲✷✵❪

❆s❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❛t ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r

❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛s❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤✐s st✉❞②✳ ■t ✐s ❝r②st❛❧ ❝❧❡❛r t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r ❜❛s❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✉♣♦♥

t❤❡ ✏❣r❡❛t ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✑ ♦❢ ✶✻ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✷✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ ❛ s❡q✉❡❧ ✐♥ ▼❛r❝❤ ✶✽✽✸✳ ❍❡ ✐s ♥♦t

s❛t✐s✜❡❞ ✇✐t❤ s✐♠♣❧② r❡♣❡❛t✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ s♦♠❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✇❤♦ ✏♣❛ss t❤❡ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥

t✐♠❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s✑✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r②✱ ❤❡ r❡♣r✐♠❛♥❞❡❞ ❤✐s ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s ✐♥ ❤✐s ✇r✐t✐♥❣ t♦

t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✏t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❝❤❛tt✐♥❣ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❛❦✐♥❣ ❛♥② ♥♦t✐❝❡ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t

t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s ✇❡r❡ ❞♦✐♥❣✳✑ ❬✶✺❪ ❚❤❡ ♥❡①t t❤✐♥❣ ❤❡ ❞♦❡s ✐s ❝♦♥✜r♠✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s st❛♥❞ t❤❛t

✏✇❤♦❡✈❡r ✐s ♥♦t ✐♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ t❡❛❝❤❡r ♦r ❛♥ ❛ss✐st❛♥t✱ ❤❛s ❣♦t t♦ ❜❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s

❛s ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞✱ ❬❛♥❞❪ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✳✑ ✼ ❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡ ❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣s t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛✳ ◆♦✇ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢

✏❜r♦t❤❡r✑ ✐s ♠♦r❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡❞✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡s ❛r❡ ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ❛ str♦♥❣ ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢

❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♣r♦✈✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ✏t❛❧❦s t✐❧❧ ❤❡ ✐s ❜❧✉❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢❛❝❡✳✑ ❬✶✼❪

✹✳✶✳✷ ❈❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss✱ ✈✐✈❛❝✐t②✱ ❥♦② ❛r❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐✈❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡

Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠

❘❛t❤❡r ❜② t❤❡ ✇❛② ❜✉t ❛✉❞✐❜❧❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ♣r♦✈❡ t❤❛t ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss

❛♥❞ ❥♦② ❛r❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r ❛♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s s♣✐r✐t✳ ❚❤✐♥❣s ❤❛♣♣❡♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡

♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst s❝❡♥❡ ❞♦ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❡①❝❡❧ ❜② ✏✈✐✈❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥t✑✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❜②

✏s✐♥❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❧❛✉❣❤✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❛❧❧ s✐❞❡s✑✱ ❜② ✏❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ r❤✉❜❛r❜✑✳ ❬✺✲✻❪ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

❛s❦s t❤❡ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❇✉t ❤♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❜r✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs t♦ ❧✐❢❡ ❛❣❛✐♥✱ s♦ t❤❛t

✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❣❡t ❜❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ❧✐✈❡❧✐♥❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❤❛♣♣✐♥❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❡①♣❛♥s✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ❞❛②s✳✑ ❬✶✶❪

❈❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ✐s ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥s❛❜❧❡✳ ❈❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ❜❡❧♦♥❣s t♦ ✐t ❥✉st ❧✐❦❡ ✇❛t❡r ❜❡❧♦♥❣s t♦ ❛

r✐✈❡r✳✽ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ t❤✐s ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♠❡r❡❧② ❡①♣r❡ss s♦♠❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡

♦✉t✇❛r❞ ♣❧❡❛s✉r❡✱ ❜✉t s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② ❛ ❞❡❡♣❡r s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t ♦❢ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡①✐st❡♥t✐❛❧ ❥♦②✿

✏❊✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ✇❛s ❛ ❥♦② ❢♦r ♠❡ t❤❡♥✑ ❬✶✻❪ ❆♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ●✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐

❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡s✿ ✏t❤❡ ♦❧❞ ♣❡❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ❬❛❧❧❡❣r❡③③❛ ❛♥t✐❝❛❪ ✇✐❧❧ r❡✐❣♥ ♦♥❝❡ ❛❣❛✐♥ ✐♥ t❤❡

❖r❛t♦r②✳✑ ❬✶✽❪ ❈❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss ✐s ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐✈❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳

✼

❈❢✳ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✶ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✺✹ ❛♥❞ ✺✺✳

✽

❖♥ t❤❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❥♦② ♦r ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧♥❡ss✱ ❝❢✳

❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸ ✈✐❛ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✼✺✲✼✼ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✸✳

❈❢✳

❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱

Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✶✶✱ ✸✷✹✲✸✷✽✳

✶✼✶

18.2 Page 172

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✹✳✶✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ ❝♦✲♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛

❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ s✐♥❡ q✉❛ ♥♦♥ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥

❆❣❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❛s ❛ ♣r❡r❡q✉✐s✐t❡ ❢♦r ❛

s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳✾ ❆t ✜rst s✐❣❤t t❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ♠✐❣❤t s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ ❧❡ss ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥t❧②

♣r❡s❡♥t✱ ❜✉t ✐❢ ♦♥❡ t❛❦❡s ❛ ❝❧♦s❡r ❧♦♦❦✱ ♦♥❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r ✐t ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ s♣♦ts✱ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡

❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐♥ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ✜rst s❝❡♥❡✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥ts s❝♦r❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧ ❛♥❞

r❡❛❧❧② ❜✉♦②❛♥t ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ ✐s✿ ✏❚❤❡② ✇✐❧❧ ❞♦ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❛s❦❡❞

❜② ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦♠ t❤❡② ❢❡❡❧ ❧♦✈❡s t❤❡♠✳✑ ❬✻❪ ❆♣♣❛r❡♥t❧② ✐t ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ t❤❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡

❢♦r❝❡❞ ✉♣♦♥ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❜② ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r② ♠❡❛s✉r❡s✳ ■t ❤❛s ❣♦t t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❛♥❝❡ ♦r ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣♥❡ss

✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② ❧♦✈❡✳ ❚❤❛t ✇❛s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♠❡ss❛❣❡ t♦ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣ ❝❧❡r✐❝ ❇✳ ❱❛❝❝❤✐♥❛ ❞✉r✐♥❣

t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✶✽✼✻✲✶✽✼✼✿ ✏■❢ ②♦✉ ✇❛♥t t❤❡♠ t♦ ♦❜❡② ❛♥❞ r❡s♣❡❝t ②♦✉✱ ♠❛❦❡ ②♦✉rs❡❧❢

❧♦✈❡❞✳✑ ✶✵ ❚❤❛t ✐s ❥✉st ❧✐❦❡ ✏✐t ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❜❡✑ ✇❤❡♥ ✏❛❧❧ ❤❡❛rts ✇❡r❡ ✇✐❞❡ ♦♣❡♥ t♦ t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs

✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ❣❛✈❡ t❤❡♠ ♣r♦♠♣t ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❬✻❀ ✶✻❀ ✶✼❪ ❚❤❡ s❛♠❡ s♦rt ♦❢

♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✐s s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡✿ ✏▼❛② ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❣✉✐❞❡ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧ ❛s ❛ ♠♦t❤❡r ❣✉✐❞❡s

❤❡r ❝❤✐❧❞✳✑ ❬✶✽❪ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣r❡❢❡rs t❤❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ♠♦t❤❡r ❣❡ts✳

◆❛t✉r❛❧❧② t❤✐s ✐♠❛❣❡ r❡❝❛❧❧s t❤❡ r❛t❤❡r st❡r❡♦t②♣❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛

str✐❝t ❛♥❞ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❢❛t❤❡r ❡♥❢♦r❝❡s✳ ❚❤✐s s♦rt ♦❢ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❝❧❡❛r❧② ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♣❧❡❛s❡

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❖♥❡ ❛❧s♦ s❡♥s❡s ✐t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿ ✏❖♥❡ ✇❤♦ ✐s ❧♦✈❡❞ ❝❛♥ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣✱

❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣✳✑ ❬✷✵❪

❖❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ s✐❞❡✳ ■t ✐s ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❡q✉❛❧❧② ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❢♦r t❤❡

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t♦ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❧♦✈❡❞✳ ❲❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❝❛♥ ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧ ♦❜❡② ❞❡♣❡♥❞s t♦ ❛

❧❛r❣❡ ❡①t❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳

✹✳✶✳✹ ■♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t❡❛❝❤❡r✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥t ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦r

s❤♦✉❧❞ tr② t♦ ❜❡ ✏❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r✑ ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳

❚❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ s♣❛r❡ ♥♦ ♣❛✐♥s t♦ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❧♦✈❡❞ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ t♦ tr② t♦ ❜❡ r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞

♦r ❛❝q✉✐r❡ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②

❲❤❡♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s♣❡❛❦s ♦r ✇r✐t❡s ♦♥ ❢❛t❤❡r❤♦♦❞ ❤❡ ❛❧✇❛②s ❞♦❡s s♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ♠❡♥t✐♦♥✲

✐♥❣ ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st s✉❣❣❡st✐♥❣ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ✏❧♦✈✐♥❣✑ ♦r ✏❛♠✐❛❜❧❡✑✳✶✶ ■t ✐s t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✬s

♠✐ss✐♦♥ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r✱ ❛ ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ r❛t❤❡r t♦ ❜❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❛♥ t♦ ❜❡ r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞

♦r ❢❡❛r❡❞✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛r❡ t✇♦ ♠❛✐♥ t❤❡♠❡s ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣✳✶✷ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡

❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ✈❡r② ❡♠♣❤❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♥ t❤✐s s❝r✐♣t✱ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② t✇✐❝❡✳ ❚❤❡② t✉r♥ ✉♣ ❛ ✜rst t✐♠❡ ✇❤❡♥

❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❛✐♥t ✐s ✜❧❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t ✏t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❜❡✐♥❣ t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ❛s s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❛♥❞ ♥♦

❧♦♥❣❡r ❛s ❢❛t❤❡rs✱ ❜r♦t❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞s❀ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❢❡❛r❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❧♦✈❡❞✳✑

❬✶✼✲✶✽❪ ■t s❡❡♠s ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ r❡♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✾ ▼❛r❝❤

✶✽✽✸✳ ❙t✐❧❧✱ ✐t ✐s ❛s ❝❧❡❛r ❛s ❝r②st❛❧ t❤❛t ❤❡r❡ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❧❡ts ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ s❛② t❤❛t ❤❡ ✇❛♥ts

♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡✳ ❆ s❡❝♦♥❞ t✐♠❡ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✐t ✐s ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ t❛♥❣✐❜❧❡✳ ❚♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r

✾

❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✾✶✲✾✻ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳

✶✵

▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✷✻❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✹✵✳ ❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✼✶ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳

✶✶

❆s

✐♥

t❤❡

❜♦♦❦❧❡t

♦♥

✏❚❤❡

Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡

❙②st❡♠

✐♥

t❤❡

❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥

♦❢

❨♦✉♥❣

P❡♦♣❧❡✳✑

❈❢✳

❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✵✵❪❀

❈♦♥st✐t✉t♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✼✳

✶✷

❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✸✾❀ ✹✷✲✹✸ ❛♥❞ ✶✺✺✲✶✺✻✱ ✶✻✼✱ ✶✽✵✲✶✽✷✱ ✶✽✻✲✶✽✾✱ ✷✷✶✱ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳

✶✼✷

18.3 Page 173

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♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐s t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r ✏❥♦✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s✬ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳✑

❈ ❍❡ ✏❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r✑ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❤✐s ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ♠s

❤❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❛ ✏r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞ ❜r♦t❤❡r✳✑ ❬✶✾❪

✹✳✶✳✺ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❬❝❛r✐tà❪✱ t❤❡ ✉♥s❡❧✜s❤ ❛♥❞ ❛r❞❡♥t ❝♦♠♠✐t♠❡♥t ❢♦r t❤❡

❜♦②s✬ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♠❡❛♥s t♦

♠❛❦❡ ♦♥❡s❡❧❢ ❧♦✈❡❞

❆ ❢❡✇ ②❡❛rs ♦❢ ❖r❛t♦r② ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ❤❛❞ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❞❛✐❧② ✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ❛❜❛♥✲

❞♦♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❛❧❧②✱ s♦❝✐❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s❧② ❛t r✐s❦ ②♦✉t❤ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ❝❤❛r✐t②✳

■♥ ✶✽✺✵ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ t♦ ❆✳ ❘♦s♠✐♥✐✿ ✏■t ✐s ❛❧❧ ❛❜♦✉t ❡r❡❝t✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②

t❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ ❝✐✈✐❧✱ ♠♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❞❡s❡rt❡❞ ②♦✉t❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ❇✉t

❝❛r✐tà ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ ♣r✐❡sts ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ ✇❡❧❧ tr❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❬

❪✳✑ ❚❤✐s ❞❡s✐r❡ ✐s ❛❧♦♥❣ t❤❡

❧✐♥❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦✉rt❤ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛t ❤✐s ♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❝❤❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❦✐♥❞♥❡ss ♦❢ ❙t✳

❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡ ❙❛❧❡s ✇✐❧❧ ❣✉✐❞❡ ♠❡ ✐♥ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣✳✑ ❨❡❛rs ♦❢ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧② ❧❡❞ ❤✐♠ t♦

✇r✐t❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✼✿ ✏❚❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❬♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡❪ s②st❡♠ ✐s ✇❤♦❧❧② ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ♦❢

❙t P❛✉❧ ✇❤♦ s❛②s✿ ❈❛r✐t❛s ♣❛t✐❡♥s ❡st✱ ❜❡♥✐❣♥❛ ❡st✳ ❖♠♥✐❛ s✉✛❡rt✱ ♦♠♥✐❛ s♣❡r❛t✱ ♦♠♥✐❛

s✉st✐♥❡t✳ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ✐s ♣❛t✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞✳ ✳✳✳ ❈❤❛r✐t② ❜❡❛rs ❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s✳✳✳ ❤♦♣❡s ❛❧❧

t❤✐♥❣s✱ ❡♥❞✉r❡s ❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s✳✑ ✶✸

■♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ t❤❛t r❡s♦❧✉t❡❧② st❛t❡❞ ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥ r❡❝❡✐✈❡s

❛ r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t✐♦♥✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✕

▲❡♠♦②♥❡✱ ❵❝❛r✐t❛s✬ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r r❡♠❛✐♥s t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❡❧❡♠❡♥t✿ ✏■ r❡♣❡❛t✿ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t

❡♥♦✉❣❤✳✑ ❬✶✸❪ ■ts r❡❛❧ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ✐s ♥♦t ❧♦st✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r②✱ ✐t st✐❧❧ ❦❡❡♣s ✐ts

❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡✱ ❜✉t ✏✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❡♥♦✉❣❤✳✑

✹✳✶✳✻ ❚❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❤❛✈❡ t♦ st❛② ❧♦②❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ✭✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✮ ♦❢

t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠

❏✉st ❧✐❦❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✭✶✽✽✸✮ t❤✐s ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ✇r✐t✐♥❣

s❡r✈❡s ❛s ❛ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❬t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠❪✳ ❆ ❢❡✇ ♣❡rt✐✲

♥❡♥t q✉❡st✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❝r②st❛❧ ❝❧❡❛r✳ ❬✷✶✲✷✷❪ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✏ ❲❤② ❞♦ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ♠♦✈❡ ❛✇❛②

❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡♠❄✑ ❉✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢

t❤❡ t❡r♠ ✏s②st❡♠✑✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ♥❡①t q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐s ✉♥❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛❧✿ ✏❲❤② t❤❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❧✐tt❧❡

❜② ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦❢ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✇❛t❝❤❢✉❧ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐s♦r❞❡r✱ ❜② ❛ s②st❡♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❧❡ss ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡✲

♥✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✇♦r❦s ❢❛st❡r ❢♦r ✇❤♦ ✐s ✐♥ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞❄✑ ❚❤❡ ♥❡①t ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✿ ✏❙♦ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ✇❛♥t t❤❡

❖r❛t♦r② t♦ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❤❛♣♣② s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦❧❞✱ t❤❡♥ ❜r✐♥❣ ❜❛❝❦ t❤❡ ♦❧❞ s②st❡♠✑ s♦✉♥❞s

❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ r❡s♦❧✉t❡✳ ■t ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✐s ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ ❣✉✐❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r

❈ ✐♥ ❛ ❢❛t❤❡r❧② ❬♦r ❵♣❛t❡r♥❛❧✬❪ ✇❛②✳ ❬✷✷✱ ♠s✳ ❪ ■♥ t❤✐s s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❢❛t❤❡r❧②✑ ✇✐❧❧

r❡♠✐♥❞ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ r❡❛❞❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡

❙②st❡♠✳

Pr❡✈❡♥t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❝❧♦s❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡✱ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ♠❡❛♥s ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐♥❣ ♦r st♦♣♣✐♥❣

✇❤❛t ✐s ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❣r♦✇t❤ ♦❢ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ■t ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡

✶✸❚❤❡ t❤r❡❡ q✉♦t❡s s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✿ ❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ ♣r✐♠♦✱ ♣✳ ✾✾✴✼✲✶✶❀ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✱ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳

♣✳ ✹✵✵✴✷✸✲✷✹ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛❧❧② ❖❊ ❳❳■❳ ❬✶✵✷❪❀ ✱ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✹✽✲✷✹✾✳

✶✼✸

18.4 Page 174

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❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❛♥❞ ✉♣r✐❣❤t ❝✐t✐③❡♥✳ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ✐s ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦

✐❧❧✉str❛t❡ t❤✐s s✉♣❡r❜❧② t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡❛❝❤❡r ✇❤♦ ❥♦✐♥

✐♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✱ t❛❦❡ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ t❤❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐s♣❡r ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ✇♦r❞ ♦❢

❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❡❛r❀ ❬✶✾✲✷✵❪ ❛ ❧✐tt❧❡ ✇♦r❞ ♦❢ ❝♦♠❢♦rt✱ s❡r✐♦✉s ❜✉t ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥✱

❛ ✇♦r❞ ♦❢ ❣❡♥✉✐♥❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st ❛♥❞ s②♠♣❛t❤②✳ ❍❛❞ t❤❛t ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦r❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✼✵❄ ■t ✇❛s ❛ ❤❡❛✈❡♥❧②✱ ❛ ✇♦♥❞❡r❢✉❧ t✐♠❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s

❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ✏❛❧✇❛②s ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✳✑ ❬✶✺❪ ❚❤❛t

✇❛s ♥♦t ♦♥❧② t♦ ❥♦✐♥ ✐♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡s✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ✏t♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧② ❝♦♥✈❡rs❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✑✱

❧✐st❡♥ t♦ t❤❡♠ ♦r s❡r✐♦✉s❧② t❛❧❦ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳

✹✳✶✳✼ ▼♦r❛❧ ✐♥t❡❣r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r

■♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❋r✳ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♣❛②s

❇ ♠♦r❡ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ✐❞❡❛s ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦❝❝✉r ✐♥ t❡❧❡❣r❛♣❤✐❝ st②❧❡ ✐♥ ✱ ❜✉t ❤❛r❞❧② ❛♣♣❡❛r ✐♥ ❈ ♦r

❡✈❡♥ ♥♦t ❛t ❛❧❧✳ ■t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s ❥❡❛❧♦✉s② ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣s✳ ■t ✐s ❝❧❡❛r ❤❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞

✐t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❣♦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✇❛r♥✐♥❣ ❞❡❧✐❝❛t❡❧② ❢♦r ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♠♦r❛❧ ❞❛♥❣❡rs✳ ❈❛✉t✐♦♥ ✐s t♦ ❜❡

r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✇❤❡♥ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❝❧♦s❡♥❡ss

t♦ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛s ✐s r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❜② ✐t✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣✉t ✐t ✐♥t♦ str✐❝t ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝✐s❡ ✇♦r❞s ✐♥ ❤✐s

▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✿ ✏❚❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❝r❛❢ts♠❛st❡rs ❛♥❞ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♠✉st

❜❡ ♦❢ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡❞ ♠♦r❛❧✐t②✳✑ ✶✹ ■t ✐s ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❢❛❝t♦r ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s✳ ■t ✐s

t♦♦ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ❢✉❧❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t t♦ ♣✉s❤ ✐t ❛s✐❞❡ ❛s ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧ ♦r ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✐♥

t❤✐s s✉r✈❡②✳

❊❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✐t❡♠s ✐s ❛ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

s♣✐r✐t✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦ s✉❝❤ ❛♥ ❡①t❡♥t t❤❛t ✐t ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥✐ t♦ q✉❛❧✐❢② t❤✐s ✐t❡♠ ❛s

✏t❤❡ ▼❛❣♥❛ ❈❛rt❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s②st❡♠✑✳ ❚❤❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢✉rt❤❡r

❥✉st✐✜❡❞ ✐❢ ✇❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t ✐t t♦ ♦t❤❡r ❛s♣❡❝ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧s♦ ♦❝❝✉♣② ❛ ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥t ♣❧❛❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡

❛♠♦r❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛s♣❡❝ts ❛r❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ❬

❪

❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✳

✹✳✷ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦❢ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts

✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ ❧❡ss ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇❛② ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ❛❜s❡♥t ✉♣ t♦

✶✽✽✹✳

■t ✐s ✈✐rt✉❛❧❧② ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♥♦t t♦ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ t❤❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ❜♦t❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❛♥❞ ❱❛❧❢rè ♣✉t

♦♥ t❤❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t② ♦❢ tr✉st ❢♦r ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳

✹✳✷✳✶ ❚r✉st✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✐s ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥s❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥

■♥ ❛ ✜rst r❡❛❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✲✶✽✼✵ ❧✐✈❡❧② ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s❝❡♥❡ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r

t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② ♣✉ts t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ♠✉t✉❛❧ tr✉st ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡✳

✶✹

❇❖❙❈❖✱

●✳✱

■❧

s✐st❡♠❛

♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳✳✳✱

♣✳

✽✺✴✹✹✵✲✹✹✶❀ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣✳

✷✹✾✴✷✳

❈❢✳

❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✺✶ ✐♥

❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳

✶✼✹

18.5 Page 175

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❚❤✐s ✐s r❡❛❧✐③❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s✉♠♠❛r② t❤♦✉❣❤t✿ ✏❨♦✉ ❝♦✉❧❞ s❡❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ❝♦r❞✐❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞

❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ r❡✐❣♥❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳✑ ❬✻❪ ✏❆♥❞ t❤❡ ❬❣r❡❛t❡st❪ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑

❑ ✐s ❛ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥

❆ ✐♥ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐t ✇❛s ♥♦t❡❞ s✐♠♣❧② ❛s✿ ✏♠❛② ❝♦r❞✐❛❧ tr✉st ❡♥t❡r✑✳ ❱❛❧❢rè✱ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛st

♣✉♣✐❧✱ ♠❛❦❡s t❤✐s q✉♦t❡ ❡✈❡♥ str♦♥❣❡r ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥s✿ ✏▲♦♦❦✿ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✭❝❧♦s❡♥❡ss✮ ❧❡❛❞s

❛♠♦r❡ t♦ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❬

❪ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜r✐♥❣s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❬✻❪ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s t❤❡

❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ tr✉st t❤✉s ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✳ ❬✻❪ ❆❢t❡r t❤✐s ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s

✐t ✐s r❛t❤❡r str❛♥❣❡ t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ ✏❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑ ✇❤❡♥ ❛s❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡

♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✏r❡✲❛♥✐♠❛t✐♦♥✑ ♦r r❡✈✐✈❛❧✳ ❬✶✶❪

▲✐❦❡ ❱❛❧❢rè✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ t♦♦ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡s t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✏❜r❡❛❦ ❞♦✇♥

t❤❡ ❜❛rr✐❡r ♦❢ ❞✐str✉st✳✑ ■♥ ❞♦✐♥❣ s♦ ❤❡ t✉r♥s ❝♦r❞✐❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ tr✉st✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥

❥✉①t❛♣♦s❡❞✱ ❛❣❛✐♥ ✐♥t♦ ❛ ✉♥✐t②✿ ✏r❡♣❧❛❝❡ ✐t ✇✐t❤ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧ tr✉st✳✑ ■t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s t❤❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢

✉♥✐t② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ s✉❣❣❡st✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝✉rs♦r② ♥♦t❡s ♦❢ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t

❆✳ ❬✶✽❪ ❆❧s♦ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ tr✉st ❜❡❧♦♥❣ t♦❣❡t❤❡r

❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣ ✐s t❤❡ s❛♠❡✿ ✏t❤✐s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ❝r❡❛t❡s ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝

❝✉rr❡♥t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❤❡❛rts ❛r❡ ♦♣❡♥❡❞✳✑ ❬✷✵❪ ❆t t❤❡

❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✱ tr✉st r❡❝❡✐✈❡s t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ✐t ❞❡s❡r✈❡s✱ ✐✳❡✳ ✐♥ ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❆♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♠❡❛♥s t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✱ ❧♦✈❡

❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ t♦ tr✐✉♠♣❤❄✑ ❬✷✸❪ ❚❤✐s ✐♥st❛♥t❧② ♣✉ts t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✐♥ t❤❡

s♣♦t❧✐❣❤ts✳

❚r✉st ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✇♦♥ ❜② st❡♣♣✐♥❣ ❞♦✇♥ ❢r♦♠ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣✉❧♣✐t✱ ❜② ❜❡✐♥❣

❛♠✐❞st t❤❡ ❜♦②s ♦♥ t❤❡✐r ❧❡✈❡❧✱ ❜② t❛❦✐♥❣ ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❧✐st❡♥✐♥❣ t♦ ✇❤❛t

♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣✐❡s t❤❡♠✱ ✇❤❛t ♠❛❦❡s t❤❡♠ ❤❛♣♣② ♦r s❛❞✳ ❬✶✾✲✷✵❪ ❚❤❡ st♦r② ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

✐♥t❡r✈✐❡✇ ✇✐t❤ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧ ❚♦st✐ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡s t❤✐s ❜r✐❧❧✐❛♥t❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳✶✺

❍✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t✐♥❣ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♠♣t✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ✐s ♥♦ ✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ♥♦✈❡❧t② ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts r❡✈❡❛❧s t❤❛t ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

t❛❧❦❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t ✐t ♦♣❡♥❧② ✐♥ ❤✐s ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤ts✳✶✻ ❲❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛❧✇❛②s ❛❞❞ s♦♠❡ ♠♦r❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s

q✉♦t❡s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡①t ✐t ✇❛s ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ♦✉t ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❝❤❛♣t❡r t❤❛t ❤❡ ❤❛❞

♦♥❝❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ tr✉st ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ s❡✈❡♥ s❡❝r❡ts ♦❢ ❤✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡

❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ❤❡ ♣✉t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ t❤✐s ❛s♣❡❝t ❛s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦✜ts ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦r✬s

❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✳✶✼ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡ ✇❡ ♦✉❣❤t ♥♦t t♦ ❢♦r❣❡t

t❤❛t ❤❡ ❣❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ r❡❝t♦rs ✐♥ ✶✽✼✻✿ ✏ ❬❇❡s✐❞❡s ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣

❦✐♥❞❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦❧❞❡r ❜♦②s❪ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ s❤♦✇ t❤❡♠ ❣r❡❛t tr✉st✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧②

t❤♦s❡ ✇❤♦ s❡❡♠ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r✐❡st❤♦♦❞✳✑ ✶✽ ❚r✉st ✐s ❛♥ ✏❡❧❡❝tr✐❝ ❝✉rr❡♥t✑ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤

❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ r❡❝❡✐✈❡✱ r❡❝❡✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❣✐✈❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❜♦②s ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ r❡❝❡✐✈❡✱

r❡❝❡✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❣✐✈❡✳ ❙t✐❧❧ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t tr✉st ❞♦❡s ♥♦t t✉r♥ ✉♣ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❧② ✐♥ st✉❞✐❡s ❛❜♦✉t

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳✶✾ ■t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ ♣❛rt❧② t♦ t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧ ❛♠♦✉♥t

✶✺❈❢✳ t❡①t ✈✐❛ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✷✼ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳

✶✻❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✶✸✹✱ ✶✻✵✱ ✶✼✽ ❛♥❞ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✵✾ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳

✶✼❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✶✹✵ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✾ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸ ❛♥❞ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✼✾ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✶✳

✶✽❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✶✾ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣✳ ✽✸✴✐t❡♠ ✸❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■✱ ♣✳ ✻✾✳

✶✾❏✳ ❙❝❤❡♣❡♥s ❛♥❞ ❊✳ ❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥✐ ✇r♦t❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡ ♦♥ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❜✉t ❜❛s❡❞ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s

❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ♦♥ ✏❚❤❡ ▲❡tt❡rs ❢r♦♠ ❘♦♠❡✑✳ ❙❈❍❊P❊◆❙✱ ❏✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡✈❡♥ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❝❤❛rt❡r ✈❛♥ ✈❡rtr♦✉✇❡♥

❡♥ ❣❡❧♦♦❢ ✐♥ ❞❡ ♦♣✈♦❡❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❇❡❣❡❡st❡r❞ ❞♦♦r ❞♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✱ ❖♣✈♦❡❞✐♥❣ ❡♥ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧✐t❡✐t✱ ❖✉❞✲❍❡✈❡r❧❡❡✱

✶✼✺

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♦❢ ❝❧❡❛r ✉tt❡r❛♥❝❡s ❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✶✽✽✹✳✷✵ ■t ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ♣❛rt❧② ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞

t♦ t❤❡ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ❞❛t❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❢ ❤✐s ❡✈❡♥✐♥❣ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s ✇r✐tt❡♥

❞♦✇♥ ❛❢t❡r t❤❡s❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤ts✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ s♣❡❡❝❤ ❛t t❤❡ st❛rt ♦❢

t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ②❡❛r ✶✽✻✸✲✶✽✻✹✳✷✶ ▲❛❝❦ ♦❢ str♦♥❣ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦r s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ✉s❡❢✉❧♥❡ss ♦❢ ❝❡rt❛✐♥

q✉♦t❡s ❛❧s♦ ♣❧❛②s ❛ ♣❛rt✳✷✷ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ t❤✐s r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧❡ s✐❧❡♥❝❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ r♦❧❡

♦❢ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡✱ ❢♦r ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ✇♦r❦s P✳ ❇r❛✐❞♦ q✉♦t❡s

str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞❧② t❤❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✶✽✼✻✳✷✸ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r ❤❡ s✉♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❛ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ t❡♥ ✏●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆rt✐❝❧❡s✑ ✐♥ ✶✾✽✼✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇r♦t❡ ✐♥ ✶✽✼✼✿ ✏❚❤❡② ❬t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t

♠❛❥♦r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs❪ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡❞ t♦ ✇♦r❦✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❞♦♥❡ ❜② s♠❛❧❧ r❡✇❛r❞s

❛♥❞ ❜② s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ②♦✉ ♣✉t ❛ ❣r❡❛t tr✉st ✐♥ t❤❡♠ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ♥❡❣❧❡❝t✐♥❣ s✉r✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡✳✑ ✷✹ ❚❤❛t

✐s ❛ ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡ ❢♦r ✐ts ✈❡r② ❝♦♥t❡♥t ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧②✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

s❡❛♠❧❡ss❧② ❥♦✐♥s t❤❡ ✶✽✼✻ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ❆ ②❡❛r ❧❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤❛t st❛♥❞❛r❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆rt✐❝❧❡s

❤❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❣❛✐♥ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡ tr✉st✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❚❤✐s ❛rt✐❝❧❡

❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ✐❢ ♦♥❡ ♣❛②s ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t ❝♦♥s✐sts

♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥❝✐s❡ s✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ♦r ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧② t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t❤❡

❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚❤✐r❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❚❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ t❛❦❡♥ ❞♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❛ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t❧②

r❡❧✐❛❜❧❡ ✇❛②✳

❆♥②✇❛②✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ♥♦t ♦♥❧② t❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ tr✉st t♦✇❛r❞s

t❤❡✐r ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✐s ✈❡r② str♦♥❣❧② ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡❞✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ✇❛②s ❤♦✇ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ♠❛② ✇✐♥

t❤❛t tr✉st✳

❚❤❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐s ♥♦ ❧❡ss ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t✳ ❇♦t❤ ❱❛❧❢rè✬s ❛♥❞ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s

❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ❛♥❞ ♣✉t ✐t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢✉❧❧ ❧✐♠❡❧✐❣❤t✳

✹✳✷✳✷ ❋❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②

❆❢t❡r ❱❛❧❢rè ❛♥❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ✇❛t❝❤❡❞ t❤❡ s❝❡♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡

✇✐t❤ ❣r❡❛t ♣❧❡❛s✉r❡✱ ❱❛❧❢rè ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞✿ ✏❨♦✉ s❡❡✱ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✭❝❧♦s❡♥❡ss✮ ❝r❡❛t❡s ❧♦✈❡ ❛♥❞

❧♦✈❡ ❝r❡❛t❡s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❬✻❪ ❍❡ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② t♦ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ t❤❡ ✇❛② ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦✬s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ ✏t❤❡ ❝❧❡r✐❝s ❛♥❞

t❤❡ ♣r✐❡sts✳✑ ❚❤✐s ✇❛② ❝♦♥s✐st❡❞ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ♣❧❛②✐♥❣✱ s✐♥❣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s❤♦✉t✐♥❣

s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s❧② ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡❡r❢✉❧❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❥♦✈✐❛❧❧② r❡❧❛t✐♥❣ st♦r✐❡s ♦r

❡♥❣❛❣✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤

❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❡❞ ✐ts❡❧❢ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✏t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ❝♦r❞✐❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✑

❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t♦r✬s ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥✳ ❬✻❪

❇✉③③❡tt✐ t♦♦ t❤✐♥❦s t❤❛t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐s ♦❢ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ✏❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡✲

❛t✐♦♥✑✳ ❆♥ ✉♥❢♦r❝❡❞✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐s ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡❧②

✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥s❛❜❧❡ ✏t♦ ❜r❡❛❦ ❞♦✇♥ t❤❛t ❜❛rr✐❡r✳✑ ❬✶✽❪ ❋♦r ❤✐♠ t♦♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ t❤❡

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✈♦r♠✐♥❣s❝❡♥tr✉♠✱ ✵✺✱ ✷✵✵✸✱ ♣♣✳ ✺✺✲✻✾✳ ❱❆▲❊◆❚■◆■✱ ❊✳✱ ▲❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ♠❛r✐❛♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳

✶✹✹✲✶✹✼✳

✷✵❆s ❢❛r ❛s t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡rs ❛r❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ♦♥❧② ✐♥✿ ❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ t❡r③♦✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✹✹ ❛♥❞ ✺✵✶✳ ❊ ✭♠✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ q✉❛rt♦✱ ♣✳

✶✻✹✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❉❡ ❜r✐❡❢ ✉✐t ❘♦♠❡ ❛❛♥ ❞❡ ❥♦♥❣❡♥s✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✶ ❛♥❞ ✸✻✳

✷✶❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ Pr❡✈❡♥✐r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✺✳

✷✷❈❢✳ ❘■❈❆▲❉❖◆❊✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡ ■✱ ❆st✐✱ ✶✾✺✶✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✾✼✲✷✵✶ ❛♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r ♣♣✳ ✷✵✶✲✷✷✽✳

✷✸❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✶✾ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳

✷✹❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ❙❝r✐tt✐ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝✐ ❡ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧✐✱ ❘♦♠❡✱ ▲❆❙✱ ✶✾✽✼✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✼✴✻➦ ❛♥❞ ♣✳ ✷✶✺✴✺➦✳

✶✼✻

18.7 Page 177

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❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✏❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❧✇❛②s ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❞✉r✐♥❣ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✑ ❛s ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞②

❜❡❡♥ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ♦♥ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳ ❬✶✺❪

❘❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✐s t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛❧ ♠♦♠❡♥t ❢♦r ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❝♦♥t❛❝t ❛♥❞ t❛❧❦ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r

❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r t♦ ❥♦✈✐❛❧❧② ✇✐♥ ❤❡❛rts✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❛❝t✐✈❡✳ ■t

♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❣r♦✇♥✲✉♣s ✏❧♦✈❡ t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❧✐❦❡✳✑ ❬✶✼❪ ■t ❛❧s♦ ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t t❤❡

❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✏♠❛❦❡ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❧✐tt❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s✳✑ ❬✶✾❪ ❚❤❡② s❤♦✉❧❞ ✏❥♦✐♥ t❤❡ ♣✉♣✐❧s

✐♥ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❧✐❦❡ ❛ ❜r♦t❤❡r✑ ❛♥❞ ✏s❛② ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ✇♦r❞✳✑ ❬✶✾❪ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t

❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✏❛s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠✳✑ ✷✺ ❲✐t❤♦✉t t❤✐s ❝❧♦s❡✱ ❦✐♥❞✱ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡✱

✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡s❡ s✐❣♥s ♦❢ ❣❡♥✉✐♥❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛♥❞

t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❛t ❝❛♣t✉r❡ t❤❡✐r ✐♥t❡r❡st✱ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ✇♦r❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✱ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❝❛♥♥♦t

❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✬ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤✐s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡

❧✐❢❡ ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✏❛ ❢♦r❡t❛st❡ ♦❢ ❤❡❛✈❡♥✑✳ ❬✶✻❪

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ♠✉❝❤ ❡❛r❧✐❡r✳

❚❤✐s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣r♦✈❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤♦✇ ❤❡ ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s ❢r✐❡♥❞ ❈♦♠♦❧❧♦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡

♦✉ts♣♦❦❡♥ ❞❡s✐r❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ❝♦♥t❛❝t ✇✐t❤ ❤✐s s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡♠✐♥❛r②✳ ❍✐s

❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦✈❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s ❢♦r r❡❝t♦rs ♦♥

❤♦✇ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ❤✐s ❝❛r❡ ❢♦r r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ✶✽✼✻✳ ❍✐s

❛❞✈✐❝❡ t♦ ❱❡s♣✐❣♥❛♥✐ ✐s ✈❡r② ❝❧❡❛r✳✷✻ ■♥ s♣✐t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ s✐❣♥s ♦❢ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✇❛s ✈❡r② ♠✉❝❤ ❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞✳ ❍❡ ✇❛s ❛❢r❛✐❞

♦❢ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❡①❝❡ss❡s ❛♥❞ ✇❛s ♦❢t❡♥ r❡t✐❝❡♥t ♦♥ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞ ♦t❤❡r t❡r♠s t♦

❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ ❤✐s ✈❡r② ♦✇♥ st②❧❡ ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳✷✼

❚❤✐s ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ❝♦♥tr❛sts s❤❛r♣❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤❡s✐t❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s

❛♥❞ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s✳ ◆❡✈❡r ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❤❛❞ ✐t s♦✉♥❞❡❞ s♦ ❝❧❡❛r❧②✱ r❛❞✐❝❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❧②✳ ■t

✐s ❛ ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t s❤✐❢t ♦❢ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✱ ❡✈❡♥ ❢r♦♠ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❇ t♦ ❈✳ ❚❤✐s

♠✉st ❜❡ ❞♦✉❜t❧❡ss❧② ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✳

✹✳✷✳✸ ❆✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡

❆ s✐♠✐❧❛r❧② r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❧❡❛r ♥✉❛♥❝❡ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏❛♠♦r❡ ✑✱

❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✳

❼ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❧② ❛s❦❡❞ ❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs t♦ t❛❦❡ ♠♦r❡ ♣❛✐♥s ♦r ❝❛r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst

♣❧❛❝❡ ❢♦r ❜❡✐♥❣ ❧♦✈❡❞ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❜❡✐♥❣ r❡s♣❡❝t❡❞ ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ✏❢❡❛r❡❞✳✑ ❚♦ ♣✉t ✐t st✐❧❧ ✐♥

❛♥♦t❤❡r ✇❛②✿ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ❣r❡❛t❡r ❡✛♦rt t♦ ❜❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❛♥ t♦ ❛❝q✉✐r❡ ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✳ ◆❡✈❡r

✷✺❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✷✶ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳

✷✻❈❢✳ ✐♥t❡r ❛❧✐❛ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✷✵✸✱ ✷✷✶ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳ ❆ ❝❧❡❛r ✐♥s✐❣❤t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✈✐❡✇s ❛t

t❤❡ t✐♠❡ ✐s ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤❛♥ ②♦✉ ♠✐❣❤t t❤✐♥❦ ❛t ✜rst s✐❣❤t✿ ✐t ✐s ❛ ❢♦❝✉s ✐♥ ❛ ❧✐st✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛s♣❡❝ts

✇❤✐❝❤ ▼✳ ❘✉❛ ✐s t♦ ✏✐♥s♣❡❝t✑ ✭❛✉❞✐t✮ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ✶✽✼✹✲✶✽✼✻ ✐♥ ❡✈❡r② s✐♥❣❧❡ ❤♦✉s❡✳ ❈❢✳ ❇❘❆■❉❖✱

P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❡ ❘✉❛ ♣r✐♠♦ ❛✉t♦❞✐❞❛tt❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✺✲✶✵✻ ❛♥❞ ♣♣✳ ✶✸✾✴✷✵✲✷✶✳ ❆s ❢❛r ❛s t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡s

❛r❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✱ ✐t ✐s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❜r✐❡❢ t❡❧❡❣r❛♠ r❡❣✐st❡r✿ ✏❉❡✈♦t✐♦♥ t♦ st✉❞② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✱

s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✭❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✮ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs✳✑ ■t ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ❤♦✇ t❤❡

❜♦②s ❜❡❤❛✈❡ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡✐r ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳ ❲❡ ♠❛② ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✐t ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ❛s ✏❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✑ ✐s

♣✉t ♦♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛s t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✏st✉❞②✲❞✐❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❈❢✳ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❖♣ ✇❡❣ ♥❛❛r ❞❡ ❵❜r✐❡✈❡♥✬

✈❛♥ ✶✵ ♠❡✐ ✶✽✽✹✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✳

✷✼❈❢✳ ✈✐❛ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✶✹✵ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✾ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳ ◗✉✐t❡ ❛♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❇■❊❙▼❆◆❙✱ ❘✳✱ ❆♠♦r❡✈✲

♦❧❡③③❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✽✾✲✷✵✼✳

✶✼✼

18.8 Page 178

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♦r s❡❧❞♦♠ ❞✐❞ ❤❡ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ❤♦✇ t❤❡② ❤❛❞ t♦ ❣♦ ❛❜♦✉t ♠❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❧♦✈❡❞

●❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳ ■❢ ❤❡ ❡①♣❛♥❞❡❞ ♦♥ ✐t✱ ❤❡ ✇r♦t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡♥s❡ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡♥

❆rt✐❝❧❡s ✭✶✽✼✼✮✿ ✏❍❡ ❬t❡❛❝❤❡r ❛♥❞✴♦r ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❪ ✇✐❧❧ r❡❛❝❤ t❤❛t ❣r❡❛t ❣♦❛❧ ✐❢ ❤❡ s❤♦✇s

✐♥ ✇♦r❞s ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ✐♥ ❛❝t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❛❧❧ ❤✐s ❡✛♦rts ❛r❡ ❛✐♠❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❛♥❞

t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✇❡❧❢❛r❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ♣✉♣✐❧s✳✑ ✷✽ ❍❡ ♠❡❛♥t ❜② t❤✐s t❤❛t t❤❡✐r ✐♥❞❡❢❛t✐❣❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ s❡❧❢

❞❡♥②✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✐t♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❤❛r❞ ❧❛❜♦✉r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✇♦✉❧❞ ②✐❡❧❞ r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛❧ ❧♦✈❡✳ ■♥

✶✽✽✵ t❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ t♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛❞❞r❡ss t♦ ♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧s ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❞✐♦❝❡s❛♥

♣r✐❡sts✳ ✏■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s✉❝❝❡❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✑✱ ❤❡ s❛✐❞✱ ✏②♦✉ ♠✉st t❛❦❡ ❣r❡❛t ♣❛✐♥s

t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ ❛ ❝❤❛r♠✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛❣r❡❡❛❜❧❡ ✇❛②✳ ▼❛❦❡ ②♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s ❧♦✈❡❞✱ ♥♦t

❢❡❛r❡❞✳✑ ❍✐s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛❞✈✐❝❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇s ♥❡①t✿ ✏❙❤♦✇ t❤❡♠ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝✐♥❣❧② t❤❛t ②♦✉

❞❡s✐r❡ t❤❡ s❛✈✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r s♦✉❧s✳ ❈♦rr❡❝t t❤❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❛❜♦✈❡

❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛ ❛❧❧✱ ❞♦ ♥♦t str✐❦❡ t❤❡♠✳✑ ❍❡ t❛❧❦❡❞ ❛❧s♦ ❛❜♦✉t ✏s✐❣♥s ♦❢

✑ ❬❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✱

❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✱ ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss❪✑ ❜✉t ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝♦♠❡ ✉♣ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥② ✐❧❧✉str❛t✐♥❣ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s✳✷✾ ❍✐s

❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s ✇❡r❡ ❡✈❡♥ ❧❡ss ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧✳ ■♥ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣ ✐t r❡♠❛✐♥❡❞✿

✏❚❤❡ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ❧♦✈❡ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ❛❞✈✐s❡ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ✇❡❧❧ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇❛② ✐♥

❛♠♦r❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ✇✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✬ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❬

❪ ❛♥❞ r❡s♣❡❝t ♦r ❡st❡❡♠

st✐♠❛ ❬

❪✳✸✵ ❙t✐❧❧✱ t♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❢♦r t❤❡✐r t❡❛❝❤❡rs✱

❛♠♦r❡ st✐♠❛ ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦rs t❤❡② ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❆✉❣✉st ✶✽✼✶ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s ✏

❛♥❞ ✏

✑✳

❆❧❧ ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ✐t ✐s ✈❡r② ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡ t❤❛t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❞❡❢❡♥❞s ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛♥❞

❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ✈❡rs✉s ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❜② r❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❡✛♦rts ♦✈❡r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ②❡❛rs ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❛♥❞

❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs✬ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❞❡✈♦t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♣❤②s✐❝❛❧✱ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❛❧ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❤✐s

❜♦②s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛r❡ s♦ ♠❛♥② ♣✐❡❝❡s ♦❢ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❝❤❛r✐t②✱ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r

❝❛r✐tà ❈❛r✐t❛s ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❬

❪✳ ✏

✑ ✐s t❤❡ ❞r✐✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❛r✐♥❣ ♣♦✇❡r✱

t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ ❤✐s ♦❜❧✐❣✐♥❣ ❧✐❢❡✳

❼ ❚❤✐s ✈❡r② r♦❝❦ s♦❧✐❞ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣✉❧❧❡❞ ❞♦✇♥ ❜② ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝r✐♣t✳

❈❛r✐t❛s✱ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✐s r❡❛❧❧② ♥♦t t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❡❧❡♠❡♥t

❛♠♦r❡ ✐♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❛st♦r❛❧ ❝❛r❡✱ ❜✉t ✏

✑ ✐s✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❬✶✶ ❛♥❞

❛♠♦r❡ ✶✼❪ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏

✑ ❤❛❞ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✈❡r❜❛❧ ♦♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❞❡ ❞r❛❢ts ♦❢ t❤❡

❇ ❈ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❛♥❞ ✳ ■t ♠✉st ❜❡ ❛ str♦♥❣❧② ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ s❤✐❢t ♦❢ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s✳ ■t ❝❧❡❛r❧②

✐s ❛ ❦❡② ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤♦✇ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❝❛♥ ✇✐♥ t❤✐s ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦r ❧♦✈❡

✐s ♥♦t s❝❛r❝❡ ❛t ❛❧❧ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ st♦♣♣✐♥❣ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♥❣

t❤✐♥❣s ✈❡r② ✈✐s✉❛❧❧②✳

✷✽❋♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✽✷ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✶✳

✷✾❋♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✶✼✸ ❛♥❞ ✷✷✺ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳ ❆t t✐♠❡s t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✇♦r❞s ✐s s②♥♦♥②♠♦✉s✳ ❙t ❋r❛♥❝✐s ❞❡

❙❛❧❡s ✐s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❣✉✐❞❡ ✐♥ ❛ ❞r❡❛♠ t❤❛t ❤❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞ ♦♥ ✾ ▼❛② ✶✽✼✾✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛s❦❡❞ ❤✐♠

✇❤❛t ❤❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❞♦ t♦ ♣r♦♠♦t❡ ✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❣✉✐❞❡ r❡♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ t❤✐s✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛r✈❡st ♠❛♥②

✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥s ❜② t❤❡✐r ❣♦♦❞ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❜② ❜❡✐♥❣ ❡♥❞❧❡ss❧② ❦✐♥❞ ❬✏tr❛tt❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥ s♦♠♠❛ ❝❛r✐tà ✑ ❪ t♦✇❛r❞ t❤❡✐r

♣✉♣✐❧s✑ ❬❜② ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ❝❤❛r✐t②❪✳✑ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ♣r❡❢❡rr❡❞

t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡✿ ✏❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ❛✛❛❜❧②✱ ❦✐♥❞❧②✑ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ✏❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛ ✑✳ ❆ ❢❡✇ ♠♦♠❡♥ts ❧❛t❡r ✐♥

t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t❛❧❡ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛s❦❡❞✿ ✏❍♦✇ ❛r❡ ✇❡ t♦ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥ ❬❜❡tt❡r❪ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t s♣✐r✐t ✐♥ ♦✉r ❤♦✉s❡s❄✑

❚❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ♦❢ ❤✐s ❣✉✐❞❡ ✇❡♥t ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏✳ ✳ ✳ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ❦✐♥❞❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳✑ ✏ ❚r❛tt❛r❡ ❝♦♥ ❜❡♥❡✈♦❧❡♥③❛ ✑

♠❡❛♥s ❵❦✐♥❞❧②✱ ❝♦r❞✐❛❧❧②✱ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡❧②✬ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✳ ❈❢✳ ▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣✳ ✽✾✳

✸✵❋♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✶✻✺ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳

✶✼✽

18.9 Page 179

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❖♥❡ ✜rst ✏✇❛②✑ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ✏t❛❦✐♥❣ ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ②♦✉t❤❢✉❧ ✐♥t❡r❡sts✳✑ ❬✶✸❪ ❊♥t❡r✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦

t❤❡✐r ✐♥t❡r❡sts✳ ❙❤❛r❡ t❤❡✐r ❧✐✈❡s✳ ◆❡①t ❇✉③③❡tt✐ r❡♠✐♥❞s ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①❝❡♣t✐♦♥❛❧

♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏❛❧✇❛②s st❛②✐♥❣ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✑ ❛♥❞ ✏❡♥❣❛❣✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✑

❬✶✻❪✱ ❛❧✇❛②s ♦❢ ❝♦✉rs❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❛② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣✉t ✐t ✐♥t♦ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ❤❡ ❡♥✲

❝♦✉r❛❣❡s ❤✐♠ t♦ ✐♥s✐st ♦♥ ❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❛② ❤❡ ❤❛❞

❞♦♥❡ ❬✶✻❪ ✐✳❡✳ st❡♣ ❞♦✇♥ ❢r♦♠ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✱ ✏❥♦✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✑✱ t❛❧❦

✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❧② ❬✏✇❤✐s♣❡r ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ✇♦r❞ ✐♥t♦ ❛ ❜♦②✬s ❡❛r✑ ❪✱ ❧✐st❡♥ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❥♦②s ❛♥❞

❝♦♠♣❧❛✐♥ts ❬✶✾❪✱ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤✐s t❤❛t t❤❡② t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❞❡✲

s✐r❡s ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❛r❡ ✇♦rt❤✇❤✐❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡ ✐t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ✏❜❡❝♦♠❡

t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❧✐tt❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s✑ ❬✶✾❪✱ ❡♠♣❛t❤✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦✈❡ ♦♥t♦ t❤❡✐r ❧❡✈❡❧✱ ✏❜❡❝♦♠❡

✭❧✐❦❡✮ ❜r♦t❤❡rs✳✑

■t ✐s t❤✐s ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✱ t❤✐s ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✏❝❛♥ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❛♥②t❤✐♥❣✑ ❬✷✵❪✳ ❆♥②t❤✐♥❣✳

❚❤❛t ❛❧s♦ ♠❡❛♥s t❤❡ ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ ♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡♥✲❤❡❛rt❡❞♥❡ss ❬✻✱ ✶✻✱ ✶✼✱ ✷✵❪✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡

✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥s❛❜❧❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs ❢♦r s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳

❆❧s♦ ❋r ❋❛s❝✐❡✱ t❤❡ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧❧♦r ❢♦r s❝❤♦♦❧s✱ ❤❛❞ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r❡❞ t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡

s②st❡♠ ✐♥ ✶✾✷✵✳ ❍❡ t❤❡♥ ✇r♦t❡ t❤❛t ❋❛t❤❡r ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ❋r ❆❧❜❡r❛✱ ✏❤❛❞ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ t❤✐s

❛♠♦r❡ ❧♦✈❡ ❬

❪✱ t❤✐s ❛✛❛❜❧❡ ✭❝♦r❞✐❛❧✮ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ t❤❡ s❡❝r❡t ♦❢

❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❛❞♠✐r❛❜❧❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳✑ ❋r ❆❧❜❡r❛ ❤❛❞ ❞♦♥❡ s♦ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ❤❛❞

❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡❞ t❤❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✳

❍❡ ❤❛❞ ❜❛❝❦❡❞ ✉♣ ❤✐s r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ✏st❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❝✐♦✉s st✐♠✉❧✐ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❧❡tt❡r

♦❢ t❤❡ ❋♦✉♥❞❡r ❞❛t❡❞ ✶✵ ▼❛② ✶✽✽✹✳✑ ✸✶

❚❤❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✐♥ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❞❡♥② ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡

❧♦✈❡ ♦r ❝❤❛r✐t② t❤♦✉❣❤✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s q✉✐t❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ❛❣r❡❡❞

✇✐t❤ ❱✐♥❝❡♥t ❞❡ P❛✉❧✬s ♦❢t❡♥ r❡♣❡❛t❡❞ ✇♦r❞s ♦♥ ❧♦✈❡ ❢♦r ●♦❞✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ ❝❧❡❛r❧②

❚❤❡ ♣✉t t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❤♦❧② ♠❛♥ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ✐♥ ❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱

❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ●✉✐❞❡❞ ♦♥t♦ t❤❡ ❘♦❛❞ t♦ ❱✐rt✉❡ ❛♥❞ ❉❡❝❡♥❝② ✭✶✽✹✽ ❛♥❞ ✶✽✼✻✮✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✇❡ r❡❛❞

t❤❡ q✉♦t❡✿ ✏❙♦ ♠❛♥② ❛❝ts ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡ ❢♦r ●♦❞ ❛♥❞ s♦ ♠❛♥② ♦t❤❡r ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❛ t❡♥❞❡r ❤❡❛rt✱

❤♦✇❡✈❡r ❣♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡s✐r❛❜❧❡ t❤❡② ♠❛② ❜❡✱ ✇✐❧❧ st✐❧❧ ❜❡ s✉s♣❡❝t ✐❢ t❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦t ❣♦ ❤❛♥❞ ✐♥

❤❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✳✑ ✸✷ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t❤✐s st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✇❛s q✉✐t❡ ✈❛❧✐❞✳

❛♠♦r❡ ❼ ❆s ✏

✑ ♦❝❝✉♣✐❡s s✉❝❤ ❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ✐s ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ s♦ ❡❧❛❜✲

❈ ❉ ♦r❛t❡❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❛❞ ✐t ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❛st♦♥✐s❤ t❤❛t ❇r❛✐❞♦ ❤❛❞ ♦♥❝❡ ❝❤❛r✲

❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ t❤✐s t❡①t ❛s ✏t❤❡ ♣♦❡♠ ♦❢ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧♦✈❡✳✑ ✸✸ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞ ✐t ❞♦❡s

✸✶❆tt✐ ❞❡❧ ❈❛♣✐t♦❧♦ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r❡ ❞❡❧❧❛ ♣✐❛ s♦❝✐❡tà s❛❧❡s✐❛♥❛✱ ❈❛t❛♥✐❛✱ ▼✐❧❛❛♥✱ P❛r♠❛✱ ❙❊■✱ ✷✹ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✾✷✵✱ ♣✳

✶✹✳ ❈❢✳ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❧❡tt❡r ♦❢ ✻ ❆♣r✐❧ ✶✾✷✵ ✐♥✿ ▲❡tt❡r❡ ❝✐r❝♦❧❛r✐ ❞✐ ❉✳ P❛♦❧♦ ❆❧❜❡r❛ ❛✐ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥✐ ❚✉r✐♥✱

❙❊■✱ ✶✾✷✷✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✷✳ ❉♦♥ ❋❛s❝✐❡ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❉✳

✸✷❖❊ ❳❳❱■■■ ❬✸✽❪✳ ■♥ ✶✽✼✻ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❜♦♦❦✱ ✏❚❤❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❣✉✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡

♦❢ ✈✐rt✉❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❧✐❢❡ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❙♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❙t✳ ❱✐♥❝❡♥t ❞❡ P❛✉❧✑ ❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ t✐♠❡✳ ❆ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡

❤❡ ❤❛❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛❜♦✉t ❙t✳ ❱✐♥❝❡♥t✿ ✏❍❡ ✇❛s ♥♦t s❛t✐s✜❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ●♦❞ ✐♥ ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡

✇❛② ❬s❡♠♣❧✐❝❡ ❛♠♦r❡ ❞✐ ❛✛❡tt♦❪ ❛♥❞ ❝❤❡r✐s❤✐♥❣ ❤✐❣❤ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥ts ❛❜♦✉t ❤✐s ❣♦♦❞♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❣r❡❛t ❞❡s✐r❡s

❢♦r ❤✐s ❣❧♦r②✱ ❜✉t ❤❡ t✉r♥❡❞ t❤✐s ❧♦✈❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✳✑ ■❜✐❞✳✱ ❬✸✼✲✸✽❪✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢

✐t❛❧✐❝✐③❡❞ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡rs✳

✸✸■♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥✿ ✏■❧ ♣♦❡♠❛ ❞❡❧❧✬❛♠♦r❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦✳✑ ■♥ ✶✾✺✹ P✳ ❇r❛✐❞♦ ❤❛❞ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛ s❤♦rt ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤

t❤❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣✐♥❣ t✐t❧❡✿ ✏■t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s✉✣❝❡ t♦ ❧♦✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❣♦♦❞ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳✑ ✭❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ◆♦♥ ❜❛st❛ ❛♠❛r❡

♣❡r ❡ss❡r❡ ❜✉♦♥✐ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r✐ ✐♥✿ ❖r✐❡♥t❛♠❡♥t✐ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝✐✱ ✈♦❧✳ ✶✱ ✶✾✺✹✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✼✲✽✾✮✳ ❙♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ ♦✉t ✐♥

✶✼✾

18.10 Page 180

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❛st♦♥✐s❤ ❛s ❤❡ ❣❛✈❡ t❤✐s ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♥❣ t✐t❧❡ t♦ ❛♥ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞❡✈✐❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✲

❛❜❧❡ ♣❛rts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❬t❤❡ ❉ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t❪✱ ♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤✐s

st✉❞② ✐s ❜❛s❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜❢t✐❡s ❛♥❞ s✐①t✐❡s❇r❛✐❞♦ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ t❡①t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❈❡✲

r✐❛✳✸✹ ❙♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ str❛♥❣❡ ❤❛❞ ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s t❤♦✉❣❤✳ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑

❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❜② ✏ ❝❛r✐tà✑ ✐♥ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ s♣♦ts✳ ■t ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❦❡②

❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ✇❤❡r❡ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ s❛②s✿ ✏ ❈♦❧❧✬❛♠♦r❡✑ ✭❜② ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❜② ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✮✳ ❬✶✶❪

❆❧s♦ ✐♥ ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❲❤② ❞♦ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❛♥t t♦ r❡♣❧❛❝❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✇✐t❤ ❝♦❧❞ r✉❧❡s❄✑

t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✏ ❝❛r✐tà✑ ❤❛❞ r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑✳ ❬✷✶✲✷✷❪ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ♣❧❛❝❡s ✏ ❛✛❡tt♦✑ ❤❛s ♣✉s❤❡❞

❛s✐❞❡ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✇♦r❞ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt

♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣s ✐♥ ♣❛st t✐♠❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ q✉❛❧✐✜❡s ❛s ✐♥s♣✐r✐♥❣ ♣❛st

♣✉♣✐❧s ✇✐t❤ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤✐s ✭❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥❛t❡✮ ❧♦✈❡ ✇❛s t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ♦r t❤❡ r✉❧❡

t❤❡♥✳ ❬✶✻❪ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✑ ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡

s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ✐t ❤❛❞ ❜❡❡♥ r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❜② ✏ ❛✛❡tt♦✑✳✸✺

❉❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡s❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✐♥ ✶✾✺✾✱ ❇r❛✐❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r❡❞ t❤❡

❤❡❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♥✐t❡❞ t❡①t✳ ❍❡ ✇r♦t❡ ♣♦✐♥t❡❞❧② ❛♥❞ ❝♦rr❡❝t❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦✲

❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤✐s ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✿ ✏❚❤❡ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❵Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✬✱ ❛s ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧

♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②✱ ✐s ❛ ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ r❛t✐♦ ✭r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡♥❡ss✮ ❛♥❞ r❡❧✐❣✐♦♥✱ r❡❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❧✐♠❛t❡ ♦❢

❝❤❛r✐t② ✭❝❛r✐tà✮✱ ♦r r❛t❤❡r t❤❡ ❝❧✐♠❛t❡ ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡ ✭❛♠♦r❡✮✱ ♦❢ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✑ ❜❡tt❡r

st✐❧❧✱ t❤❡ st②❧❡ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣②✳✑ ✸✻ ❚❤❡ ❣r❛❞❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ✏r❛t❤❡r✑ t♦ ✏❜❡tt❡r st✐❧❧✑ ✐s

✈❡r② s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t✳ ❍❡ ❝❧❡❛r❧② ✉s❡❞ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡✈♦❧❡③③❛✑ ❛s ❛ s②♥♦♥②♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ✏ ❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà✑✱

✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡s t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ✐♥ ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦✳

❼ ❚❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s ❤❛s ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥

r❡✈❡❛❧❡❞ ✉♣ t♦ ♥♦✇✳ ■t ✐s q✉✐t❡ s✉r♣r✐s✐♥❣ t❤❛t ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❡❞ t❤❡

❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ✐♥ ❛ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❧❛t❡r ♦♥✳ ■t r❡❛❞s ❛s ✐❢ ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t

s❡♥s❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡s❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❝r❛s❤❡❞ ❢r♦♥t❛❧❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❡♥❞❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❛ ✈❡r② ❧❛r❣❡ ♣❛rt

♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ♦♥ ❜♦t❤ ♣✐❝t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❧❛②❣r♦✉♥❞ s❝❡♥❡✳

■♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t✐♠❡ t❤❡ ❧❛t❡r ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ✏❝❛r✐tà ✑ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡

❝❛rr✐❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❧②✳ ✏ ❆♠♦r❡ ✑ ❤❛s s✐♠♣❧② ❜❡❡♥ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✉tt❡r❛♥❝❡s

♦r t❤♦✉❣❤ts✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥✿ ✏❨♦✉ ❝❛♥♥♦t s❤♦✇ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤✐s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✳✑ ❬✶✽❪ ■t

❧♦♦❦s ❧❡ss ❡✈✐❞❡♥t ✐♥✿ ✏■❢ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t❤✐s tr✉❡ ❧♦✈❡✱ ✇❡ s❤❛❧❧ ♥♦t s❡❡❦ ♦t❤❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❣❧♦r② ♦❢

●♦❞✑ ❛♥❞ ✏✇❤❡♥ t❤✐s ❧♦✈❡ ❧❛♥❣✉✐s❤❡s✳✑ ❬✷✶❪ ❚❤✐s ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ✉♥❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥ts ✇❛s ❡♥♦✉❣❤

t♦ ✐♥s♣✐r❡ ❇r❛✐❞♦ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❤❛r♣ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✏♣♦❡♠ ♦❢ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧♦✈❡✑✳ ❚❤✐s str♦♥❣

❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ❥✉st✐✜❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ t❡①t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t✐♥❣

✇♦r❞ ✏ ❛♠♦r❡ ✑ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳

t❤✐s ✇❛② ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❞❡♥♦✉♥❝❡ s❡❧❢✲❝♦♠♣❧❛❝❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ✜r♠♥❡ss ✈❡rs✉s ❛♥② r❡♥❡✇❛❧ ♦r ✉♣❞❛t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ s②st❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✜❡❧❞✳

✸✹❊ ■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✻✶✲✷✻✾✳ ▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✵✼✲✶✶✹❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✺✲✾✹✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ t❤❛t ✐s st✐❧❧ t❤❡ t❡①t ✐♥

t❤❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡♥❡✇❡❞ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❘✉❧❡s✳

✸✺❈❢✳ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡s ✽✸✱ ✶✸✽ ❛♥❞ ✶✹✻ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸✳

✸✻❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ✶✵ ▼❛❣❣✐♦ ✶✽✽✹ ✐♥✿ ❖r✐❡♥t❛♠❡♥t✐ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝✐✱ ❛♥♥♦ ❱■✱ ♥➦ ✹✱ ✶✾✺✾✱ ♣✳ ✺✹✼✳

✶✽✵

19 Pages 181-190

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19.1 Page 181

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✹✳✷✳✹ ❘❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥

❲❤❡r❡ ❱❛❧❢rè ♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ♦✉t t♦ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ t❤❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✐t ✇❛s

❝❧❡❛r t❤❛t ❤✐s st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✇❛s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❡❧② ❜❛s❡❞ ✉♣♦♥ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❍❡ s❛✐❞✿ ✏❨♦✉

s❡❡✱ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✭❝❧♦s❡♥❡ss✮ ❧❡❛❞s t♦ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜r✐♥❣s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✳✑ ❬✻❪ ❚❤✐s

❛❧s♦ ❣♦❡s ❢♦r ❇✉③③❡tt✐✬s ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t✳ ■t ✐s ❤✐s ❝♦♥✈✐❝t✐♦♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✏❢❡❡❧ t❤❡② ❛r❡

❧♦✈❡❞✑ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ✏t❛❦❡ ♣❛rt ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ②♦✉t❤❢✉❧ ✐♥t❡r❡sts✑ ❬✶✸❪ ♦r ❛❧s♦ ✇❤❡♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs

❛♥❞ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ✏❧✐❦❡ ✇❤❛t ♣❧❡❛s❡s t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳✑ ❬✶✽❪ ❚♦ ❤✐♠ t♦♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢

✏❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♥❣ ❬♠❛❦✐♥❣ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❪ t❤❛t ♦♥❡ ❧♦✈❡s✳✑ ❬✶✽❪ Pr❡❝✐s❡❧② ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤✐s

❧❛tt❡r ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✱ ❇✉③③❡tt✐ r❡✈❡❛❧s t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ ♠♦t✐✈❡ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ✐♥ ❛

❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✱ ❥♦✈✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✇❛②✳ ❚♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t❡ t❤✐s ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♠❛❦❡s ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛

❇ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ t❤♦✉❣❤t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞

❜② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r st❛② ✐♥ ❘♦♠❡✳ ❆ ✜rst ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✐♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥

❝♦♥❝❡r♥s ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ♦❢ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❧♦❝✉t♦r ✇❤♦ ❤❛❞ ♥♦t ②❡t

❣♦t ❛ ♥❛♠❡✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛s❦❡❞ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ✏❲❤❛t ❞♦ t❤❡② ✇❛♥t ❢r♦♠ ✉s t❤❡♥❄✑ ❚❤❡

❛♥s✇❡r ✇❛s✿ ✏❚❤r♦✉❣❤ ❦♥♦✇✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❧♦✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s t❤❡② ❧✐❦❡✱

t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❛r❡ ❧❡❞ t♦ s❡❡ t❤❡ ❧♦✈❡ ❬♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs❪ ✐♥ t❤♦s❡ t❤✐♥❣s t♦♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡② ✜♥❞ ❧❡ss

❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡✳✑ ❚❤❡ ❜♦②s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ❧❡❛r♥ t♦ ❧✐❦❡ ❞♦✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ❧❡ss ❛❣r❡❡❛❜❧❡ t❤✐♥❣s✳✑ ❚❤❡

❧✐st✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏t❤❡s❡ t❤✐♥❣s✑ ✐s s✉❝❝✐♥❝t ❬✏❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡✱ st✉❞② ❛♥❞ s❡❧❢✲❞❡♥✐❛❧✑ ❪✱ ❜✉t t②♣✐❝❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡

s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖r❛t♦r②✳ ❬✶✸✲✶✹❪

❚❤❡ r❡♣❧② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❛♣♣❡❛r ❝❧❡❛r ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ❢♦r ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ❍❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✳

❇ ❈ ❍❡ ❣♦t ✐t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♥♦t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣ts ❛♥❞ ✿ ✏❚❤❡ ❉✐✈✐♥❡ ❙❛✈✐♦✉r ♠❛❞❡

❈ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❧✐tt❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s ❛♥❞ ❤❡ ❜♦r❡ ♦✉r ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s✳✑ ❬✶✹❪ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ♦♥t❛✐♥s

❛ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♦r✐❡♥t❛t✐♥❣ t❤♦✉❣❤t✳ ■t ✐s ❛ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ s❡♥t❡♥❝❡✱ ❜✉t ✐t ✐s ❧✐♥❦❡❞

❛❧r❡❛❞② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✳ ✏❋❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ✐s t❤❡ ✇❛② ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st ♠❛❞❡ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢

❧✐tt❧❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s ❛♥❞ ❜♦r❡ ♦✉r ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s✳✑ ✸✼ ❬✶✾❪ ❚❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②

❛♥❞ ❏❡s✉s✬ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t ✐s ✐♥st❛♥t❧② ❝❧❡❛r✳ ■t ❧♦♦❦s ❛s ✐❢ ✐t ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ❏❡s✉s ♣✉tt✐♥❣ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ♦♥

t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s✬ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈✐♥❣ t♦ ❜❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠ ❞❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss❡s ❤❡ ❢❛❝❡❞✳ ❍❡

❜♦r❡ t❤❡♠ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡ ❧✐❦❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✈❡❞ t❤❡♠✳

❈ ❈ ❚❤❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❡①♣❛♥❞❡❞ t❤✐s ✐❞❡❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞

❇ ✏❢♦r t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s✑ ✭✐♥ ✮ ✐♥t♦ ✏✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s✳✑ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❞✐❞ s♦ ❜❡✲

❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡ ♠❡❛♥t ✏t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡♠✑✱ ✏❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠✑✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✇❛s ❡✈❡♥

❈ str❡♥❣t❤❡♥❡❞ ✐♥ ✿ ✏❨♦✉ s❡❡✱ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✳✑ ■♥ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❜♦②s t❤❡ ❝♦♥✲

♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❛♣♣❡❛r ❛t ❛❧❧✳ ❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②

✇❛s s✐♠♣❧② ♦♠✐tt❡❞✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❡②❡ ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱ ❛

♥❡✇ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ✐♥s❡rt❡❞✿ ✏❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝r✉s❤ t❤❡ ❜r✉✐s❡❞ r❡❡❞ ♥♦r q✉❡♥❝❤ t❤❡

✸✼❇❘❆■❉❖ P✳✱ ▲❛ ❧❡tt❡r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✴✺✾✲✻✵ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s ❤❛s ❤❛❞ ❛ ♣r♦❢♦✉♥❞

✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❛♥❞ ❝❛r❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ■t ❛❧s♦ ❤❛❞

❛ ❣r❡❛t ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❤✐s ✐♠♣✉❧s❡✿ ✏▲❡t ✉s tr❡❛t ②♦✉♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛s ✇❡

✇♦✉❧❞ tr❡❛t ❏❡s✉s ✐❢ ❤❡ ✇❡r❡ ❛ ♣✉♣✐❧ ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ♦✉r s❝❤♦♦❧s✳✑ ✭▼❇ ❳■❱✱ ♣♣✳ ✽✹✻✲✽✹✼❀ ♦♠✐tt❡❞ ✐♥ ❊▼❇

❳■❱✳✮ ■t ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs t♦♦✳ ■♥ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ✶✽✽✹ t❤❡ ✜rst ❞r❛❢t ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦❛t ♦❢ ❛r♠s ❢♦r t❤❡

❝♦♥❣r❡❣❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❧♦✇❡r ♣♦rt✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥✱ ❛ ✇❛✈✐♥❣ str❡❛♠❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s✿

✏❙✐♥✐t❡ ♣❛r✈✉❧♦s ✈❡♥✐r❡ ❛❞ ♠❡✑ ❬✏▲❡t t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ ♦♥❡s ❝♦♠❡ t♦ ♠❡✑ ❪✳ ❊✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧② t❤❡ ♠♦tt♦ ✏❉❛ ♠✐❤✐

❛♥✐♠❛s✱ ❝❛❡t❡r❛ t♦❧❧❡✑ ❬●✐✈❡ ♠❡ s♦✉❧s✱ t❛❦❡ ❛✇❛② t❤❡ r❡st❪ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♣r❡✈❛✐❧ t❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥

♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✳ ✭▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✺❀ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■■✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✼✳✮

✶✽✶

19.2 Page 182

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s♠♦✉❧❞❡r✐♥❣ ✢❛①✳✑ ❆s ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥✿ ✏❍❡ ✐s ②♦✉r ♠♦❞❡❧✳✑ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛❞✉❧ts

✐t ✇❛s ❛❣❛✐♥ ♣✉t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✿ ✏❍❡ ✐s ♦✉r ♠❛st❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❢❛✲

♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❬♦❢ t❤❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❪✳✑ ❬✶✾❪ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ q✉♦t❡ ✇❛s s❤✐❢t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t

♦♥ t❤❡ ♣♦✇❡r ♦❢ ❧♦✈❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs ❝❛♥ r❡❝❡✐✈❡ ❢r♦♠ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✳ ❆❣❛✐♥ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t

♦♥❧② t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ str❡♥❣t❤❡♥ t❤❡♠ t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ❜❡❛r ❢❛t✐❣✉❡✱

✐♥❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡✱ ❞✐sr✉♣t✐♦♥✱ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ♥❡❣❧❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳ ❆✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐s s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ❛♥❞

❞❡❡♣❡♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐✈❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✳ ❍❡ ✐s t❤❡✐r r♦❧❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ ❜❡❛r✐♥❣

❛♥❞ t♦❧❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝r✉s❤ t❤❡ ❜r✉✐s❡❞ r❡❡❞ ♥♦r q✉❡♥❝❤ t❤❡ s♠♦✉❧❞❡r✐♥❣

✢❛①✳ ❬✷✵❪ ■t ✐s ❛ ❜r♦❛❞ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐❝♦♣❡ ✐♥ ❙t✳ ▼❛tt❤❡✇✬s ❣♦s♣❡❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤

❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❝❧❡❛r ✇❤❡♥ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥ts✱ ❜✉t ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ ✜t

✐♥ ❜❡tt❡r t❤❡r❡✳

❙♦❧❡❧② ❤✉♠❛♥ ✉♥❞❡r♣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❜❛s✐❝ ❛tt✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t② ❞♦❡s

♥♦t s✉✣❝❡✳ ❆ ❞❡❡♣❡r ❛♥❞ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♠✉st ♠♦t✐✈❛t❡ t❤❡ ❛❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳

▼♦r❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❛♠♦♥❣ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❝❧♦s❡st ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs

✐♥ t❤♦s❡ ②❡❛rs✳ ●✳❇✳ ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ♣r♦❝❡❡❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❛② ✐♥ ❛ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ♦✉t ❜✉t ♣r♦❜❛❜❧②

♥♦t ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ tr❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥ts✳ ❍❡ ❥✉st✐✜❡❞ ❤✐s ✈✐❡✇s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ♦❢t❡♥ ❜♦rr♦✇❡❞

❢r♦♠ ❛ ✇♦r❦ ❜② P✳ ❆✳ ▼♦♥❢❛t✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧❧② ❛t ❛ ❞❡❡♣❡r ❧❡✈❡❧ ❜② r❡❢❡rr✐♥❣ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ s♣♦ts

t♦ ❏❡s✉s✬ ❛❝ts✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✇❤❡r❡ ❤❡ st❛t❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r ♦r ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r ❤❛s ❣♦t

t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ❜♦② ✏t✐♠❡ t♦ r❡✢❡❝t✱ t♦ r❡t✉r♥ t♦ ❤✐s s❡♥s❡s✱ t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ✇r♦♥❣

❛♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❥✉st✐❝❡ ❛❞ ♥❡❡❞ ❢♦r ♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✉s ❛❧❧♦✇ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ t♦ ❜❡♥❡✜t ❢r♦♠ ✐t✳✑ ❍❡

❛❞❞❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤✐s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✿ ✏■ ❛♠ ❛❧✇❛②s r❡♠✐♥❞❡❞ ♦❢ ❤♦✇ ♦✉r ▲♦r❞ ❝❤♦s❡ t♦

❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ❙t✳ P❛✉❧✳ ✳ ✳ ❏❡s✉s ✐♥ ❍✐s ❣♦♦❞♥❡ss ❞✐❞ ♥♦t str✐❦❡ ❙❛✉❧ ❞♦✇♥ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧②✳ ❍❡

t❤r❡✇ ❤✐♠ t♦ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ♦♥❧② ❛❢t❡r ❛ ❧♦♥❣ ❥♦✉r♥❡②✱ ❛❢t❡r ❤❡ ❤❛❞ ❤❛❞ t✐♠❡ t♦ r❡✢❡❝t ✉♣♦♥

❤✐s ♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇❛s ❢❛r ❢r♦♠ ❛♥②♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ♠✐❣❤t str❡♥❣t❤❡♥ ❤✐s r❡s♦❧✈❡ t♦ ♣❡rs❡❝✉t❡ t❤❡

❈❤r✐st✐❛♥s✳ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ ♠② ❞❡❛r ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s t♦ ❢♦r♠ t❤❡♠s❡❧✈❡s ❛❢t❡r t❤✐s ❞✐✈✐♥❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✱

s♦ t❤❛t ✇✐t❤ ❡♥❧✐❣❤t❡♥❡❞ ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❧✐❝✐t♦✉s ❧♦✈❡✱ t❤❡② ♠❛② ✐♥ ●♦❞✬s ♥❛♠❡ ❛✇❛✐t t❤❡

♦♣♣♦rt✉♥❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t t♦ ❝♦rr❡❝t t❤❡✐r ♣✉♣✐❧s✳✑ ✸✽ ❆❧s♦ t♦ ❤✐♠ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st ✇❛s t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r

t❤❡ ♣❛t✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❡♠♣♦r✐③✐♥❣ ✇❛② ♦❢ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ❛s

❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r r❡❛❧ ❧♦✈❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦②s✳

◆♦ ❧❡ss r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✐s t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ❋r ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛✬s t❡①t✿ ✏▲❡t ✉s ♣❧❛❝❡

♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s ❛t t❤❡✐r s❡r✈✐❝❡ ❬♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦②s❪ ❧✐❦❡ ❏❡s✉s✱ ✇❤♦ ❝❛♠❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ ✉s t♦ ♦❜❡② r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥

t♦ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞✳ ▲❡t ♦✉r ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② ♦✈❡r t❤❡♠ ❜❡ t♦ s❡r✈❡ t❤❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳

❚❤✉s ❞✐❞ ❏❡s✉s ❛❝t t♦✇❛r❞s ❍✐s ❛♣♦st❧❡s✱ t♦❧❡r❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ✐❣♥♦r❛♥❝❡✱ r✉❞❡♥❡ss✱ ❛♥❞ s❤❛❦②

✜❞❡❧✐t②✱ r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♦✉t t♦ s✐♥♥❡rs ✇✐t❤ s✉❝❤ ❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞❧✐♥❡ss ❬❝♦♥ ✉♥❛ ❞✐♠❡st✐❝❤❡③③❛ ❡

❢❛♠✐❣❧✐❛r✐tà❪ ❛s t♦ ❛st♦♥✐s❤ s♦♠❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✱ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧❧② t♦ s❝❛♥❞❛❧✐③❡ ♦t❤❡rs✱ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❦✐♥❞❧❡

✐♥ ♠❛♥② t❤❡ ❜❧❡ss❡❞ ❤♦♣❡ ♦❢ r❡❝❡✐✈✐♥❣ ❞✐✈✐♥❡ ♣❛r❞♦♥✳ ❍❡♥❝❡ ❤❡ t❡❧❧s ✉s t♦ ❜❡ ✏♠❡❡❦ ❛♥❞

❤✉♠❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❤❡❛rt✳✑ ✸✾

■♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❛② ❋r ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ s✉♠♠♦♥❡❞ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ t♦ ❜❡❛r ❞✐s❛❣r❡❡❛❜❧❡ t❤✐♥❣s ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣

✸✽

❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✶✴✶✷✽✲✶✹✹✳ ❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✶✳

✸✾

❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦r❡✳✳✳✱ ✸✸✷✴✶✺✸✲✶✻✶✳ ❚❤❡ ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ●♦s♣❡❧ t❡①t ✐♥ ▼❛tt❤❡✇ ✶✶✱ ✷✾✳

❊▼❇ ❳❱■✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✶✳

✹✶❛ ❛♥❞ ✹✶❜ ❋♦r ❜♦t❤ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡✿ ❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱

♣✳ ✽✹✴✹✷✾✲✹✸✸✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✹✽✲✷✹✾✳ ❈❢✳ ❚❊PP❆✱ ❆✳▼✳✱ ❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✶✲✻✾✳

✶✽✷

19.3 Page 183

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❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✬s ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❜✉t ❡✈❡♥ ♠♦r❡ str✐❦✐♥❣ ✐s t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ✐♠❛❣❡ ❤❡ ♦✛❡rs ❛s ❛♥ ✐❞❡❛❧ t♦

t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs✳ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧❧②✱ ❣❡♥t❧② ❛♥❞ ♣♦❧✐t❡❧② ❞❡❛❧s ✇✐t❤ s✐♥♥❡rs✱ ❛❞✉❧ts

❛♥❞ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ❛❧✐❦❡✱ ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ ✇❡❛❦ ❛♥❞ ❢❛✐❧✐♥❣✳ ■t ✐s ❛♥ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞❡✈✐❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡

❞♦♠✐♥❛t✐♥❣ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❏❡s✉s ❛s s♦♠❡♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ s❛❝r✐✜❝❡s ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧②✱ ❡✛❛❝❡s

❤✐♠s❡❧❢✱ ✇❤♦ ✐s ✇✐❧❧✐♥❣ t♦ s❡r✈❡ t❤❡ s✐❝❦✱ ✇❡❛❦✱ ❡①♣❡❧❧❡❞ ❛♥❞ s✐♥❢✉❧ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥ ❛♥② ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡

✇❛②✳ ❏❡s✉s ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ s❛❝r✐✜❝❡s ❤✐s ❧✐❢❡✱ ♣r❛❝t✐s❡s ❈❤❛r✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st ❞❡❣r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ✐s

t❤❡ ✐♥❝❛r♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐✈❡✱ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✳ ◆❡①t t♦ t❤✐s✱ ❋r❛♥❝❡s✐❛ ❛♥❞ ▲❡♠♦②♥❡ ♣✉t ❛♥♦t❤❡r

❡①❛♠♣❧❡✿ ❏❡s✉s✱ t❤❡ ♠❛♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡♥✲♠✐♥❞❡❞ ❝♦♥t❛❝t✱ t❤❡ ♠❛♥ ♦❢ t❤❡

❤❡❛rt ❝♦♥q✉❡r✐♥❣ ❛✛❛❜❧❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❝♦✉rs❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✇❛② ❏❡s✉s ❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❞✉❧ts

✐s ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ t❤❡♠✳ ◆♦t ♦♥❧② ❤✐s s❡❧❢✲s❛❝r✐✜❝❡✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❤✐s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥t✐❛❧✱

✐♥t✐♠❛t❡✱ ❦✐♥❞✱ t❡♥❞❡r ❛♥❞ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♠✉st ✐♥s♣✐r❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t♦rs t♦ ✐♠✐t❛t❡ ❤✐♠✳✹✵

P❡r❤❛♣s ❜♦t❤ ❛✉t❤♦rs ✇❛♥t❡❞ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② t♦ str❡♥❣t❤❡♥✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ t❤❡ ✇❛② ❉♦♥

❇♦s❝♦ ❤✐♠s❡❧❢ ❤❛❞ st✐♣✉❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❤✐s ▲✐tt❧❡ ❚r❡❛t✐s❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✳ Pr♦❜❛❜❧②

✐♥ t❤❡ ✇❛❦❡ ♦❢ ❚❡♣♣❛✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❤❛❞ q✉♦t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ t❤✐rt❡❡♥t❤ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡tt❡r t♦

t❤❡ ❈♦r✐♥t❤✐❛♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡✿ ✏❚❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s s②st❡♠ ✐s ✇❤♦❧❧② ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡

✇♦r❞s ♦❢ ❙t P❛✉❧ ✇❤♦ s❛②s✿ ❈❛r✐t❛s ♣❛t✐❡♥s ❡st✱ ❜❡♥✐❣♥❛ ❡st✱ ♦♠♥✐❛ s✉✛❡rt✱ ♦♠♥✐❛ s♣❡r❛t✱

♦♠♥✐❛ s✉st✐♥❡t ❈❛r✐t❛s ✳✑ ❬

♦r ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ✐s ♣❛t✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞❀ ✐t ❜❡❛rs ❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s✱ ❜✉t

❤♦♣❡s ❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s ❛♥❞ ❡♥❞✉r❡s ❛❧❧ t❤✐♥❣s✳❪✹✶ ❆♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ ❜❡❛r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇♦r❞s

♣❛t✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❦✐♥❞ ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t✳ ❨❡t ❜♦t❤ ❛✉t❤♦rs ❞✐❣ ❞❡❡♣❡r✳ ❚❤❡② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts

❛♥❞ ❜♦t❤ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡s❡ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡✳

❚❤❡ q✉♦t❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ❝♦✲✇♦r❦❡rs ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❛t t❤❡

Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ st②❧❡ ♦❢ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❝♦✉rs❡ st❡♠

❢r♦♠ ❛ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧✐t②✳ ❚❤❛t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ✇❤② ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ❜♦❧❞❧② ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡

t❤❡ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠ ❧✐tt❧❡ tr❡❛t✐s❡✿ ✏❍❡♥❝❡ ♦♥❧② ❛ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❝❛♥ ❛♣♣❧②

✇✐t❤ s✉❝❝❡ss✳✑ ✹✷

❍❡ ♠❡❛♥s t❤❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ✇❤♦ ✐s ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st ❤✐♠s❡❧❢✳ ■t ✐s ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❛

st❛t❡♠❡♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ s❤♦✇s ❛ str♦♥❣ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ✉tt❡r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❤✐s ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥

✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❚✉r✐♥ ♣r❡❢❡❝t ❛t ❛ ♥♦t q✉✐t❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♣♦✐♥t ✐♥ t✐♠❡✳ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦ ✐s s✉♣♣♦s❡❞ t♦

❤❛✈❡ s❛✐❞ ❛t t❤❛t ♠♦♠❡♥t✿ ✏■ ❞♦ t❤✐♥❦ ✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ❣♦♦❞ ❢r♦♠

t❤❡ ②♦✉♥❣st❡rs ✇✐t❤♦✉t r❡❧✐❣✐♦♥✳✑ ✹✸

■t ✐s ❤♦✇❡✈❡r ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤❛t ✐t ❤❛❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ tr❡♥❞② ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❢r❡r❡s t♦ ❝❧❡❛r t❤❡

✏❡✈❛♥❣❡❧✐❝❛❧✑ s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ✐♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡rs ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ ❤❡❧❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✸ ❛♥❞ ✶✽✽✻✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡

❡❞✐t❡❞ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✐♥ ♦♥❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♠❡❛♥t✱ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t❡❞

❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ✏❖♥❡ ❤❛s t♦ s❡❡ t♦ ✐t ✐♥ ❛❧❧ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✇❛②s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜♦②s ❬❝❛♥❪ ❜❡ ❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢

t❤❡✐r s✉♣❡r✐♦rs ❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡s♣❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡♠✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② tr❡❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡

✹✵❍❡r❡ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ✜♥❞ ✐♥ ❛rt✐❝❧❡

✶✶✿ ✏❘❡❛❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ●♦s♣❡❧ ✇❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♠♦r❡ ❛✇❛r❡ ♦❢ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜❣✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲♦r❞✳✳✳ ❚❤❡

♣r❡♦❝❝✉♣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ●♦♦❞ ❙❤❡♣❤❡r❞ ✇❤♦ ✇✐♥s t❤❡ ❤❡❛rts ❜② ❣❡♥t❧❡♥❡ss ❛♥❞ s❡❧❢✲❣✐✈✐♥❣✳✑ ✭❈♦♥st✐✲

t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❘✉❧❡s✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✮✳ ■♥ ■t❛❧✐❛♥ ✏ ❝♦♥ ❧❛ ♠✐t❡③③❛ ❡ ✐❧ ❞♦♥♦ ❞✐ sé ✳✑ ✭❈♦st✐t✉③✐♦♥✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳

✷✶✳✮

✹✶❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✽✹✴✹✷✾✲✹✸✸✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✹✽✲✷✹✾✳ ❈❢✳ ❚❊PP❆✱

❆✳▼✳✱ ❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✶✲✻✾✳

✹✷❇❖❙❈❖✱ ●✳✱ ■❧ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣✳ ✽✹✴✹✷✾✲✹✸✸✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✹✽✲✷✹✾✳ ❈❢✳ ❚❊PP❆✱

❆✳▼✳✱ ❆✈✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t✐✳✳✳✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✶✲✻✾✳

✹✸▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✺✺✼ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ♣✳ ✺✺✽❀ ❊▼❇ ❳■■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✸✵✲✹✸✶✴❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✸✳

✶✽✸

19.4 Page 184

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tr✉❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❍♦❧② ●♦s♣❡❧✳✑ ✹✹ ❲❤✐❝❤ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r t❡①ts

✐♥ t❤❡ ◆❡✇ ❚❡st❛♠❡♥t ❝r♦ss❡❞ t❤❡ ♠✐♥❞s ✐♥ t❤✐s r❡s♣❡❝t r❡♠❛✐♥s ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥✱ ❜✉t ✇❡ ♠❛②

s✉r❡❧② t❤✐♥❦ ♦❢ ▼❛tt❤❡✇ ✺✱✹✸❀ ✶✾✱✶✾ ❛♥❞ ✷✷✱✸✾✳ ✹✺ ❚❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❞♦ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ♣✉t t❤❡

❛❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡✱ ❜✉t ✇✐t❤ ✏❧♦✈✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡s♣❡❝t✐♥❣✑ ❛❧s♦

t❤❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ❧♦✈❡✳

▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❋r ▲❡♠♦②♥❡✬s ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛❧❧ ❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ♠✉st

❈ ❜❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② ✏s❡❡❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣❧♦r② ♦❢ ●♦❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣♦♦❞ ♦❢ s♦✉❧s✳✑ ❬✷✶❪ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ❛❧s♦

♠❡♥t✐♦♥s ✏❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❏❡s✉s ❈❤r✐st✬s ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✑✱ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❞r♦♣♣❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡

❞❡✜♥✐t❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤❡✈❡r r❡❛s♦♥✳ ❬✶✾❪ ■t ✐s ❛ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ❤❡ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥

t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ t❤♦✉❣❤t ✐♥ ❛ ✜rst st❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t

❈ ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ✐t ✐s ❛ ♣✐t② ❤❡ ♦♠✐tt❡❞ t❤❛t ♣❤r❛s❡ ❢r♦♠ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐♣t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❡ ✈❡rs✐♦♥✳✹✻

❆❢t❡r ❛❧❧ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ♦♥❧② s❝❛r❝❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡①t ♠❡❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s✱ ❜✉t t❤❡✐r

♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ❞♦❡s ♠❛tt❡r ❛♥❞ ✐s ♦❢ ❝♦✉rs❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✳

✹✳✷✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥

❲❤❡♥ ✇❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢❛❝t♦rs ❢♦r ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐t t✉r♥s ♦✉t

t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ ❢♦r ❛❞✉❧ts ✐s s♦ r✐❝❤ t❤❛t ❇r❛✐❞♦

❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❧✐tt❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ✇❛s ❡✈❡♥ ❛ ✏❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st♦✳✑ ✹✼ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✐♥

❧✐♥❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r❡❝✐❛t✐✈❡ ♥❛♠❡ ❱❛❧❡♥t✐♥✐ ❣❛✈❡ ✐t✳ ❚♦ ❤✐♠ t❤❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦

t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥s ❛t ❱❛❧❞♦❝❝♦ ✇❛s ✏t❤❡ ▼❛❣♥❛ ❈❛rt❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s②st❡♠✳✑ ✹✽ ■❢

♦♥❡ t❛❦❡s ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t t❤❛t t❤❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✐ts ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② t❤❡ ❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡

♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛s♣❡❝ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡❞ ♦r ✉♥✐t❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❤❛✈❡ s❤♦✇♥

❤♦✇ ♠❛♥②♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ t❤♦✉❣❤ts ❛♥❞ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛ss❡♠❜❧❡❞ ✐♥

t❤❛t ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ✇r✐t✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ❛❜♦✈❡✲♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ❜❡ ❥✉st✐✜❡❞✳

❚♦ ♣✉t ✐t ❧❡ss ❧②r✐❝❛❧❧② ✇❡ ❝❛♥ st❛t❡ t❤❛t t❤✐s ✐t❡♠ ✇❛s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥❞✐✉♠ ♦❢ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s

♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❜❡❧✐❡❢s✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ❛ s❡r✐♦✉s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦✲

❢♦✉♥❞ ❛❝q✉❛✐♥t❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s ✏❧✐tt❧❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t✑ ✐s st✐❧❧ ❤✐❣❤❧② ❞❡s✐r❛❜❧❡✳

✹✹❖❊ ❳❳❳❱■ ❬✷✼✵✲✷✼✶❪✳ ❈❢✳ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦♦t♥♦t❡ ✷✺✹ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✸ ❛♥❞ ✶✷✵ ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✺ ✭✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✮✳

❚❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ✇❡r❡ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✽✽✻✳ ❙♦✱ t❤❡r❡ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✉♥✐t❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥

✭❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❉ ✮ ❛s ❢❛r ❛s t❤❡ ✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❛t ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞✳

✹✺Pr♦❜❛❜❧② ❛❧s♦ ❏♦❤♥✱ ✶✺✱✶✸❀ ▼❛t❤✳ ✺✱ ✾✲✶✸ ❛♥❞ ✶✶✱✷✾❀ ▲✉❦❡✱ ✶✾✱✶✲✶✶✳

✹✻■t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❝❛✉s❡ ❛♥② s✉r♣r✐s❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧② t❤❛t P✳ ❙t❡❧❧❛ ❤❛s ♥♦t t❛❦❡♥ ✉♣ t❤✐s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡

♣❛r❛❣r❛♣❤ ♦♥ ✏❘❡❧✐❣✐♦✉s ❊❧❡♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦✬s ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙②st❡♠✑✳ ❙❚❊▲▲❆✱ P✳✱ ❉♦♥ ❇♦s❝♦

♥❡❧❧❛ st♦r✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ■■✱ ♣✳ ✹✻✾✳

✹✼❇❘❆■❉❖✱ P✳✱ ✶✵ ▼❛❣❣✐♦ ✶✽✽✹✱ ♣✳ ✺✹✺✳

✹✽❱❆▲❊◆❚■◆■✱ ❊✳✱ ▲❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ♠❛r✐❛♥❛✳✳✳✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✼✳

✶✽✹

19.5 Page 185

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■♥❞❡①

❛❞✈✐❝❡✱ ✼✱ ✶✺✱ ✷✺✱ ✻✼✱ ✽✹✱ ✾✸✱ ✾✽✱ ✶✵✸✱ ✶✵✽✱

✶✵✾✱ ✶✶✸✱ ✶✶✼✱ ✶✶✽✱ ✶✷✽✱ ✶✸✵✱ ✶✸✶✱

✶✹✷✱ ✶✺✽✱ ✶✻✹✱ ✶✼✼✱ ✶✼✽

❛✛❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ✶✻✱ ✷✺✱ ✻✷✱ ✼✸✱ ✾✻✱ ✶✵✹✱ ✶✷✾✱

✶✸✵✱ ✶✸✷✕✶✸✺✱ ✶✺✸✱ ✶✻✵✱ ✶✼✽

❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✹✻✕✹✽✱ ✺✷✱ ✼✹✕✼✽✱ ✽✾✱ ✾✵✱ ✾✸✱

✶✵✵✕✶✵✷✱ ✶✵✻✱ ✶✵✾✱ ✶✶✶✱ ✶✶✷✱ ✶✶✹✱

✶✶✻✱ ✶✶✾✱ ✶✷✵✱ ✶✷✷✱ ✶✷✸✱ ✶✷✻✱ ✶✸✷✕

✶✸✻✱ ✶✸✽✕✶✹✷✱ ✶✹✹✕✶✹✽✱ ✶✺✵✱ ✶✺✻✱

✶✻✶✱ ✶✼✺✱ ✶✼✼✕✶✽✷

❛♠✐❛❜❧❡✱ ✶✼✱ ✶✸✶✱ ✶✸✺✱ ✶✼✷

❛♠✐❞st✱ ✾✽✱ ✾✾✱ ✶✵✸✱ ✶✵✺✱ ✶✶✼✱ ✶✸✻✱ ✶✺✸✱

✶✼✶✱ ✶✼✺

❛♠♦r❡✱ ✹✼✱ ✹✽✱ ✼✹✱ ✼✻✱ ✽✾✱ ✾✷✱ ✾✼✱ ✶✵✵✱

✶✵✷✱ ✶✵✻✱ ✶✶✶✱ ✶✷✾✱ ✶✸✷✱ ✶✸✸✱ ✶✸✾✱

✶✹✻✱ ✶✺✺✱ ✶✺✽✱ ✶✺✾✱ ✶✼✹✱ ✶✼✺✱ ✶✼✼✕

✶✽✵

❛ss✐st❛♥❝❡✱ ✷✻✱ ✷✼✱ ✹✸✱ ✹✼✱ ✼✵✱ ✼✶✱ ✾✺✱ ✾✻✱

✾✽✱ ✶✹✺✱ ✶✼✵✱ ✶✼✸

❛tt✐t✉❞❡✱ ✶✺✱ ✶✻✱ ✷✵✱ ✷✸✱ ✻✵✱ ✼✸✱ ✽✸✱ ✾✾✱

✶✵✽✱ ✶✶✼✱ ✶✷✾✕✶✸✶✱ ✶✸✹✱ ✶✸✼✱ ✶✹✷✱

✶✹✸✱ ✶✺✺✱ ✶✻✵✱ ✶✻✼✱ ✶✼✻✱ ✶✽✷

❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✱ ✷✷✱ ✸✸✱ ✹✵✱ ✻✶✱ ✽✵✱ ✶✵✽✱ ✶✶✵✕

✶✶✹✱ ✶✷✵✱ ✶✸✵✱ ✶✸✽✱ ✶✹✷✱ ✶✹✽✱ ✶✼✷✱

✶✼✼✱ ✶✽✷

❜❛❞ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐♦♥s✱ ✽✸✱ ✽✹

❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✱ ✶✸✱ ✷✷✱ ✸✷✱ ✹✸✱ ✹✼✱ ✻✶✱ ✼✺✱ ✼✼✱

✼✾✱ ✽✵✱ ✽✷✱ ✽✺✱ ✽✼✱ ✽✽✱ ✾✷✱ ✾✺✱

✾✼✱ ✶✵✼✱ ✶✷✵✱ ✶✷✷✱ ✶✷✾✱ ✶✸✶✱ ✶✸✻✱

✶✹✷✱ ✶✹✺✱ ✶✹✻✱ ✶✻✷✱ ✶✼✸

❜r♦t❤❡r✱ ✹✽✱ ✻✵✱ ✻✻✱ ✼✺✱ ✼✽✱ ✶✵✽✱ ✶✶✻✕✶✶✾✱

✶✷✶✱ ✶✸✽✱ ✶✹✸✱ ✶✺✸✱ ✶✼✶✱ ✶✼✷✱ ✶✼✼✱

✶✼✾

❝❛r✐tà✱ ✶✽✱ ✷✺✱ ✼✻✱ ✶✵✹✱ ✶✵✺✱ ✶✷✷✱ ✶✷✾✱ ✶✸✸✱

✶✺✾✱ ✶✼✸✱ ✶✽✵

❝❤❛r✐t②✱ ✶✻✱ ✸✸✱ ✻✷✱ ✼✽✱ ✾✶✱ ✶✵✹✱ ✶✶✼✱ ✶✷✵✱

✶✷✷✱ ✶✷✾✱ ✶✸✸✱ ✶✹✺✱ ✶✺✹✱ ✶✺✾✱ ✶✼✸✱

✶✼✽✕✶✽✵✱ ✶✽✸

❈❤r✐st✐❛♥ ❧♦✈❡✱ ✶✻✕✶✽✱ ✷✵✱ ✷✺✱ ✸✸✱ ✼✻✱ ✶✵✺✱

✶✵✻✱ ✶✷✵✱ ✶✷✾✱ ✶✸✸✱ ✶✹✷✱ ✶✹✻✱ ✶✺✾✱

✶✼✸✱ ✶✽✸✱ ✶✽✹

❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✱ ✼✱ ✶✵✱ ✶✶✱ ✸✷✱ ✸✺✱ ✸✻✱ ✹✺✱ ✺✶✱ ✺✷✱

✺✻✱ ✺✾✱ ✻✸✱ ✻✹✱ ✽✸✱ ✾✾✱ ✶✵✷✱ ✶✵✸✱

✶✵✾✱ ✶✸✸✱ ✶✺✺✱ ✶✻✸✱ ✶✻✽✱ ✶✻✾✱ ✶✼✸✱

✶✼✹✱ ✶✼✻✱ ✶✼✽✱ ✶✽✷✱ ✶✽✹

❝❧❡r✐❝✱ ✼✶✱ ✽✹✱ ✶✶✸✱ ✶✼✷

❝♦♥❞✉❝t✱ ✶✸✱ ✹✾✱ ✽✹✱ ✽✺✱ ✶✷✽✱ ✶✸✻✱ ✶✸✽✱

✶✸✾✱ ✶✹✶✱ ✶✺✸✕✶✺✺✱ ✶✻✶✱ ✶✻✸✱ ✶✼✺✱

✶✽✶✱ ✶✽✷

❝♦♥❢❡ss✐♦♥✱ ✼✻✱ ✼✼✱ ✽✻✱ ✶✷✺✱ ✶✸✵✱ ✶✸✾

❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝❡✱ ✸✺✱ ✹✻✱ ✹✽✱ ✼✸✱ ✼✹✱ ✼✻✱ ✼✼✱ ✼✾✱

✾✸✱ ✾✼✱ ✶✵✼✱ ✶✷✵✱ ✶✷✸✱ ✶✷✹✱ ✶✷✻✱

✶✹✵✱ ✶✹✻✱ ✶✺✻✱ ✶✻✶✱ ✶✻✷✱ ✶✼✹✕✶✼✻✱

✶✽✶

❈♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✱ ✽✕✶✵✱ ✻✾✱ ✶✷✷✱ ✶✺✼

❝♦r❞✐❛❧✱ ✹✽✱ ✼✸✱ ✶✷✸✱ ✶✷✹✱ ✶✺✵✱ ✶✻✵✱ ✶✼✺✱

✶✼✼✱ ✶✼✾

❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ✻✶✱ ✶✹✷✱ ✶✻✾✱ ✶✼✸✱ ✶✼✹

❝r✐t✐❝✐s♠✱ ✶✼✱ ✹✸✱ ✹✼✱ ✽✵✱ ✽✼✱ ✽✽

❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡✱ ✺✾✱ ✶✵✹✱ ✶✸✸

❞✐❛❧♦❣✉❡✱ ✹✼✱ ✻✷✱ ✻✾✱ ✽✺✱ ✽✾✱ ✾✻✱ ✶✵✵✱ ✶✷✺✱

✶✹✵✱ ✶✹✽✱ ✶✺✶✱ ✶✺✻✱ ✶✺✽✱ ✶✻✹

❞✐r❡❝t✐✈❡s✱ ✾✱ ✶✼✱ ✷✻✱ ✷✾✱ ✸✽✱ ✶✶✼✱ ✶✷✺✱ ✶✸✵✱

✶✸✻✱ ✶✺✹✱ ✶✺✻✱ ✶✺✼✱ ✶✻✶✱ ✶✻✾

❞✐s❛♣♣♦✐♥t♠❡♥t✱ ✷✹✱ ✹✽✱ ✺✼✱ ✾✷✱ ✶✵✹

❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡✱ ✶✵✱ ✶✾✱ ✷✶✱ ✷✷✱ ✷✼✱ ✷✽✱ ✹✵✱ ✹✸✱

✽✼✱ ✾✸✱ ✶✶✸✱ ✶✷✹✱ ✶✽✶

❞✐s♦r❞❡r✱ ✷✻✱ ✹✸✱ ✶✼✸

✶✽✺

19.6 Page 186

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❞r❡❛♠✱ ✻✻✱ ✻✽✱ ✻✾✱ ✼✽✱ ✶✷✺✱ ✶✺✽✱ ✶✻✺✱ ✶✻✻

❞✉t②✱ ✷✼✱ ✹✷✱ ✹✾✱ ✺✾✱ ✻✶✱ ✻✷✱ ✽✽✱ ✶✹✸✱ ✶✹✺✱

✶✹✻✱ ✶✺✹✱ ✶✺✺

❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✶✵✱ ✶✸✱ ✶✺✱ ✷✵✱ ✷✼✱ ✷✾✱ ✸✶✱ ✹✾✱

✼✵✱ ✼✹✱ ✽✶✱ ✽✼✱ ✾✹✱ ✾✼✱ ✶✵✶✱ ✶✵✷✱

✶✵✺✱ ✶✶✵✕✶✶✸✱ ✶✶✼✱ ✶✶✾✱ ✶✷✽✱ ✶✸✹✱

✶✺✷✱ ✶✺✽✱ ✶✻✵✱ ✶✼✵✱ ✶✼✶✱ ✶✼✸✱ ✶✼✹✱

✶✼✻✱ ✶✼✽✱ ✶✼✾✱ ✶✽✹

❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✶✻✷✱ ✶✼✹

❡st❡❡♠✱ ✶✵✶✱ ✶✶✶✱ ✶✹✻✱ ✶✼✽

❡t❡r♥✐t②✱ ✺✺

❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✶✽✱ ✷✸✱ ✷✻✱ ✸✺✱ ✽✹✱ ✾✽✱ ✶✵✷✱ ✶✶✻✱

✶✷✵✱ ✶✸✹✱ ✶✸✺✱ ✶✸✽✱ ✶✹✶✱ ✶✺✷✱ ✶✺✹✱

✶✼✼✱ ✶✽✷

❡①♣✉❧s✐♦♥✱ ✶✾✱ ✶✺✺✱ ✶✻✶

❢❛✐t❤✱ ✶✸✽

❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐t②✱ ✹✻✱ ✹✽✱ ✹✾✱ ✺✷✱ ✼✹✕✼✻✱ ✼✾✱ ✾✾✱

✶✵✻✱ ✶✷✺✕✶✷✼✱ ✶✸✵✕✶✸✷✱ ✶✸✹✕✶✸✽✱

✶✹✵✱ ✶✹✶✱ ✶✹✼✱ ✶✹✾✱ ✶✺✺✱ ✶✺✻✱ ✶✺✽✕

✶✻✷✱ ✶✼✹✕✶✼✼✱ ✶✽✶

❢❛t❤❡r✱ ✶✵✱ ✷✼✱ ✷✽✱ ✹✷✱ ✹✽✱ ✺✷✱ ✺✾✕✻✶✱ ✼✼✱

✼✽✱ ✶✵✽✱ ✶✶✷✱ ✶✶✺✕✶✶✾✱ ✶✷✷✱ ✶✸✶✱

✶✸✾✱ ✶✹✽✱ ✶✼✶✱ ✶✼✷

❢❛t✐❣✉❡✱ ✶✵✺✱ ✶✵✻✱ ✶✹✺✱ ✶✽✷

❢❡❛r✱ ✸✷✱ ✸✽✱ ✻✵✱ ✼✹✱ ✼✼✱ ✼✽✱ ✾✾✱ ✶✵✾✕✶✶✹✱

✶✹✺

❢ ❡❛r✱ ✶✶✺

❢❡✈❡r✱ ✺✽✱ ✻✹✱ ✶✻✺

❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✾✱ ✼✻

❢♦✉❧ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛t✐♦♥✱ ✶✵✱ ✽✽

❢r✐❡♥❞✱ ✷✼✱ ✷✽✱ ✹✽✱ ✻✵✱ ✻✷✱ ✶✵✾✱ ✶✶✺✕✶✶✽✱

✶✷✵✱ ✶✹✽✱ ✶✺✸✱ ✶✻✼✱ ✶✼✷

●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✱ ✶✸✱ ✶✻✱ ✶✾✱ ✷✹✱ ✸✹✱ ✸✾✱

✺✷✱ ✻✷✱ ✻✽✱ ✽✸✱ ✾✻✱ ✶✵✹✱ ✶✷✷✱ ✶✹✶✱

✶✹✹✱ ✶✹✻✱ ✶✹✾✱ ✶✺✶✱ ✶✺✺✕✶✺✼✱ ✶✼✸✱

✶✼✺✱ ✶✼✻

❣❡♥t❧❡✱ ✷✷✱ ✷✸✱ ✶✷✵✱ ✶✷✾✱ ✶✸✶✱ ✶✸✷✱ ✶✸✹

❣♦♦❞ ♥✐❣❤t✱ ✾✱ ✺✹✱ ✻✸✱ ✻✽✱ ✼✷✱ ✽✶✱ ✽✹✱ ✾✻✱

✶✵✾✱ ✶✶✹✱ ✶✶✻✱ ✶✷✵✱ ✶✹✸

❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡✱ ✶✵✱ ✶✸✸

❣r✉♠❜❧✐♥❣✱ ✹✸✱ ✹✼✱ ✽✼

❤❡❛❧t❤✱ ✸✼✱ ✹✶✱ ✺✻✱ ✺✽✱ ✺✾✱ ✽✼✱ ✶✵✸✱ ✶✻✻

❤❡❛rt✱ ✶✵✱ ✷✼✱ ✹✾✱ ✺✹✱ ✺✻✱ ✻✶✱ ✼✵✱ ✼✷✱ ✼✼✱

✼✾✱ ✽✹✱ ✽✺✱ ✽✽✱ ✾✵✱ ✾✼✱ ✶✵✵✕✶✵✷✱

✶✶✼✱ ✶✷✶✱ ✶✷✹✱ ✶✷✾✱ ✶✸✵✱ ✶✸✷✱ ✶✸✾✱

✶✹✹✱ ✶✺✸✱ ✶✺✼✱ ✶✼✷✱ ✶✼✺✱ ✶✼✾

✐♠♠♦r❛❧✱ ✶✺✹

✐♥✜r♠✐t✐❡s✱ ✶✻✹

✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡✱ ✶✹✶✕✶✹✸✱ ✶✼✺✱ ✶✼✾

✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ✼✵✱ ✼✺✱ ✼✻✱ ✽✺✱ ✾✹✱ ✾✾✱ ✶✵✵✱ ✶✶✸✱

✶✷✶✱ ✶✺✵✱ ✶✺✻✱ ✶✻✸✱ ✶✼✶✱ ✶✼✼

■♥❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡✱ ✹✼

✐♥❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡✱ ✽✼✱ ✶✸✻✱ ✶✹✶✱ ✶✽✷

✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥✱ ✼✱ ✹✽✱ ✼✸✱ ✽✾✱ ✶✵✵✱ ✶✵✼✱ ✶✷✺✱

✶✷✻✱ ✶✸✽✱ ✶✹✻✱ ✶✼✶

❥❡❛❧♦✉s✱ ✻✷

❥❡❛❧♦✉s②✱ ✹✷✱ ✹✾✱ ✶✹✸✱ ✶✺✷✱ ✶✼✹

❏♦✉r♥❛❧✱ ✺✻

❥♦✉r♥❛❧✱ ✼✶

❥♦✈✐❛❧✱ ✶✽✱ ✸✼✱ ✺✷✱ ✻✷✱ ✻✾✱ ✼✻✱ ✶✷✵✱ ✶✷✷✱

✶✷✽✱ ✶✸✵✱ ✶✸✶✱ ✶✸✾✱ ✶✹✼✱ ✶✹✽✱ ✶✺✵✱

✶✺✺

❥♦✈✐❛❧✐t②✱ ✶✻✵✱ ✶✻✷

❥♦②✱ ✷✷✱ ✹✷✱ ✹✼✱ ✼✷✱ ✽✷✱ ✶✵✸✱ ✶✷✺✱ ✶✻✷✱ ✶✻✸✱

✶✼✶

❦❡②✱ ✷✶✱ ✸✻✱ ✹✽✱ ✾✼✱ ✶✷✻✱ ✶✼✽

❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✱ ✶✻✱ ✶✼✱ ✷✺✱ ✻✷✱ ✼✸✱ ✾✻✱ ✶✵✵✱ ✶✵✹✱

✶✵✻✱ ✶✷✾✱ ✶✸✵✱ ✶✸✸✱ ✶✸✺✱ ✶✸✾✱ ✶✺✾✱

✶✻✵✱ ✶✻✷✱ ✶✻✼✱ ✶✼✸✱ ✶✼✽

❦✐♥❞♥❡ss✱ ✼✻

❧❡❣s✱ ✺✽✱ ✶✻✹

❧❡tt❡r✱ ✼✱ ✾✕✶✶✱ ✶✹✱ ✶✼✱ ✷✵✱ ✸✵✕✸✷✱ ✸✺✱

✸✼✱ ✹✶✕✹✸✱ ✹✺✱ ✺✶✕✺✻✱ ✺✽✱ ✻✵✱ ✻✶✱

✻✹✱ ✻✼✱ ✼✸✱ ✼✼✱ ✽✺✱ ✶✵✵✱ ✶✵✷✱ ✶✵✼✱

✶✵✾✱ ✶✶✸✱ ✶✶✺✱ ✶✷✸✱ ✶✸✼✱ ✶✼✹✱ ✶✼✾✱

✶✽✶

❧✐st❧❡ss✱ ✹✶✱ ✹✹✱ ✹✼✱ ✽✵✱ ✽✺✱ ✽✻✱ ✾✹✱ ✾✼✱ ✶✹✺✱

✶✹✾✱ ✶✻✹

❧♦✈❡✱ ✶✵✱ ✶✻✱ ✶✼✱ ✺✾✱ ✻✵✱ ✼✹✱ ✼✻✕✼✽✱ ✽✾✱

✾✵✱ ✾✷✱ ✾✸✱ ✾✼✱ ✶✵✵✕✶✵✷✱ ✶✵✺✱ ✶✵✽✱

✶✶✷✕✶✶✹✱ ✶✶✻✱ ✶✶✾✱ ✶✷✷✱ ✶✷✹✱ ✶✷✻✱

✶✷✾✱ ✶✸✷✱ ✶✸✸✱ ✶✸✾✱ ✶✹✵✱ ✶✹✺✱ ✶✹✼✱

✶✽✻

19.7 Page 187

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✶✺✺✱ ✶✺✽✱ ✶✼✷✱ ✶✼✸✱ ✶✼✺✱ ✶✼✼✱ ✶✼✾✱

✶✽✵✱ ✶✽✷

❧♦✈❡✱ ✸✷✱ ✸✸✱ ✹✼✱ ✺✻✱ ✺✾

▼❛❣♥❛ ❈❛rt❛✱ ✶✺✽✱ ✶✼✹✱ ✶✽✹

▼❛r②✱ ✶✺✱ ✹✵✱ ✹✶✱ ✶✷✽✱ ✶✻✷✱ ✶✻✼

♠❡❧❛♥❝❤♦❧②✱ ✹✶✱ ✹✷✱ ✻✼✱ ✽✶✱ ✶✻✷

♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ✸✺✱ ✸✽✱ ✸✾✱ ✹✺✱ ✼✶✱ ✼✺✱ ✾✼✱ ✶✻✾✱

✶✼✵✱ ✶✼✷

♠✐str✉st✱ ✶✷✸✱ ✶✸✼

♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✶✽✱ ✼✷✱ ✶✸✻✱ ✶✸✽✱ ✶✹✶✱ ✶✹✻✱ ✶✺✷✱

✶✼✹✱ ✶✽✷

♠♦r❛❧✐t②✱ ✷✽✱ ✸✹✱ ✽✸✱ ✽✹✱ ✶✹✹✱ ✶✺✺✱ ✶✼✹

♥❛♠❡✲❞❛②✱ ✶✶✸

♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✸✷✱ ✹✽✱ ✼✽✱ ✶✵✼✱ ✶✵✾✱ ✶✶✶✱ ✶✷✷✱

✶✷✹✱ ✶✻✷✱ ✶✼✷✱ ✶✼✾

♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❝❡✱ ✹✾✱ ✶✹✽✱ ✶✺✻✱ ✶✼✸

❖r❛t♦r②✱ ✼✱ ✶✶✱ ✶✸✕✶✺✱ ✶✼✱ ✷✷✱ ✷✹✱ ✸✵✱ ✸✶✱

✸✹✱ ✸✽✕✹✵✱ ✹✷✱ ✹✻✱ ✺✶✱ ✺✹✱ ✻✻✱ ✻✽✱

✼✵✱ ✼✷✱ ✽✵✱ ✽✼✱ ✾✼✱ ✾✽✱ ✶✵✼✱ ✶✶✺✱

✶✷✺✱ ✶✹✺✱ ✶✹✼✱ ✶✻✷✱ ✶✼✸

♦r❞❡r✱ ✶✺✱ ✶✾✱ ✷✶✱ ✷✺✱ ✷✼✱ ✸✻✱ ✹✵

♣❛st ♣✉♣✐❧✱ ✻✵✱ ✻✾✱ ✼✺✱ ✼✾✱ ✽✵✱ ✾✹✱ ✶✶✺✱

✶✷✻✱ ✶✸✾✱ ✶✹✽✱ ✶✻✼✱ ✶✼✺

♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✶✽✱ ✷✺✱ ✺✽✱ ✾✹✱ ✶✸✼✱ ✶✼✽

♣❡❛❝❡✱ ✶✽✱ ✹✵✱ ✶✷✺✱ ✶✺✾✱ ✶✻✷✱ ✶✼✶

♣❡❞❛❣♦❣②✱ ✷✾✱ ✶✻✸✱ ✶✼✵✱ ✶✽✵

♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧✱ ✶✸✱ ✶✹✱ ✶✾✱ ✷✶✱ ✸✽✱ ✸✾✱ ✽✸✱ ✶✷✼✱

✶✻✵

♣r❛②❡r✱ ✾✱ ✷✶✱ ✹✻✱ ✻✹✱ ✻✺✱ ✽✼✱ ✶✺✷

♣r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣✱ ✶✸✾✱ ✶✼✾

♣r❡s❡♥❝❡✱ ✷✻✱ ✷✼✱ ✹✸✱ ✹✼✱ ✻✷✱ ✾✺✱ ✾✻✱ ✾✽✱

✶✵✵✱ ✶✵✷✱ ✶✵✺✱ ✶✸✶✱ ✶✹✶✱ ✶✻✷✱ ✶✼✸✱

✶✼✼

Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✱ ✶✶✱ ✶✸✱ ✶✾✱ ✷✵✱ ✷✻✱ ✷✾✱

✸✶✱ ✸✷✱ ✸✹✕✸✼✱ ✹✾✱ ✼✷✱ ✾✻✱ ✶✵✶✱

✶✶✸✱ ✶✹✼✱ ✶✹✽✱ ✶✺✶✱ ✶✺✾✱ ✶✼✵✱ ✶✼✶✱

✶✼✸✱ ✶✽✵

Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✱ ✶✵✺✱ ✶✺✵✱ ✶✺✶

♣✉♥✐s❤♠❡♥t✱ ✶✶✱ ✷✵✱ ✷✾✱ ✸✹✱ ✸✻✱ ✺✻✱ ✶✶✷✱

✶✹✷✱ ✶✺✺✱ ✶✽✷

r❡❝r❡❛t✐♦♥✱ ✷✻✱ ✹✻✱ ✹✼✱ ✻✽✕✼✸✱ ✼✾✱ ✽✵✱ ✽✺✱

✾✹✱ ✾✼✕✾✾✱ ✶✵✼✱ ✶✷✸✱ ✶✷✻✱ ✶✸✻✱

✶✸✾✱ ✶✹✺✱ ✶✺✺✱ ✶✻✶✱ ✶✻✼✱ ✶✼✵✱ ✶✼✶✱

✶✼✻✱ ✶✼✾

❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✶✸✱ ✶✻✱ ✶✾✱ ✸✶✱ ✸✹✱ ✸✺✱ ✸✼✱

✹✸✱ ✽✾✱ ✶✶✼✱ ✶✺✸✱ ✶✺✺✱ ✶✺✼✱ ✶✺✽

r❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✶✹✾✱ ✶✺✻

r❡♣r❡ss✐✈❡ s②st❡♠✱ ✾✻✱ ✶✵✽✱ ✶✸✶✱ ✶✹✼✕✶✹✾

r❡♣✉t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✶✹✹

r❡s♣❡❝t✱ ✶✻✱ ✷✽✱ ✸✷✱ ✸✹✱ ✹✾✱ ✺✼✱ ✼✽✱ ✶✵✾✱

✶✶✵✱ ✶✶✷✱ ✶✶✸✱ ✶✹✺✱ ✶✼✷✱ ✶✼✽

❘✉❧❡✱ ✷✵✱ ✸✸✱ ✸✻✱ ✺✺✱ ✼✼✱ ✼✽✱ ✾✷✱ ✾✻✱ ✶✶✼✱

✶✹✷✱ ✶✹✹✱ ✶✹✻✱ ✶✺✶✱ ✶✺✸✱ ✶✺✺✱ ✶✺✼

r✉❧❡✱ ✶✸✱ ✷✹✱ ✷✼✱ ✹✾✱ ✺✼✱ ✶✹✼✕✶✹✾✱ ✶✺✻

s❛❝r❛♠❡♥ts✱ ✹✼✱ ✽✻

❙❛❧❡s✐❛♥✱ ✼✱ ✶✶✱ ✷✶✱ ✷✻✱ ✷✾✱ ✸✹✱ ✸✺✱ ✸✾✱ ✺✷✱

✺✸✱ ✾✵✱ ✶✶✸✱ ✶✺✵✱ ✶✻✵✱ ✶✽✸

s✐❝❦♥❡ss✱ ✶✸✺

s♣✐r✐t✱ ✶✺✕✶✼✱ ✶✾✕✷✶✱ ✷✸✱ ✷✺✱ ✷✾✱ ✸✸✱ ✹✸✱

✹✽✱ ✻✷✱ ✻✼✱ ✾✻✱ ✶✵✹✱ ✶✵✻✱ ✶✶✶✱

✶✷✸✱ ✶✸✶✱ ✶✸✸✱ ✶✸✻✱ ✶✸✽✱ ✶✹✷✱ ✶✹✸✱

✶✹✻✱ ✶✼✵✱ ✶✼✶

str❡♥♥❛✱ ✶✻✵

s✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ✶✻✱ ✷✹✱ ✷✼✱ ✸✵✱ ✹✷✱ ✹✸✱ ✹✽✱ ✹✾✱

✻✶✱ ✻✷✱ ✻✼✱ ✻✽✱ ✾✶✱ ✾✻✱ ✾✼✱ ✶✵✽✱

✶✶✻✕✶✶✽✱ ✶✸✵✱ ✶✸✶✱ ✶✸✽✱ ✶✸✾✱ ✶✹✸✱

✶✺✵✱ ✶✺✶✱ ✶✺✸✱ ✶✼✶✕✶✼✸✱ ✶✼✺

❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❈❤❛♣t❡r✱ ✶✹✱ ✸✽✱ ✹✶✱ ✺✼✱ ✶✻✻

t❡❛❝❤❡r✱ ✾✱ ✶✵✱ ✶✸✱ ✶✺✕✶✼✱ ✷✵✱ ✷✻✱ ✷✽✱ ✸✷✱

✸✹✱ ✸✼✕✸✾✱ ✹✶✱ ✹✸✱ ✹✻✱ ✺✾✱ ✻✸✱ ✽✸✱

✾✸✱ ✶✵✹✱ ✶✵✼✱ ✶✶✶✕✶✶✹✱ ✶✶✾✱ ✶✷✶✱

✶✷✻✱ ✶✷✼✱ ✶✸✼✱ ✶✸✽✱ ✶✹✶✱ ✶✹✹✱ ✶✹✾✱

✶✺✶✱ ✶✻✵✱ ✶✼✶✱ ✶✼✷✱ ✶✼✹✱ ✶✼✽✱ ✶✽✶

tr✉st✱ ✸✹✱ ✸✼✱ ✹✻✱ ✹✽✱ ✻✷✱ ✼✸✱ ✼✹✱ ✼✻✱ ✼✼✱

✼✾✱ ✾✸✱ ✾✼✱ ✾✾✱ ✶✵✷✱ ✶✵✼✱ ✶✶✹✱

✶✷✹✱ ✶✷✻✱ ✶✸✵✱ ✶✸✹✱ ✶✹✵✱ ✶✹✷✱ ✶✺✻✱

✶✺✽✱ ✶✻✵✱ ✶✻✶✱ ✶✼✹✱ ✶✼✺

✉♥✐t②✱ ✷✸✱ ✷✹✱ ✷✼✱ ✸✾✱ ✹✸✱ ✹✽✱ ✶✷✸✱ ✶✹✸✱

✶✺✼✱ ✶✼✺

✉♥✐t②✱ ✶✷✶

✈✐rt✉❡✱ ✶✼✱ ✼✽✱ ✶✸✸

✶✽✼

19.8 Page 188

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✈♦❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✶✼✱ ✶✽✱ ✷✺✱ ✸✹✱ ✹✹✱ ✹✼✱ ✽✹✱ ✽✼✱

✾✾✱ ✶✸✵✱ ✶✺✺✱ ✶✼✼

✇❛t❝❤❢✉❧✱ ✸✼✱ ✹✾✱ ✶✹✽

✇♦r❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r✱ ✹✽✱ ✾✾✱ ✶✵✵✱ ✶✸✾✱ ✶✼✶

②♦✉♥❣st❡r✱ ✶✶✾

✶✽✽

19.9 Page 189

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The

MAGNA CARTA

the Salesian Educational System

Sussidio or Auxiliary Booklet

Jos and Rik Biesmans, SDB

19.10 Page 190

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AUXILIARY BOOKLET

To facilitate use of the various texts in the editing process of the so-called “long letter” of 10 May

1884 - which might also be called the combined edition - we have prepared an auxiliary booklet

with six parallel columns. For five of the six columns we have followed the lettering introduced by

Pietro Braido in his critical edition of these manuscripts (BRAIDO, P., La lettera di don Bosco da

Roma del 10 maggio 1884, Roma, LAS, 1984.)

For the first column only (which refers to manuscript A, with ideas Don Bosco suggested to Fr

Lemoyne in view of drawing up a letter to send to the boys at Valdocco in May 1884) we have not

followed the original order of ideas Don Bosco suggested. Since the editorial stages that followed

did not respect this original order, we have preferred to locate the individual suggestions of Don

Bosco's according to their corresponding use in the different editions.

The second column transcribes manuscript B. It would seem to contain a first elaboration of

something written as a dialogue between two anonymous interlocutors. This item bears no

relationship with the suggestions in manuscript A. It is not even certain that the contents of

manuscript B come from what Don Bosco himself had proposed, nor is it clear that Don Bosco had

ever given suggestions in view of writing a circular.

The third column contains manuscript C: it is the almost definitive edition developing manuscript B

and introducing certain elements of the narrated 'dream', for example two guides (Valfrè and

Buzzetti) who are conversing with Don Bosco.

The fourth column contains manuscript D: the text is a combination of manuscript C (reviewed and

amplified) with the letter eventually sent to the boys at Valdocco or, manuscript K.

Pagina 1

20 Pages 191-200

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20.1 Page 191

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The fifth column contains manuscript K. For all practical purposes it is the letter Don Bosco wanted

and is addressed to the young people at Valdocco. It was sent from Rome on 10 May 1884. Fr Rua

read it out publicly at a Good Night with the boys and their superiors present.

N.B. From a chronological point of view it would have been more correct to locate manuscript K in

the fourth column. We have not done so, since a notable number of identical lines and sentences

in manuscript K, C and D would not have contributed to greater clarity.

In the final column we have included certain fragments from two Good Nights (30 April and 1 May

1868 respectively (MB volume IX, pp. 157-164; EMB IX, pp. 77-84) where Don Bosco develops the

topic of “una vite” (a grapevine). This account is like a blueprint for manuscripts K, C and D.

When correspondence between various manuscripts concerns only one or two identical words, we

have decided it is not worth highlighting them. Those words however can be found in each column.

Sometimes the difference comes down simply to one of punctuation. Sometimes the punctuation

looks a bit odd. This is due to the fact that we tried to respect the original punctuation of the texts

as much as possible.

To facilitate research into lines published by P. Braido in his work and Fr Ceria in volume IX of the

Memorie biografiche respectively, we have regularly shown the same page or pages in the

different columns [between square brackets] in volume 1 of our study.

Jos Biesmans, sdb and Rik Biesmans, sdb

January, 2008.

Pagina 2

20.2 Page 192

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1 MS A

2 MS B

3 MS C

4MS D

5 MS K

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

(47) Lettera alla commu-nità (41) Lettera ai giovani dell' MB IX, pp. 155-164.

dell'Oratorio di Tori-no-Oratorio di Torino-Valdocco

Valdocco

Roma 10 Maggio 1884

Miei carissimi Figliuoli in Gesù

Cristo.

Vicino o lontano io penso sempre a voi. Un solo è il mio

desiderio; quello di vedervi felici nel tempo e nell' eternità.

Questo pensiero, questo desiderio mi risolsero a scrivervi

questa lettera. Sento, o cari miei, il peso della mia

lontananza da voi e il non vedervi e il non sentirvi mi

cagiona pena quale voi non potete imaginare. Perciò io

avrei desiderato scrivere queste righe una settimana fa, ma

le continue occupazioni me lo impedirono. Tuttavia,

benché pochi giorni manchino al mio ritorno, voglio antici-

pare la mia venuta fra voi almeno per lettera, non

Pagina 3

20.3 Page 193

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1 MS A

2 MS B

(1) Lunedì notte

3 MS C

4MS D

5 MS K

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

potendolo di persona. Sono le parole di chi vi ama

teneramente in Gesù Cristo ed ha dovere di parlarvi colla

libertà di un padre. E voi me lo

permetterete,

permetterete

non è vero?

Una di queste sere io mi

mi presterete attenzione e metterete in pratica quello che

sono per dirvi.

Ho affermato che voi siete l'unico ed il continuo pensiero

della mia mente. Or dunque in

Or bene, l’ultima notte che

una delle sere scorse io mi era ritirato in

dormii in quel collegio,

coricatomi a letto, mentre

incomminciava a

Camera,

camera

preparava per andare a

riposo e

e mentre mi disponeva per andare a

riposo

riposo,

avea incominciato a recitare le preghiere che mi insegnò la mia buona mamma.

Mentre cosi pregava eccoIn quel momento non soIn quel mentre non so beneprendere sonno, mi si pre-

assalirmi una distrazione obene se preso dal sonno ose preso dal sonno, o trattosentò alla fantasia quanto

sonno che fosse e

tratto fuor di me da unafuori di me da unasono per dire: (p. 155) …

distrazione

distrazione,

appena un lieve sopore mi

occupò

mi parve che mi si presentassero innanzi due degli antichi giovani dell'Oratorio. Uno di parvemi nella mia imma-

questi due mi si

ginazione essere qui sotto

questi portici circondato

avvicinò

avvicinò,

dai nostri preti, chierici,

assistenti e giovani. Mi

Pagina 4

20.4 Page 194

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1 MS A

2 MS B

(3) i giovani adesso o quelli

di una volta

3 MS C

4MS D

5 MS K

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

e mi salutò affettuosamente.e salutatomi affettuosamente mi disse:

Io lo guardava e quegli

dissemi:

sembra poi, … un po’

distante Giuseppe Buzzetti

(p. 157)

- Mi conosce D. Bosco?

- Si che ti conosco.

- Si ricorda ancora di me?

- O D. Bosco! Mi conosce? - O Don Bosco mi conosce?

- Sì che ti conosco: risposi. - Sì che ti conosco - risposi.

- E si ricorda ancora di me?

soggiunse quell' uomo.

- soggiunse.

- Di te e degli altri:

- Di te e di tutti gli altri.

1860.

Tu sei Valfrè, ed eri nell'Oratorio prima del

1870.

- Dica!

- Dica! continuò Valfrè

vuol vedere i giovani che erano nell'Oratorio ai miei tempi?

- Sì fammeli vedere: Ciò

- Sì fammeli vedere, io risposi; ciò

mi cagionerà molto piacere. E Valfrè mi mostrò i giovani tutti colle stesse sembianze

e colla statura

Ad un tratto

e nell’

e nell'

età di quel tempo. Mi pareva di essere nell'

Oratorio

antico oratorio

antico Oratorio

in tempo di ricreazione. nell'ora della ricreazione. Era una scena tutta vita, tutta

Era una scena tutta di vita,

moto, tutta allegria.

l’Oratorio cambiò aspetto e

prese l’aspetto della casa

nostra come era ai

suoi primordi, quando vi

erano quasi solo i …

Mentre seduti stavamo

conversando ecco che

Pagina 5

20.5 Page 195

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1 MS A

2 MS B

(2b) In mezzo

(2) In mezzo

(17) confidenza cordiale

3 MS C

4MS D

5 MS K

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

moto, allegria. Chi corre- Chi correva, chi saltava, chi faceva saltare. Qui si … vedemmo spuntare

va, chi saltava, chi facea giuocava alla rana, là a

dalla terra una vite bel-

saltare. Qui si giuocava

lissima (p. 157)

alla rana,

la alla palla.

bararotta ed al pallone.

Tutti gli acini caddero per

terra che diventarono

In un luogo era radunato un crocchio di giovani che pendeva dal labbro di un

altrettanti giovani vispi e

allegri … saltavano,

giuocavano,

Chierico il quale narrava unprete il quale narrava una storiella. In un altro luogo ungridavano, correvano sotto

fattarello. In un' altro luogochierico che in mezzo ad altri giovanetti giuocava

quel singolare pergolato (p.

un prete in

158)

mezzo ad altri giovanetti e li

facea giuocare all'asino vola.

all'asino

vola

Si cantava e si rideva da tutteai mestieri. Si cantava, si rideva da tutte parti e dovunque

parti e dovunque i Chierici e chierici e

i preti erano l'anima delpreti

preti,

divertimento e i giovani

intorno ad essi

e intorno ad essi

schiamazzavano

mente.

i giovani

giovani

allegra-che schiamazzavano allegramente. Si vedeva che fra

i giovani e i

giovani e

Superiori regnava la più grande

cordialità e confidenza. cordialità.

Io era incantato a questo spettacolo e Valfrè mi disse:

- Veda:

la famigliarità porta

Faceva gran piacere il ve-

derli (p. 158)

Pagina 6

20.6 Page 196

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1 MS A

2 MS B

(5) non troppa confidenza nel

confessionale

(10-11) Il loro cuore era tutto

aperto ai Superiori

(5) questi non hanno troppa

confidenza nel

confessionale

(11) ai Superiori che essi

amavano e obbedivano

(3) i giovani adesso

(2a) Visto Buzzetti.

3 MS C

4MS D

5 MS K

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

amore e l' amore produce

amore, e l'amore porta amore, e l'amore produce

confidenza.

confidenza in Confessione e

fuori di Confessione.

(134-137) [la famigliaritàCiò è che apre i cuori e i(65) [anticamente i cuori

porta amore e l'amore porta giovani palesano tutto sen-zaerano tutti aperti ai Su-

(135) confidenza e i giovani timore ai maestri, agliperiori],

allora tutto pale-sano senza assistenti ed ai Superiori.

timore, ai maestri agli

assistenti ai Superiori.

(39-40) [in Confessione e

Diventano schietti in

Diventanofuori di Confessione.]

confessione e fuori di schietti in confessione e fuori[(65-66) che i giovani

confessione e sono docili a di confessione e si prestanoamavano ed obbedivano

tutto ciò che loro comanda docili a tutto ció che vuol co-prontamente.]

Colui dal quale sono certi di mandare colui dal quale sono

essere amati.]

certi di essere amati.

(23) In quell'istante si av-In quell'istante si avvicinò a me l'altro mio antico allievoAllora un personaggio … voi

vicinò a me l' altro anticoche avea la barba tutta bianca e mi disse:

sapete che don Bosco ne’

allievo dell'Oratorio e mi dis-

suoi sogni ha sempre una

se:

guida, mi apparve al fianco

- D. Bosco

- Don Bosco

- D. Bosco

vuole adesso vedere co-

noscere

vuole adesso conoscere e vedere

i giovani che attualmente sono nell'Oratorio?

(Costui era Buzzetti Giu-

seppe).

[un po’ distante Giuseppe

Buzzetti]

Pagina 7

20.7 Page 197

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1 MS A

2 MS B

3 MS C

4MS D

5 MS K

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

- Si! fammeli vedere: ris-posi- Sì! risposi io; perché

Si, risposi io; poiché

io -

è già un mese che più non li

vedo!

vedo -

ed osservava anch’esso i

giovani.

Ed esso me li mostrò. Vidi E me li additò. Vidi l'Oratorio e tutti voi che facevate

l'oratorio e tutti i giovani che

ricreazione.

facevano ricreazione.

e mi additò la vite.

Erano qui tutti i giovani, che

furono, sono e sa-ranno

nell’Oratorio (p. 158)

(28) Non più cantici non piùMa non udiva più grida diMa non più udiva grida eTutta l’allegria dei giovani

grida di gioia,

gioia e cantici,

cantici,

era cessata in un istante e

succedeva un malinconico

silenzio.(p. 158)

Non più quel moto, quellanon più vedeva quel moto, quella vita come nella prima

vita come nella prima sce-na.

scena.

Si udiva qualche

Grido isolato, ma in (30)

generale si spandeva per

l'aria come un mormorio

confuso e nel viso e negli atti

dei

Negli atti e nel viso di molti

Le loro fisionomie, prima

così belle, erano diven-

[Perché tanta noia e tanta e giovani si leggeva spos-giovani si leggeva una noia,di voi si leggeva una spos-tate brute, scure… Essi

tanta svogliatezza.

satezza, noia,

una spossatezza,

satezza, una noia

passeggiavano curvi,

Vidi tanta svogliatezza]

rattrappiti nella persona e

malinconici. Nessuno par-

lava. (p. 159)

(16) diffidenza.

musorni, diffidenza.

una musoneria, una diffidenza che faceva pena al mioIo, i preti,… eravamo

cuore.

spaventati e senza parola. (p.

Non mancavano giovani iVidi è vero molti che correvano, giuocavano, si agitavano159)

quali corressero, si agitas-con beata spensieratezza, ma altri non pochi

sero, con beata spensiera-

io ne

Pagina 8

20.8 Page 198

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1 MS A

2 MS B

3 MS C

tezza, ma moltissimi ne

vedeva star

4MS D

vedeva, star

5 MS K

vedeva star

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

soli appoggiati ai pilastri,soli appoggiati ai pilastri in preda a pensieri sconfor-tanti;

molti seduti in fondo

altri

alle scale e su pei corridoi

per sfuggire

la ricreazione;

su per le scale e nei corridoisulle scale e nei corridoi

o sopra i poggiuoli dalla

parte del giardino per

sostrarsi

per sostrarsi

alla ricreazione comune alla ricreazione;

altri passeggiare (35) len- altri passeggiare lentamente in gruppi parlando sottovoce

tamente parlando sottovo-ce fra di loro dando attorno occhiate sospettose e

fra di loro e dando oc-chiatte

maligne:

sospettose o ma-ligne

attorno;

talora sorridere ma con un

sorriso accompagnato da

occhiate da far non so-

lamente sospettare, ma

credere che San Luigi

avrebbe arrossito se si fos-se

trovato in compagnia di

costoro;

molti giuocare bensì ma coneziandio fra coloro che giuocavano ve ne erano alcuni così

una svogliatezza

svogliati,

che faceano vedere chia-che facean vedere chia-

ramente

ramente,

Pagina 9

20.9 Page 199

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1 MS A

2 MS B

(2b) domandai

Ma ti (2) sembravano più

buoni i giovani adesso o

quelli di una volta

(4) Mi rispose –

(8) Il numero dei giovani

buoni è grande

(9-10) Ma tra gli antichi e i

moderni è una differenza

notabile

3 MS C

4MS D

5 MS K

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

di chi non trova gusto ne

divertimenti.

come non trovassero gusto nei divertimenti.

Io allora domandai al mioOh! quanto dispiacere mi ha

amico dalla barba bianca: fatto il vedere in quel numero

- Ti sembrano più buoni ianche alcuni, che io credeva

giovani di adesso o quelli dibuoni, affezzio-nati e sinceri!

- Hai visti i tuoi giovani? -- Hai visti i tuoi giovani? miuna volta?

(p. 158)

Mi disse quell' antico al-disse quell' antico allievo

lievo.

- Li vedo; risposi sospi-

- Li vedo risposi.

rando.

Mi rispose:

- il numero dei giovani buoni

eziandio nel tempo presente è

assai grande nell'Oratorio.

- Quanto sono differenti da quelli che eravamo noi

una volta.

una volta!

- Ma perché tanta differenzaPerché que’ giovani erano

fra i giovani di una volta e iprima così allegri e belli, ed

giovani di adesso?

ora sono così tristi e brutti?

(p. 159)

- Pur troppo!

esclamò quel vecchio al-

lievo.

- Purtroppo!

(1) - Perché tanta noia e tanta

e tanta svogliatezza.

- Vidi tanta svogliatezza

Quanta svogliatezza in questa ricreazione.

è di qui che proviene laE di qui proviene la freddezza in tanti nell'accostarsi ai

freddezza nei

Pagina 10

La guida rispose: - Ecco le

conseguenze del peccato! (p.

159)

20.10 Page 200

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1 MS A

2 MS B

3 MS C

4MS D

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Sacramenti,

Santi Sacramenti,

la trascuranza delle pratiche di pietà

specialmente

in Chiesa,

specialmente

in Chiesa;

in Chiesa e altrove

lo star mal volentieri in un luogo ove la

provvidenza li ricolma d'ogniDivina Provvidenza li ricolma di ogni bene

benefizio,

per il corpo,

pel corpo,

per l'anima, per l'intelletto: di per l'anima, per l'intelletto.

qui il non corrispondere che

di qui l'

ingratitudine

fanno molti

molti fanno

alla loro vocazione; di qui le

ingratitudine

ingratitudini

i segretumi,

le mormorazioni,

verso i Superiori; di qui i segretumi

le mormorazioni

le mormorazioni,

con tutte le altre deplorevoli conseguenze.

Pagina 11

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

Io leggeva sulla loro fronte:

Immodestia – … malignità –

invidia

Irreligione - …

disobbedienza - … (p. 159)

21 Pages 201-210

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21.1 Page 201

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1 MS A

(40) giovani

2 MS B

3 MS C

4MS D

5 MS K

- Vedo Capisco, intendo - Capisco; intendo risposi io: - Capisco, intendo, risposi io.

(7) ma come si ponno

rianimare i

Ma come si possono rianimare questi miei cari

giovani

giovani,

acciocché possono ripren-acciocché riprendano l'antica vivacità,

dere l'antica vivacità,

allegrezza, espansione?

- Coll'amore!

allegrezza, espansione?

- Coll'Amore!

allegrezza, espansione?

- Coll'amore!

- Amore? Ma i miei giovani non sono amati abbastanza?

Tu lo sai se io amo i mieiTu lo sai se amo i mieiTu lo sai se io li amo. Tu sai

giovani. Tu sai quanto hogiovanetti. Tu sai quanto hoquanto per essi ho sofferto e

sofferto, ho tollerato.

sofferto e tollerato per ben 40tollerato pel corso di ben

anni e tollero e soffro ancoraquaranta anni, e quanto tolle-

adesso per loro.

ro e soffro ancora adesso.

Quanti stenti, quante umiliazioni, quante opposizioni,

ho dovuto incontrare e patire per dare pane, casa, maestri,quante persecuzioni per dare

per essi.

ad essi e specialmente per laad essi pane, casa, maestri e

(20b) [non scorgono casa,salute delle loro ani-me. Hospecialmente per procurare la

pane, profitto, carriera etc.fatto quanto ho saputo esalute delle loro anime. Ho

scuole.]

potuto per chi for-ma

fatto quanto ho potuto e

saputo per coloro che

formano

Pagina 12

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

per scrivere i nomi

dei giovani

chè voleva avvertirli e

correggerli (p. 159)

[Hanno le regole , le os-

servino… I tuoi giovani

colla grazia di Dio e colla

voce della coscienza pos-

sono sapere quello che

debbono fare o fuggire. (p.

160)]

coloro che mediante le tue

cure fanno e faranno buoni

frutti (p. 160)

21.2 Page 202

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2 MS B

- Non parlo di te!

3 MS C

4MS D

l'affetto di tutta la mia vita.

- Non parlo di te!

5 MS K

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

- Di chi dunque? Di coloro che fanno le mie veci?

Da Direttori, Prefetti,Dei Direttori, Prefetti,

Maestri, Assistenti?

maestri, assistenti?

Non vedi come sono martiriNon vedi come sono martiri dello studio e del lavoro?

del lavoro, giorno e notte

studiano, sorveglia-no,

Come

si cosummano.

consummino

consumino

i loro anni giovanili per coloro che ad essi affidò la

Divina Provvidenza?

- Vedo tutto conosco,

- Vedo; conosco;

- Vedo, conosco;

ma qui non è tutto.

- Che cosa manca?

ma ciò non basta: ci manca il meglio.

- Che cosa manca adunque?

Che i giovani non solo siano amati ma

essi stessi conoscano diche essi stessi

essere amati.

d'essere amati.

- Ma non hanno gli occhi in capo?

- Che i giovani non solo

siano amati, ma

conoscanoche essi stessi conoscano diChe essi riconascano

essere amati.

quanto I Superiori, I

maestri, gli assistenti

- Ma non hanno gli occhi in

fronte?

Non hanno il lume dell'intelligenza?

Pagina 13

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

(20b) Non scorgono casa,Non vedono che quanto si fa per essi è tutto per lorofatichino e studino per

pane, profitto, carriera etc.amore?

loro amore

scuole.

- No ciò non basta.

- No, lo ripeto; ciò non basta.

- Che cosa ci vuole dunque?

Che cosa ci vuole adunque?

- Che essendo amati in quelle cose che loro

piacciono,

piacciono col participare piacciono col partepcipare

imparino a veder

alle loro inclinazioni infantili, imparino a veder

l'amore

amore

l'amore

in quelle cose che naturalmente

loro

lor

piacciono poco,

piacciono poco; quali sono la disciplina, lo studio,

e queste imparino a far conla mortificazione di se stessi e queste cose imparino a far

amore.

con amore.

- Spiegati.

- Spiegati meglio!

[(28) - Il Divin Salvatore si è fatto piccolo coi piccoli

(76) [Gesù Cristo si è fatto

piccolo coi piccoli

ha portato le nostre infermità.]

portò le nostre miserie.]

Pagina 14

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(2) in mezzo

2 MS B

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

- Non capisco.

- Non capisco bene.

- Osserva i giovani!

- Osservi i giovani in

ricreazione.

Osservai:

Osservai e quindi replicai:

- E cosa c'è di speciale da- E che cosa c'è di speciale da vedere?

vedere?

- Come? tanto che vai

- Come? Sono tanti anni che

- Sono tanti anni

educando giovani e non vai educando i giovani e non che va educando giovani e

capisci.

capisci? Guarda! Dove non capisce?

Dove sono i tuoi Salesiani? sono i tuoi Salesiani?

Guardi meglio! Dove sono i

Guarda! (p. 158)

(35) - Guardai e vidi etc.Osservai e vidi che fra inostri Salesiani?

[come l'altro foglio]

giovani erano ben pochi pretiOsservai e vidi che

(55) [Rari si scorgevano fra i

e chierici i quali

ben pochi Preti e Chierici si giovani i Chierici ed i preti.

mescolavano fra i giovani e

prendessero parte ai loro ancor più pochi prendevano

divertimenti. [(18 I Chierici parte ai loro divertimenti. I (57)

I Superiori

e i preti erano l'anima del Superiori non erano più non erano più l'anima delle

divertimento]

l'anima della ricreazione. ricreazioni.]

La maggior parte di essi passeggiavano fra di loro

parlando, senza badare che

cosa facessero gli allievi; altri

guardavano la ricre-azione

o non dandosinon dandosi nessun pensiero

pensiero dei giovani odei giovani; altri sor-

sorvegliandoli così allavegliavano così alla lontana

lontana.

senza avvertire chi

commettesse qualche man-

canza; qualcuno poi

avvertiva ma in atto mi-

Pagina 15

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

naccioso e ciò raramente. Vi

era qualche Salesiano che

avrebbe desiderato intro-

mettersi in qualche grup-

ppo di giovani, ma vidi che

questi giovani

(56) [Varii giovani]

cercavano studiosamente di allontanarsi dai maestri e dai

Superiori.

ripigliò:

E l'altro

Allora quell'amico

Allora quel mio amico

ripigliò:

(27) nei primi tempi

quando tu nel passato ti Negli antichi tempi del-- Negli antichi tempi

ponevi

l'oratorio tu non stavi

dell'Oratorio lei non stava

(2) in mezzo

in mezzo ai giovani era così? sempre in mezzo ai giovani e specialmente

alle loro ricreazioni?

- Oh allora era una gioia un

tripudio,

(26) quindi l'amore per

vincendevole

in tempo di ricreazione?

Si ricorda quei belli

anni?

anni quando lei Sig. D.

Bosco poteva intrattenersi

continuamente con noi?

Era un tripudio di paradiso,

un'epoca che ricordiam

sempre con amore, perchè

l'amore era quello che ci

serviva di regola,

Pagina 16

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

(10) anticamente il loro cuore

era tutto aperto

e noi per lei non avevamo segreti.

- Certamente e

- Certamente! E

allora tutto era gioia per me e

e ti daranno molte con-

solazioni (p. 160)

(6) i consigli tuoi ma in

particolare nelle cose di

coscienza

in essi un slancio nel nei giovani uno slancio

un voler parlar, un esserevolermi parlare ed una vivaper avvicinarsi a me per

ansiosi di udir le mie pa-roleansia di udire le mie parole evolermi parlare, ed una viva

etc.

metterle in pra-tica.

ansia di udire i miei consigli

Ora pero vedi come le e metterli in pratica. Ora però

Ma ora non posso più.udienze, gli affari multi- vedi come le udienze[(68) Ma ora i Superiori

Non vede come le visite, laplicati, la mia sanità per continue e gli affarisono]

mia sanità etc.

lo impediscono.

moltiplicati e la mia sanità

me lo impediscono.

- Va bene ma se tu non puoi

- Capisco che tu non puoi maperché i tuoi Salesiani non si- Va bene: ma se lei non può,

perché i tuoi Salesiani non sifanno tuoi im-mitatori?perché i suoi Salesiani non si

fanno tuoi imi-tatori? PerchéPerché tu non in-sisti e nonfanno suoi imitatori? Perché

tu non comandi, non insisti,comandi che si tratti

non in-siste, non esige che

che trattino

trat-tino

i giovani allo stesso modo che tu li trattavi?

i giovani come li trattava lei?

- Parlo e mi spolmono, ma- Parlo mi spolmono; ma- Io parlo, mi spolmono ma

capisci bene che anche icapisci bene che anch'iopur troppo che molti

maestri e gli assisenti sonveggo come i maestri sia-no

stanchi dal far scuola,

stanchi dal far scuola e

purtroppo

(3) [ di una

non si sentono più di far le fatiche di una

volta, etc.]

volta, etc.

volta.

Pagina 17

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

- E quindi tralasciando il - E quindi trascurando il meno perdono il più e

meno, perdono il più; e

questo più

sono le loro fatiche!

sono le loro fatiche. Che amino ciò che piace ai giovani e i

giovani ameranno ciò che piace ai

(12) presentemente

Superiori, e a questo modoSuperiori. E a questo modo

sarà più facile e più leggerasarà facile la loro fatica.

la loro fatica.

La causa del presente

cambiamento nell'Oratorio è (63) - Causa di tanta

diversità

si è

(10) Anticamente il loro

cuore era tutto aperto ai

Superiori che essi amavano

ed obbedivano pre-

sentemente i Superiori sono

considerati come

che un certo numero di giovani non ha confidenza nei

Superiori. Anticamente i cuori erano tutti aperti ai Su-

periori, che i giovani amavano ed obbedivano prontamente.

considerati come

Ma ora i Superiori sono

Superiori

temuti etc. perciò

se si vuol far un cuor solo ed

un'anima sola per amor di

Superiori

Superiori,

Non scuotano il giogo dei

e non più come padri, fratelli ed amici; quindi sono temutisuperiori, considerandoli

e poco amati. Perciò se si vuol fare un cuor solo edcome sorvegliatori im-

un'anima sola per amor di

portuni, consiglieri in-

teressati, come nemici… (p.

160)

(15) Gesù

bisogna che si rompa la fatale

barriera della diffidenza

Gesù

Gesù,

bisogna (145) che si rompabisogna che si rompa la fatale

quella fatale barriera dellabarriera della diffi-denza,

diffidenza

Pagina 18

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

(16) e vi entri la confiden-za

e sottentri a questa la confidenza cordiale. Che quindiHanno I Superiori, li

cordiale Quindi l'ob-

l'obbedienza guidi l'allievo come la madre guida il suoobbediscano; (p. 160)

bedienza che guidi l'allie-vo

fanciullino. Allora regnerà nell'Oratorio la pace e l'al-

come la madre guida un

legrezza antica.

fanciullino etc. etc.

- Dunque quale è il meno. - Che cosa adunque debbo- Come dunque fare per rompere questa barriera?

raccomandare ai miei Sa-

lesiani?

(50) La famigliarità!- Famigliarità coi giovani specialmente in ricreazione.A te e ai tuoi io dico;

Se non c'è questo, se stannoSenza famigliarità non si dimostra

lontani dai Chierici. Che cosa

ci vuol una re-gola, e eguale

al ferro che quando [...] es-

teriore. E questo senza cuore

farà dei nemici.

l'amore,

l'amore

(15) la confidenza cor-

diale

e senza questa dimostrazione non vi può essere confi-

denza. Chi

vuol

vuole

- La famigliarità quantoessere amato bisogna che faccia vedere che ama. Gesù

Gesù

Gesù Cristo si fece piccolo Cristo si fece piccolo coi piccoli e portò le nostre infermità.Cristo si è fatto piccolo coi

pei piccoli e sopportò le Ecco

piccoli e portò le nostre

nostre infermità.

miserie. Esso non spezzò la

canna già fessa, né spense il

lucignolo che fumava.

il modello

il maestro

Ecco il vostro modello.

Pagina 19

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(61)Il maestro in cattedra è della famigliarità. Il maestro visto solo in cattedra è

maestro,

maestro e non più,

ma in ricreazione diventa ma se va in ricreazione coi giovani diventa

fratello.

fratello rispettato.

come fratello.

Se si predica è ufficio di

Se uno è visto solo predicare dal pulpito si dirà che fa ne

più ne meno del

dovere,

suo dovere, ma se dice

proprio dovere, ma se dice

una parola in ricreazione è la parola di uno che

da segno. (63) Quante ama. Quante conversioni nonama. Quante conversioni non

conversioni non accadere daaccaddero per una tua parolacagionarono alcune sue

una tua parola in

giunta

improvvisaparole fatte risuonare

all'orecchio di un giovane nelall'improvviso all'orecchio di

mentre

un giovane nel mentre che si

che si divertiva! Chi sa didivertiva. Chi sa di essere

essere amato, ama,

amato ama

Chi è amato ottiene tuttoe chi è amato ottiene tutto specialmente dai giovani. Questa

(15) la confidenza cordiale perché specialmente neiconfidenza mette una corrente elettrica fra i giovani

giovani Ciò mette una cor-

rente elettrica tra giovani

(26b) Che i cuori si

Superiori.

i Superiori. I cuori si

Pagina 20

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

aprano,

Si conoscono i loro bisogni, aprono: fan conoscere i lo-roaprono e fanno conoscere i

si vedono i loro di-fetti. bisogni, palesano i loroloro bisogni e palesano i loro

Conoscendosi amati svelano difetti. Questo amore fadifetti. Questo amore fa

il loro cuore.

sopportare eziando

sopportare ai Superiori

[FINE]

le fatiche, le noie, le ingratitudini, i disturbi, le

mancanze e le negligenze deimancanze, le negligenze dei

giovanetti,

giovanetti.

(76) Gesù Criso si è fatto…

[(117) coll' esempio di Ge-sù

Gesù

( 77) Esso

Cristo]

Cristo

non spezzò la canna già fessa, né spense il lucignolo che

fumava. Ecco il vostro modello.

sicché ogniAllora non si vedrà più chi

cosa abbia per fine non lalavorerà per fine di

vanagloria, non il vendicarevanagloria; chi punirà so-

l'amore proprio offeso,

lamente per vendicare l'amor

proprio offeso; chi si ritirerà

non la gelosia di una te-mutadal campo della sorveglianza

(44) (Della gelosia che

[(54) Ne viene la gelosia tra preponderanza d'autoritàper gelosia di una temuta

ciascheduno vorrebbe amato superiore e Superiore.]

altrui

preponderan-za altrui; chi

dai Giovani esclusi tutti gli

mormorerà degli altri volen-

altri superiori. Feroci gelosie.

do essere amato e stimato dai

giovani, esclusi tutti gli altri

Superiori, guadagnando null-

'altro che disprezzo ed ipocri-

te moine; chi si lasci rubare il

cuore da una creatura e per

far la corte a questa trascura-

(56) [Amicizie particolari.]

re tutti gli altri giovanetti; chi

per amore dei proprii comodi

(56) [Amore delle proprie co-

tenga in non cale il dovere

modità.]

strettissimo della sor-

veglianza; chi per un vano

Pagina 21

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rispetto umano si astenga

(55) [Rispetto umano.]

dall' ammonire chi deve

(54) [Ne viene che per non

essere ammonito. Se ci sarà

essere singolare chi farebbe

questo vero amore non si cer-

non fa.]

cherà altro che la gloria di

ma null'altro che laDio e la salute delle anime.

gloria di Dio, la salute delleE' quando illanguidisce ques-

anime coll'esempio di Gesùto amore che le cose non

Cristo.

vanno più bene.

(12) presentamente

(3) di una volta

Sai perché l'oratorio di a-

desso è diverso da quello di

una volta?

Perché si vuole sostituire all'amore la freddezza di un

[(57) - Eppure Io vedo che

andando avanti

li regolerà predominerà al regolamento; perché i tuoi regolamento? Perché i Su-

sistema paterno.]

periori

si allontanano dall'osservanza di quelle regole di educa-

zione che

tu hai loro dettate, perché alD. Bosco ha loro dettate?

sistema di prevenirePerché al sistema di preveni-

amorosamente i disordini sire colla vigilanza e

va a poco a poco sos-tituendoamorosamente i disordini, si

va sostituendo a poco a poco

il sistema meno pesante e più spiccio per chi

[(51b) Che cosa ci vuol una comanda; bandir leggi ecomanda di bandir leggi che

Pagina 22

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

22.2 Page 212

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1 MS A

2 MS B

3 MS C

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regola, e eguale al ferro che punir trasgressori.

se si sostengo coi castighi

quando [...] esteriore. E

accendono odii e fruttano

questo senza cuore farà dei

dispiaceri; se si trascura di

nemici.]

farle osservare fruttano dis-

prezzo per i superiori e

cagione sono di disordini

gravissimi?

[(50) - La famigliarità! SeE ciò accade necessariamente se manca la famigliarità. Se

non c'è questo,]

adunque si vuole che l'oratorio ritorni all'antica felicità si

rimetta in vigore l'antico

sistema di essere tutto a tutti, sistema: che il Superiore sia

tutto a tutti, pronto ad

ascoltare sempre ogni dub-

bio, o lamentanza dei gio-

padri dei giovani, tollerantivani, tutto occhio per sor-

finché lo permette la carità ivegliare paternamente la loro

difetti della loro etàcondotta, tutto cuore per

giovanile, togliendo le dis-cercare il bene spirit-uale e

tanze, amando con essi tuttotemporale di coloro che la

ciò che essi amano.

Provvidenza gli ha affidati.

[(5) i segretumi]

(41-43) (Che si facciano uno

Allora i cuori non saranno più chiusi e non

vi saranno più

regneranno più certi

segretumi che uccidono. segretumi che uccidono. Solo

in caso di immoralità i

Superiori siano inesorabili. E'

meglio correre pericolo di s-

cacciare dal-la casa un

innocente, che ritenere uno

scandaloso. Gli assistenti si

facciano uno strettissimo

Pagina 23

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

22.3 Page 213

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strettissimo dovere di

coscienza il referire ai

Superiori tutte quelle cose

che i Chierici in qualunque

modo conoscano esser offesa

del Signore

dovere di coscienza di

referire ai Superiori tutte

quelle cose le quali conos-

cano in qualunque modo

essere offesa di Dio.

(5) confidenza

(50+59) - La famigliarità!

Allora io interrogai:

- E qual

- E quale

è il mezzo precipuo perché trionfi simile famigliarità e

simile amore e confidenza?

- L' osservanza esatta delle- L'osservanza esatta delle

regole che tu hai dato.

regole della casa.

- E null'altro?

- Un

- E null'altro?

- Il

piatto migliore in un pranzo è quello della buona cera.

- E quale altro avviso mi dai

pel buono andamento della

casa? (133)

- Null' altro che questo: La

famigliarità porta amore e

l'amore porta confidenza e i

giovani allora tutto palesano

senza timore, ai maestri agli

assistenti ai Superiori. Dive-

ntano schietti in confessione

e fuori di confessione e sono

docili a tutto ciò che loro co-

manda Colui dal quale sono

certi di essere amati.

Pagina 24

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

22.4 Page 214

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2 MS B

(32) profondamente ama-

reggiato il mio cuore.

(22) mi sentiva stanco

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

Mentre l'altro finiva diMentre così il mio antico al-(124) [Mentre l'amico par-

parlare io continuavo

lievo finiva di parlare ed iolava io continuava]

continuava

Io me rallegrai,

ad osservare con vivo

ma nello stesso tempo

rammarico quella ricrea-dispiacere quella ricrea-zione

afflito…

zione

Mentre li stava contem-

a poco a poco mi sentii oppresso da grande

[poco a poco sentiva crescereplando suonò la campana del

in me una

pranzo (p. 160)

stanchezza.

stanchezza che andava stanchezza che mi oppri-

ognora crescendo.

meva.]

Questa oppressione giunse al punto che

non potendo più resistere [non potendo finalmente più

resistere

mi scossi non potendo piùmi scossi e rinvenni. Mi trovai in piedi vicino al letto. Le Allora mi svegliai

resistere. Rinvenni. Era inmie gambe erano così gonfie e mi faceano così male che

piedi vicino al letto. Lenon potea più

gambe gonfie mi facevano

male e non potea più

star ritto. L'ora era tardis-

star ritto. L'ora era tardissima

sima.

Quindi me ne andai in lettoquindi me ne andai a lettoe quindi me ne andai in letto, e potei riposare alquanto. (p.

risoluto di scrivere a voi orisoluto di scrivere a' mieirisoluto di scrivere a voi o161)

miei cari queste righe.

cari figliuoli queste righe. miei cari figliuoli, queste rig-

he.]

[FINE]

Pagina 25

22.5 Page 215

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(3) i giovani adesso

(40) giovani

3 MS C

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Io desidero di non far questi

sogni perché mi stancano

troppo. Nel gior-no seguente

mi sentiva rot-to nella

persona e non vedea l'ora di

potermi riposare la sera

seguente. Ma ecco appena fui

in letto ricominciare il sogno.

Aveo d'innanzi il cortile, i

giovani che ora sono nell'-

Oratorio e lo stesso antico

allievo dell'Oratorio. Io presi

ad interrogarlo:

- Ciò che mi dicesti io lo

farò sapere ai miei Salesiani,

ma ai giovani dell' Oratorio

che chosa debbo dire?

Mi rispose:

(79) E ai giovani?

6 Sogno- storia del 1868

Quando venni scosso per la

seconda volta e mi sembrò di

trovarmi nella mia camera, in

atto di sbrigare la mia corris-

pondenza… Ed ecco

nuovamente spuntare da terra

una vite nello stesso posto

che vidi la prima. Quando

esce dalla porta della

sagrestia … un uomo serio e

risoluto, si accosta a noi…

Don Bosco lo interrogò: (p.

161)

Dimmi tu almeno ciò che

potrò annunziar loro (ai miei

cari giovani), quale avviso

dare! (p. 160)

Che cosa dovrò adunque dire

ai miei figliuoli perchè li

abborriscano? (p. 164)

- Che essi riconoscano quanto i Superiori, i maestri, gliHanno le regole, le os-

assistenti fatichino e studino per loro amore,

servino: hanno Superiori, li

obbediscano: hanno I

sacramenti, li frequen-tino…

(p. 160)

poi che

poiché

Pagina 26

22.6 Page 216

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1 MS A

2 MS B

(26) l'amore per vincen-

devole

(25) quindi pure la pace

del cuore

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

se non fosse pel loro bene non si assoggetterebbero a tanti

sacrifizii;

sacrifizi;

che si ricordino essere l'umiltà

fonte di ogni tranquillità; che sappiano sopportare i difetti

degli altri

poi che

poiché

al mondo non si trova la

perfezione

perfezione,

ma questa è solo in paradiso; che cessino dalle mormo-

razioni poiché queste raffreddano i cuori; e sovratutto che

procurino di vivere nella S.

Hanno la Confessione… (p.

grazia

Grazia

160)

di Dio. Chi non ha pace con Dio, non ha pace con

sè,

sé,

non ha pace cogli altri.

- E tu mi dici dunque che vi sono fra i miei giovani diEcco le conseguenze del

quelli che non hanno la pace con Dio?

peccato (159)

- Questa è la prima causa del malo umore, fra le altre che

tu sai, alle quali devi porre rimedio, e che non fa d'uopo

che ora ti dica.

Pagina 27

22.7 Page 217

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(19-20) Non parliamo del-le

frequenti confessione e

communione

3 MS C

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

Infatti

Infatti:

non diffida se non chi ha segreti da custodire, se non chi

teme che questi segreti vengano a conoscersi, perchè sa che

gliene tornerebbe vergogna e disgrazia. Nello stesso tempo

se il cuore non ha la pace

con

Dio rimane angosciato Dio rimane angosciato,

irrequieto insofferente d'irrequieto, insofferente d'

obbedienza,

si irrita per nulla, gli sembra che ogni cosa vada

a male,

male,

e perché esso non ha amore, giudica che i Superiori non

lo amino.

- Eppure o caro

mio

mio,

non vedi quanta frequenza di Confessioni e di Comunioni

vi è nell'

Oratorio?

Oratorio!

- E' vero che grande è la frequenza delle

Confessioni

Confessioni,

Pagina 28

22.8 Page 218

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(20-21) ma manca radi-cal-

mente

la stabilità nei

proponimenti etc.

(25) pure la pace del cuore

(8) Il numero dei giovani

buoni è grande

3 MS C

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

ma ciò che manca radical-ma ciò che manca radical-

mente,

mente

in tanti giovanetti che si confessano è la stabilità nei

proponimenti. Si confessano ma sempre le stesse man-

canze, le stesse

occasioni prossime, le stesse

occasioni, le

abitudini cattive,

stesse abitudini,

le stesse disobbedienze, le stesse trascuranze nei doveri.

Così si va avanti per mesi e

mesi, e anche per anni emesi.

taluni perfino così conti-

nuano alla 5a ginnasiale.

Sono confessioni che valgono poco o nulla; quindi non

recano

pace

pace,

e se un giovanetto fosse chiamato in quello stato al

tribunale di Dio sarebbe un affare ben serio.

- E di costoro ve ne ha molti

all'Oratorio?

nell'Oratorio?

- Pochi in confronto del gran numero

dei

giovani che sono nella casa:

Osservi.

Osservali!

- E me li additava.

Pagina 29

22.9 Page 219

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2 MS B

(31) qualche giovane ma in

questi pochi io vidi cose che

hanno

profondamente

amareggiato il mio cuore.

Non voglio metterle sulla

carta ma voglio esporle a

ciascuno cui si referisco-no.

(34) Qui vi dico soltanto che

è tempo di pregare

e prendere risoluzioni fer-me,

proporre non colle pa-role

ma coi fatti e far ve-dere che

i Comollo i Savio Domenico

i Besucco i Saccardi, vivo-no

ancora tra noi.

(23) Hai null'altro da dirmi?

Quale avviso speciale -

che si ricordino tutti che sono

figli di Maria SS. Ausiliatrice

che essa

li ha qui radunati.

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

Io guardai

Io guardai;

Fra questi ne riconobbi

e ad uno ad uno vidi quei giovani. Ma in questi pochi ioalcuni che mi fecero

vidi cose che hanno profondamente amareggiato il miostupire… La mia guida mi

cuore. Non voglio metterle sulla carta, ma quando sarò difece osservare: - Non tutti

ritorno voglio esporle a ciascuno cui si referiscono. Qui visono ora come li vedi (p.

dirò soltanto che è tempo di

159) Non ti è permes-so;

rispose l’amico (p. 160)

Lascia mi prendere il no-me

di quelli che io co-nosco,

affinchè possa avvertirli in

privato e correggerli. (p. 163)

pregare

pregare,

e di prendere ferme risoluzioni; proporre non colle pa-role

ma coi fatti e far vedere che i Comollo, i Savio Domenico,

i Besucco e i Saccardi, vi-e i Besucco, e i Saccardi

vono ancora tra noi.

vivono ancora tra noi.

In ultimo domandai a quel mio amico:

- Hai null'altro da dirmi?

Accostati, mi rispose l’a-

mico sconosciuto, e ve-drai.

(p. 154)

- Predica a tutti grandi e piccoli che si ricordino sempre che

sono figli di Maria

SS. Ausiliatrice. Che

S..S. Ausiliatrice. Che

essa

Essa

stessa li ha qui radunati

Pagina 30

22.10 Page 220

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(26) quindi l'amore per

vicendevole.

(15) bisogna che si rompa la

fatale barriera della dif-

fidenza

(28) E ci riusciremo?

(15) [la fatale barriera della

diffidenza]

(29) Sì purché grandi e pic-

coli vogliano far un fioretto

alla Madre Celeste e siano

pronti a soffrir qualche cosa

per lei

3 MS C

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

per condurli via dai pericoli

del mondo,

perché si amassero come fratelli e perché dessero gloria a

Dio e a lei colla loro buona condotta.

Che è la Madonna quella che

loro provvede pane e mezzi

di studiare con in-finite gra-

zie e portenti.

Che si

ricordino che sono alla vigilia della festa della loro

SS.

S.S.

Madre e che coll'aiuto suo deve cadere quella barriera di

diffidenza che il

Demonio

demonio

ha saputo innalzare tra giovani e Superiori e della quale sa

giovarsi per la rovina di certe anime.

- E ci riusciremo a togliere

questa barriera?

- Sì certamente purché grandi

e piccoli siano pronti a

soffrire qualche piccola

mortificazione per amor di

Maria e mettano in pratica

ciò che io le ho detto.

Intanto io continuava a

guardare i miei giovinetti eMentre l'amico parlava io a

Mi avevano lasciato solo ed

Pagina 31

23 Pages 221-230

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1 MS A

(22) mi sentiva stanco

2 MS B

(10b) anticamente

(16-17) vi entri la confi-

denza cordiale

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

allo spettacolo di coloro chepoco a poco sentiva crescereerano fuggiti… Io pure fui

vedeva avviati verso l'eternain me una stanchezza che mipreso allora da tale spavento,

perdizione sentii tale strettaopprimeva. Non potendoche mi diedi alla fuga e

al cuore che mi svegliai. finalmente più resistere mifuggendo mi svegliai. (p.

scossi e rinvenni.

164)

Mi trovai in piedi vicino al

letto. Le mie gambe erano

così gonfie e mi faceano così

male che non potea star ritto.

L'ora era tardissima e quindi

importantissime

Molte

che io

cvoisdeimdfailigterlseincureoivlcaieo,nrsdqeeauiaesiivntmeolpieroitogtrotham,enr.itieisMsiosloicumalttroeeiAnstreiiopcmdscoecposseoomsro,evepnileoeolrrancasnocponnionoostneetagotnceug’delècainoerpzre-iveùa,i

desidererei ancora narrarviche io vidi, desiderereidormire… (p. 164)

ma il tempo e le convenienzeancora narrarvi, ma il tempo

non me lo permettono.

e la convenienza non me lo

permettono.

Concludo:

Concludo.

Sapete che cosa desidera da voi questo povero vecchio che

per i suoi cari giovani ha

consummato tutta la vita? consummata la sua vita?

Niente altro fuorché, fatte le debite proporzioni, ritor-nino i

giorni felici dell'antico

oratorio.

Oratorio.

I giorni dell'amore e della confidenza Cristiana tra i gio-

vani ed i Superiori; i giorni dello

Pagina 32

23.2 Page 222

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2 MS B

(26) l'amore per vincen-

devole. Che i cuori si aprano

(38) Basta che un giovane

entri in una casa salesiana

e preso subito

sotto speciale

Protezione di Maria SS.

Ausiliatrice

(26) quindi l'amore per

vicendevole.

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

Spirito di accondiscenza spirito di accondiscenden-za

e sopportazione per amor di

Gesù Cristo

Gesù

degli uni verso degli altri; i giorni dei cuori aperti con tutta

semplicità e

candore,

candore;

i giorni della carità e della vera allegrezza per tutti. Ho

bisogno che mi consoliate dandomi la speranza e la pro-

messa che voi farete tutto ciò che desidero per il bene delle

anime vostre. Voi non conoscete abbastanza quale fortuna

sia la vostra

di essere

d'essere

Sono in questa casa… (p.

stati ricoverati nell'Oratorio. Innanzi a Dio vi protesto: 160)

Basta che un giovane entri in una casa Salesiana perchè la

Vergine

SS.

S.S.

lo prenda subito sotto la sua

protezione speciale.

speciale protezione.

Mettiamoci adunque tutti d'accordo. La carità

di quelli che comandano, la

di chi comanda, la

carità di quelli che devonocarità di chi

obbedire faccia regnare fra di

obbedisce faccia reg-

Pagina 33

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

noi lo spirito

nare fra di noi lo Spirito

di S. Franceso di Sales. O miei cari figliuoli, si avvicina il

tempo nel quale dovrò distaccarmi da voi e partire per la

mia

eternità (Nota del Segret. A Eternità;

questo punto D. Bosco sospese di dettare; gli occhi suoi si

empirono di lagrime, non

per rincrescimento, ma

per

di rincrescimento, ma

ineffabile tenerezza che trapelava dal suo sguardo e dal

suono della sua

voce: dopo qualche istantevoce. Dopo alcuni istanti

continuò)

continuò.)

quindi io bramo di lasciar voi, o preti, o

chierici, o giovani carissimi Chierici, o giovani carissi-mi,

per quella via del Signore nella quale esso stesso vi de-

sidera. A questo fine il Santo Padre che io ho visto

venerdì 9 di maggio

Venerdì 9 di Maggio,

vi manda di tutto cuore la sua benedizione.

Il giorno della festa di Maria

SS.

S.S.

Pagina 34

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6 Sogno- storia del 1868

Ausiliatrice mi troverò con voi innanzi all'

effige della nostra amoro-Effigie della nostra Amo-

sissima Madre.

rosissima madre.

Voglio che questa gran festa si celebri con ogni solenni-tà

e D. Lazzero e D. Marchisio pensino a

far sì che stiamo

farci stare

allegri anche in refettorio. La festa di Maria Ausiliatrice

deve essere il preludio della festa

eterna

che dobbiam celebrare tutti insieme uniti un giorno in

paradiso.

Vostro aff.mo amico in G.C.

Senza firma di don Bosco. Firma di don Bosco

Pagina 35